Optibiotix Health Share Discussion Threads

[rayrac] 20/8/2020 12:39

Nice to know you care...sweet boy. 👉🏾👹💩c75;

Still an utter load of irrelevant bo!!ocks though manky.

Btw, did they give you a smack on bottom? I’ve heard they are good at that! 😂

[manc10] 20/8/2020 11:40

you really are that thick otc products is what opi sell with partners you are a deluded bitter liar who zero people listen to filtered for being thick lol rayzeimer time to talk to the plants woooow loopy loo

[manc10] 20/8/2020 11:38

Prescription only drugs are only available with a valid prescription from a prescriber. These drugs are heavily regulated and require a visit to a prescriber, a diagnosis and monitoring by a prescriber to ensure the medication is working and that it is working safely.

Prescription drugs are intended for use by one individual patient to treat a specific condition and when starting the medication each patient is legally entitled to speak with a pharmacist about the drug. Prescription drugs must pass through many clinical trial phases, approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and monitored for safety and side effects even after the drug is on the market.

Over-the-counter drugs are available for purchase without a prescription and can be purchased right off the shelves at a store - without a visit to a prescriber or consultation with a pharmacist. OTC medications are not intended for a specific individual, although depending on the medication, such as creams, eye drops or nasal sprays, the user may want to be the only consumer of the medication.

OTC drugs are monitored by the FDA, but it is not as strict as the process prescription drugs must go through. Manufacturers are required to make drugs only based on a specific formula with regards to the strength of the drug and they must have FDA approved labeling and FDA specific dosage to be on the market.

Although OTC drugs are available without consulting with a prescriber or pharmacist, the patient needs to be aware these drugs still carry a risk. Some OTC drugs could cause drug interactions with prescription medications or cause more adverse effects. It is important to mention to a prescriber or pharmacist about all of the OTC drugs being used and to follow the recommended dosing instructions on the label.

[rayrac] 20/8/2020 11:26

More bo!!ocks and not relevant...unless Opti put their stuff through 1/2/3 trials?

[manc10] 20/8/2020 09:27

The influence that the gut microbiota has over the human body continues to expand in interesting ways. Seeing as the intestinal tract contains the largest concentration of immunological tissue (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue or MALT) it seems logical that the microbial communities that reside within that region would have an impact on the surrounding immune cells. However, only in the last several years has solid evidence begun to surface to show the true extent of this microbial influence. As such, investigators at the University of Bern have analyzed the billions of genes that code the antibodies in a system that allows the responses to individual benign intestinal microbes to be understood—finding that the range of available antibodies depends on where beneficial microbes are in the body.

Results from the new study were published recently in Nature through an article entitled “Mucosal or systemic microbiota exposures shape the B cell repertoire.”

B cells develop to produce antibodies and these antibodies, or immunoglobulins can bind to harmful foreign particles (such as viruses or disease-causing bacteria) to stop them from invading and infecting the body’s cells. Each B cell carries an individual B cell receptor (BCR) which determines which particles it can bind, rather like each lock accepts a different key. There are many millions of B cells with different receptors in the body. This immense diversity comes from rearranging the genes that code these receptors, so the receptor is slightly different in every B cell resulting in billions of possibilities of different harmful molecules that could be recognized. Intestinal microbes trigger expansion of these B cell populations and antibody production, but until now it was unknown whether this was a random process, or whether the molecules of the intestinal microbes themselves influence the outcome.

The number of benign microbes living in our intestines is about the same as the number of cells in our body. Mostly these bacteria stay within the intestinal tube rather than penetrate the body tissues. Unfortunately, some penetration is unavoidable, because the intestine only has a single layer of cells that separate the inside of the tube from blood vessels that we need to absorb our food.

In the current study, the researchers used specially designed computer programs to process millions of genetic sequences that compare the antibody repertoire from B cells, depending on whether the microbes stay in the intestine, or whether they reach the bloodstream. In both cases, the antibody repertoire is altered, but in rather different ways depending on how the exposure occurs.


“Here we used a simplified model of defined transient exposures to different microbial taxa in germ-free mice to deconstruct how the microbiota shapes the B cell pool and its functional responsiveness,̶1; the authors wrote. “We followed the development of the immunoglobulin repertoire in B cell populations, as well as single cells by deep sequencing. Microbial exposures at the intestinal mucosa generated oligoclonal responses that differed from those of germ-free mice, and from the diverse repertoire that was generated after intravenous systemic exposure to microbiota. The IgA repertoire—predominantly to cell-surface antigens—did not expand after dose escalation, whereas increased systemic exposure broadened the IgG repertoire to both microbial cytoplasmic and cell-surface antigens. These microbial exposures induced characteristic immunoglobulin heavy-chain repertoires in B cells, mainly at memory and plasma cell stages. Whereas sequential systemic exposure to different microbial taxa diversified the IgG repertoire and facilitated alternative specific responses, sequential mucosal exposure produced limited overlapping repertoires and the attrition of initial IgA binding specificities.”;

Co-senior study investigator Stephanie Ganal-Vonarburg, PhD, a senior researcher at the University of Bern added that “interestingly, this is rather predictable depending on the microbe concerned and where it is in the body, indicating that the intestinal microbes direct the development of our antibodies before we get a serious infection and this process is certainly not random.”

There are different sorts of antibodies in the lining of the intestine (IgA) compared with the bloodstream (IgM and IgG). Using the powerful genetic analysis, the researchers showed that the range of different antibodies produced in the intestine was far less than those produced in central body tissues. This means that once microbes get into the body, the immune system has many more possibilities to neutralize and eliminate them, whereas antibodies in the intestine mainly just bind the bacterial molecules that they can see at any one time.

Over their life-span mammals face a huge variety of different microbial challenges. It was therefore important to know how the antibody repertoire could change once it had been shaped by a particular microbe when something else came along. The research team answered this question by testing what happened with the same microbe at different sites or with two different microbes on after another.

Although intestinal microbes do not directly produce an especially wide range of different antibodies, they sensitize the central immune tissues to produce antibodies if the microbe gets into the bloodstream. When a second microbe comes along, the rather limited intestinal antibody response changes to accommodate this microbe (rather like changing the lock in one’s door).

This is different from what happens when microbes get into the bloodstream to reach the central body tissues when a second set of antibodies is made without compromising the first response to the original microbes (like installing another lock, so the door can be opened with different keys). This shows that central body tissues have the capacity to remember a range of different microbial species and to avoid the dangers of sepsis. It also shows that different B cell immune strategies in different body compartments are important for the maintenance of our peaceful existence with our microbial passengers.

[rayrac] 20/8/2020 09:22

Well done mank...all a load of bo!!ocks..but well done! Relevance here At Opti is zero..good read though, just needs putting in phase 1/2/3 trials..see if it works?

[manc10] 20/8/2020 09:19

back later with some more wonderful science

[rathean] 20/8/2020 09:19

Dozens of blank posts interspersed with crazed rantings from our northern brethren. I remember OPTI threads being a treasure trove of informative nuggets and sustained levels of intellect. Hey-ho.

[manc10] 20/8/2020 09:17

a bit of science for you all wooooooow

[manc10] 20/8/2020 09:16

Several thousand strains of bacteria live in the human gut. Some of these are associated with disease, while others have beneficial effects on human health. Figuring out the precise role of each of these bacteria can be difficult, because many of them can’t be grown in lab studies using human tissue.

This difficulty is especially pronounced for species that cannot live in oxygen-rich environments. However, MIT biological and mechanical engineers have now designed a specialized device in which they can grow those oxygen-intolerant bacteria in tissue that replicates the lining of the colon, allowing them to survive for up to four days.

“We thought it was really important to contribute a tool to the community that could be used for this extreme case,” says Linda Griffith, the School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Innovation in MIT’s Department of Biological Engineering. “We showed that you can grow these very fastidious organisms, and we were able to study the effects they have on the human colon.”

Using this system, the researchers showed that they could grow a strain of bacteria called Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which lives in the human gut and protects against inflammation. They also showed that these bacteria, which are often diminished in patients with Crohn’s disease, appear to exert many of their protective effects through the release of a fatty acid called butyrate.

Griffith and David Trumper, an MIT professor of mechanical engineering, are the senior authors of the study, which appears today in the journal Med. MIT postdocs Jianbo Zhang and Yu-Ja Huang are the lead authors of the paper.

Oxygen sensitivity

The human gut’s complex microbiome environment is difficult to model using animals such as mice, in part because mice eat a very different diet from humans, Griffith says.

“We've learned a huge amount from mice and other animal models, but there are a lot of differences, especially when it comes to the gut microbiome,” she says.

Most of the bacteria that live in the human gut are anaerobic, meaning that they do not require oxygen to survive. Some of these bacteria can tolerate low levels of oxygen, while others, such as F. prausnitzii, cannot survive oxygen exposure, which makes it difficult to study them in a laboratory. Some researchers have designed devices in which they can grow human colon cells along with bacteria that tolerate low levels of oxygen, but these don’t work well for F. prausnitzii and other highly oxygen-intolerant microbes.

To overcome this, the MIT team designed a device that allows them to precisely control oxygen levels in each part of the system. Their device contains a channel that is coated with cells from the human mucosal barrier of the colon. Below these cells, nutrients are pumped in to keep the cells alive. This bottom layer is oxygen-rich, but the concentration of oxygen decreases toward the top of the mucosal cell layer, similarly to what happens in the interior of the human colon.

Just as they do in the human colon, the barrier cells in the channel secrete a dense layer of mucus. The MIT team showed that F. prausnitzii can form clouds of cells in the outer layer of this mucus and survive there for up to four days, in an environment that is kept oxygen-free by fluid flowing across it. This fluid also contains nutrients for the microbes.

Using this system, the researchers were able to show that F. prausnitzii does influence cell pathways involved in inflammation. They observed that the bacteria produce a short-chain fatty acid called butyrate, which has previously been shown to reduce inflammation. After butyrate levels went up, the mucosal cells showed a reduction in the activity of a pathway called NF kappa B. This reduction calms inflammation.

“Overall, this pathway has been reduced, which is really similar to what people have seen in humans,” Zhang says. “It seems that the bacteria are desensitizing the mammalian cells to not overreact to the dangers in the outside environment, so the inflammation status is being calmed down by the bacteria.”

Patients with Crohn’s disease often have reduced levels of F. prausnitzii, and the lack of those bacteria is hypothesized to contribute to the overactive inflammation seen in those patients.

When the researchers added butyrate to the system, without bacteria, it did not generate all of the effects that they saw when the bacteria were present. This suggests that some of the bacteria’s effects may be exerted through other mechanisms, which the researchers hope to further investigate.

Microbes and disease

The researchers also plan to use their system to study what happens when they add other species of bacteria that are believed to play a role in Crohn’s disease, to try to further explore the effects of each species.

They are also planning a study, working with Alessio Fasano, the division chief of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition at Massachusetts General Hospital, to grow mucosal tissue from patients with celiac disease and other gastrointestinal disorders. This tissue could then be used to study microbe-induced inflammation in cells with different genetic backgrounds.

“We are hoping to get new data that will show how the microbes and the inflammation work with the genetic background of the host, to see if there could be people who have a genetic susceptibility to having microbes interfere with the mucosal barrier a little more than other people,” Griffith says.

She also hopes to use the device to study other types of mucosal barriers, including those of the female reproductive tract, such as the cervix and the endometrium.

The research was funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Boehringer Ingelheim SHINE Program, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

[manc10] 20/8/2020 09:15

Greater diversity in the gut microbiomes of patients with kidney cancer is linked to better immunotherapy outcomes according to new research from physicians City of Hope and its research affiliate the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen). The findings were reported today in the paper “Stool Microbiome Profiling of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Anti–PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors” published today in the journal European Urology.

The study, which collected the data from 31 patients with metastatic kidney cancer, marks the first report that compares the sequencing of the gut microbiome at different times in cancer patients.

“We also reported the changes over time in the gut microbiome that occur during the course of therapy — the cumulative findings from our report open the door to therapies directed at the microbiome,” said Sumanta Pal, M.D., one of the study’s senior authors and co-director of the Kidney Cancer Program at City of Hope in a City of Hope press release.

The gut microbiome has received increasing scrutiny in the past few years, as researchers look to chart to its role in a wide range of diseases and health, while also seeking to detail how the microbial populations in patients interact with and affect treatment regimens.

“Previous studies have suggested a relationship between the gut microbiome and response to immunotherapy in solid tumors, including metastatic kidney cancer,” said lead author Nicholas Salgia, a clinical research assistant at City of Hope. “The results from our study build on earlier findings and reaffirm that the diversity and composition of patients’ microbiomes are associated with clinical responses to anti-cancer therapies.”

Using the clinical trial results, the team identified changes in the microbiome over time in kidney cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. The findings showed that the greater the variety of organisms found in a patient’s gut microbiome, the greater the benefit of the therapy to that patient. It also suggested that modulating the gut microbiome during treatment could affect a patient’s responses to therapy.

“The patients with the highest benefit from cancer treatment were those with more microbial diversity, but also those with a higher abundance of a specific bacterium known as Akkermansia muciniphila,” said Sarah Highlander, Ph.D., a research professor in TGen’s Pathogen and Microbiome Division. “This organism has been associated with benefit in other immunotherapy studies.”

Highlander says one potential takeaway is that oncologists might encourage patients to pay attention to their gut microbiome by eating a high-fiber diet, including fruits and vegetables high in fructo-oligosaccharides such as bananas, dried fruit, onions, leeks, garlic, asparagus and artichokes, as well as grains with resistant starches such as barley or uncooked potato starch, for example.

Next steps for the team would be a longitudinal study that expands the relatively small study cohort to a much larger group of patients. Researchers are already further exploring whether modulating the microbiome during therapy could have an impact on clinical outcomes.

“We have randomized patients with metastatic kidney cancer to receive a probiotic supplement in addition to an FDA-approved immunotherapy regimen or the immunotherapy alone,” explained Salgia. “This work provided a strong framework for such a study.”

The collaborations between clinical experts at City of Hope and basic science colleagues at TGen have contributed to advancements in the understanding of not just the microbiome, but also in cancer biology and clinical outcomes at large.

“Our strong relationship with the microbiome team at TGen has fruitfully produced novel insights into the clinical implications of the microbiome in kidney cancer, among other cancer types,” said Pal, who is an internationally recognized leader in the area of genitourinary cancers.

[rayrac] 20/8/2020 08:50

They appear to have taken mank aside, and given him a good talking too?

All that hard work for zero! 👉🏾😱⛷

[kreature] 20/8/2020 08:46

Typo sorry. Suppose I better get on with the deck before the 26p mantra starts up

[kreature] 20/8/2020 08:43

Thing is what’s the easiest to understand brand? Slim fast, or slim biodegradable?