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| Share Name | Share Symbol | Market | Type | Share ISIN | Share Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prudential Plc | LSE:PRU | London | Ordinary Share | GB0007099541 | ORD 5P |
| Price Change | % Change | Share Price | Bid Price | Offer Price | High Price | Low Price | Open Price | Shares Traded | Last Trade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -13.60 | -2.01% | 663.80 | 664.20 | 664.60 | 681.40 | 663.40 | 673.40 | 16,912,299 | 16:35:23 |
| Industry Sector | Turnover | Profit | EPS - Basic | PE Ratio | Market Cap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life Insurance | 12.19B | 1.7B | 0.6401 | 10.38 | 18B |
From Feb 2020 to Feb 2025
TIDMPRU
RNS Number : 1250X
Prudential PLC
08 August 2018
European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results
Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
Hot Features
Premium
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- ---------------------------
Half year Half year Full year
Note notes (iii)(iv) note (iii)
--------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Asia operations
New business 3 1,122 1,092 2,368
Business in force 4 631 549 1,337
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Long-term business 1,753 1,641 3,705
Asset management 77 73 155
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Total 1,830 1,714 3,860
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
US operations
New business 3 466 436 906
Business in force 4 539 452 1,237
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Long-term business 1,005 888 2,143
Asset management (2) (4) 7
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Total 1,003 884 2,150
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
UK and Europe operations
New business 3 179 161 342
Business in force 4 592 304 673
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Long-term business 771 465 1,015
General insurance commission 15 14 13
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Total insurance operations 786 479 1,028
Asset management 221 201 403
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Total 1,007 680 1,431
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Other income and expenditurenote (i) (340) (381) (746)
Restructuring costsnote (ii) (57) (27) (97)
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 3,443 2,870 6,598
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
New business 3 1,767 1,689 3,616
Business in force 4 1,762 1,305 3,247
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Long-term business 3,529 2,994 6,863
Asset management and general insurance commission 311 284 578
Other results (397) (408) (843)
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
3,443 2,870 6,598
---------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------------- ----------
Notes
(i) EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis results for other operations (including Group and Asia Regional Head Office, holding company borrowings, Africa operations and Prudential Capital) less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 12(a)(vii)).
(ii) Restructuring costs comprise the post-tax charge recognised on an IFRS basis and the additional amount recognised on an EEV basis for the shareholders' share incurred by the PAC with-profits fund. The costs are primarily incurred in the UK, Europe and Asia and represent the cost of business transformation and integration.
(iii) The comparative results have been prepared using previously reported average exchange rates for the period.
(iv) The half year 2017 comparative results have been re-presented from those previously published following the reassessment of the Group's operating segments as described in note B1.3 of the IFRS financial statements. This approach has been adopted consistently throughout this supplementary information.
POST-TAX SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Note Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Asia operations 1,830 1,714 3,860
US operations 1,003 884 2,150
UK and Europe operations 1,007 680 1,431
Other income and expenditure (340) (381) (746)
Restructuring costs (57) (27) (97)
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 3,443 2,870 6,598
--------- --------- ---------
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns 5 (1,234) 739 2,111
Effect of changes in economic assumptions 6 592 (50) (102)
Mark to market value movements on core structural borrowings 579 (262) (326)
Impact of US tax reform 16 - - 390
(Loss) profit attaching to corporate transactions 15 (412) - 80
--------- --------- ---------
Total non-operating (loss) profit (475) 427 2,153
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Profit for the period 2,968 3,297 8,751
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Company 2,967 3,297 8,750
Non-controlling interests 1 - 1
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
2,968 3,297 8,751
------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Basic earnings per share
2018 2017
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns
after non-controlling interests (in pence) 133.8p 111.9p 257.0p
Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (in pence) 115.3p 128.5p 340.9p
Weighted average number of shares (millions) 2,573 2,565 2,567
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
MOVEMENT IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Note Half year Half year Full year
--------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company 2,967 3,297 8,750
Items taken directly to equity:
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 523 (1,045) (2,045)
External dividends (840) (786) (1,159)
Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and
required capital (32) 31 40
Other reserve movements 127 55 144
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Net increase in shareholders' equity 8 2,745 1,552 5,730
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period 44,698 38,968 38,968
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Shareholders' equity at end of period 8 47,443 40,520 44,698
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
30 Jun 2018 GBPm 30 Jun 2017 GBPm 31 Dec 2017 GBPm
--------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
Asset Asset
Asset manage- manage-
Long-term manage-ment Long-term ment Long-term ment
business and other Group business and other Group business and other Group
Comprising: operations operations total operations operations total operations operations total
Asia operations 22,194 414 22,608 19,851 382 20,233 21,191 401 21,592
US operations 14,096 204 14,300 11,370 202 11,572 13,257 235 13,492
UK and Europe
operations 11,614 2,029 13,643 10,878 1,882 12,760 11,713 1,914 13,627
Other operations - (3,108) (3,108) - (4,045) (4,045) - (4,013) (4,013)
----------------- ---------- ----------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
Shareholders'
equity at end of
period 47,904 (461) 47,443 42,099 (1,579) 40,520 46,161 (1,463) 44,698
----------------- ---------- ----------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
Representing:
Net assets
attributable to
equity
holders of the
Company
excluding
acquired
goodwill,
holding company
net
borrowings and
non-controlling
interests 47,659 2,122 49,781 41,854 1,292 43,146 45,917 1,562 47,479
Acquired goodwill 245 1,214 1,459 245 1,230 1,475 244 1,214 1,458
Holding company
net borrowings
at market
value(note 7) - (3,797) (3,797) - (4,101) (4,101) - (4,239) (4,239)
---------------- ---------- ----------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
47,904 (461) 47,443 42,099 (1,579) 40,520 46,161 (1,463) 44,698
----------------- ---------- ----------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Note 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Total assets less liabilities, before deduction of insurance funds 429,035 419,811 434,615
Less insurance funds:*
Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers' share) and unallocated
surplus
--------- --------- ---------
of with-profits funds (413,145) (404,361) (418,521)
Less shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business 8 31,561 25,071 28,611
--------- --------- ---------
(381,584) (379,290) (389,910)
Less non-controlling interests (8) (1) (7)
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Total net assets attributable to equity holders of the Company 8 47,443 40,520 44,698
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Share capital 129 129 129
Share premium 1,954 1,937 1,948
IFRS basis shareholders' reserves 13,799 13,383 14,010
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity 8 15,882 15,449 16,087
Additional EEV basis retained profit 8 31,561 25,071 28,611
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
Total EEV basis shareholders' equity 8 47,443 40,520 44,698
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- --------- --------- ---------
* Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.
Net asset value per share
2018 2017
------ --------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------
Based on EEV basis shareholders' equity of GBP47,443 million
(30 Jun 2017: GBP40,520 million, 31 Dec 2017: GBP44,698 million) (in pence) 1,830p 1,567p 1,728p
Number of issued shares at period end (millions) 2,592 2,586 2,587
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------
Annualised return on embedded value* 15% 15% 17%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------
* Annualised return on embedded value is based on EEV post-tax operating profit after non-controlling interests, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders' equity. Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two.
NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS
1 Basis of preparation
The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles dated April 2016, issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS.
The directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles. The EEV basis results for half year 2018 and half year 2017 are unaudited. The full year 2017 results have been derived from the EEV basis results supplement to the Company's statutory accounts for 2017. The supplement included an unqualified audit report from the auditors.
A detailed description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 12.
2 Results analysis by business area
The half year 2017 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The half year 2017 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2018 average exchange rates.
Annual premium equivalents (APE)(note 14)
Half year 2018 GBPm Half year 2017 GBPm % change
------------------- --------------------- -----------
Note AER CER AER CER
-------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ----- ----
Asia 1,736 1,943 1,811 (11)% (4)%
US 816 960 879 (15)% (7)%
UK and Europe 770 721 721 7% 7%
-------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ----- ----
Group total 3 3,322 3,624 3,411 (8)% (3)%
-------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ----- ----
Post-tax operating profit
Half year 2018 GBPm Half year 2017 GBPm % change
------------------- --------------------- --------------
Note AER CER AER CER
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Asia operations
New business 3 1,122 1,092 1,009 3% 11%
Business in force 4 631 549 510 15% 24%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 1,753 1,641 1,519 7% 15%
Asset management 77 73 68 5% 13%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 1,830 1,714 1,587 7% 15%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
US operations
New business 3 466 436 399 7% 17%
Business in force 4 539 452 413 19% 31%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 1,005 888 812 13% 24%
Asset management (2) (4) (4) 50% 50%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 1,003 884 808 13% 24%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
UK and Europe operations
New business 3 179 161 161 11% 11%
Business in force 4 592 304 304 95% 95%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 771 465 465 66% 66%
General insurance commission 15 14 14 7% 7%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total insurance operations 786 479 479 64% 64%
Asset management 221 201 201 10% 10%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 1,007 680 680 48% 48%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Other income and expenditure (340) (381) (375) 11% 9%
Restructuring costs (57) (27) (27) (111)% (111)%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Operating profit based on
longer-term investment returns 3,443 2,870 2,673 20% 29%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Analysed as profit (loss) from:
New business 3 1,767 1,689 1,569 5% 13%
Business in force 4 1,762 1,305 1,227 35% 44%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total long-term business 3,529 2,994 2,796 18% 26%
Asset management and general insurance
commission 311 284 279 10% 11%
Other results (397) (408) (402) 3% 1%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
3,443 2,870 2,673 20% 29%
---------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Post-tax profit
Half year 2018 GBPm Half year 2017 GBPm % change
------------------- --------------------- --------------
Note AER CER AER CER
---------------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Operating profit based on longer-term
investment returns 3,443 2,870 2,673 20% 29%
------------------- ---------- ---------
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns 5 (1,234) 739 707
Effect of changes in economic assumptions 6 592 (50) (38)
Mark to market value movements on
core structural borrowings 579 (262) (262)
Loss attaching to corporate transactions 15 (412) - -
------------------- ---------- ---------
Total non-operating (loss) profit (475) 427 407 (211)% (217)%
---------------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Profit for the period 2,968 3,297 3,080 (10)% (4)%
---------------------------------------------- ---- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Basic earnings per share
Half year 2018 Half year 2017 % change
-------------- ---------------- -----------
AER CER AER CER
------------------------------------------------ -------------- ------- ------- ----- ----
Based on post-tax operating profit
including longer-term investment returns
after non-controlling interests (in pence) 133.8p 111.9p 104.2p 20% 28%
Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity
holders of the Company (in pence) 115.3p 128.5p 120.1p (10)% (4)%
------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------- ------- ----- ----
3 Analysis of new business contribution
(i) Group summary for long-term business operations
Half year 2018
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Present value
Annual premium of new business New business New business margin
---------------------
equivalents (APE) premiums (PVNBP) contribution APE PVNBP
GBPm GBPm GBPm % %
note 14 note 14 note
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------ -------- -----------
Asianote (ii) 1,736 9,132 1,122 65 12.3
US 816 8,163 466 57 5.7
UK and Europe 770 7,088 179 23 2.5
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Total 3,322 24,383 1,767 53 7.2
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Half year 2017
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Present value
Annual premium of new business New business New business margin
---------------------
equivalents (APE) premiums (PVNBP) contribution APE PVNBP
GBPm GBPm GBPm %%
note 14 note 14
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------ -------- -----------
Asianote (ii) 1,943 10,095 1,092 56 10.8
US 960 9,602 436 45 4.5
UK and Europe 721 6,616 161 22 2.4
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Total 3,624 26,313 1,689 47 6.4
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Full year 2017
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Present value
Annual premium of new business New business New business margin
---------------------
equivalents (APE) premiums (PVNBP) contribution APE PVNBP
GBPm GBPm GBPm %%
note 14 note 14
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------ -------- -----------
Asianote (ii) 3,805 20,405 2,368 62 11.6
US 1,662 16,622 906 55 5.5
UK and Europe 1,491 13,784 342 23 2.5
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Total 6,958 50,811 3,616 52 7.1
-------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------
Note
After allowing for foreign exchange effects of GBP(120) million, the new business contribution increased by GBP198 million on a CER basis. This increase is driven by the beneficial effect of pricing, product mix and other actions of GBP186 million and the positive effect of changes in long-term interest rates and other economic assumptions (GBP53 million), partially offset by lower sales volumes (a negative impact of GBP(41) million). The GBP186 million impact of pricing, product mix and other actions reflects the beneficial impact of our strategic emphasis on increasing sales from health and protection business in Asia, together with a positive GBP46 million effect in the US for the impact of US tax reform that arose in the second half of 2017 (see note 16).
(ii) Asia new business contribution by business unit
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- ----------------------------------
AER CER AER
Half year Half year Half year Full year
----------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
China 76 67 66 133
Hong Kong 731 706 641 1,535
Indonesia 59 88 78 174
Taiwan 21 27 26 57
Other 235 204 198 469
----------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Total Asia 1,122 1,092 1,009 2,368
----------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
4 Operating profit from business in force
(i) Group summary for long-term business operations
Half year 2018 GBPm
----------------------------------------------
Asia US UK and Europe
operations operations operations Total
note (ii) note (iii) note (iv) note
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Unwind of discount and other expected returns 601 433 234 1,268
Effect of changes in operating assumptions - - - -
Experience variances and other items 30 106 358 494
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Group total 631 539 592 1,762
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Half year 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------------------
Asia US UK and Europe
operations operations operations Total
note (ii) note (iii) note (iv)
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Unwind of discount and other expected returns 499 312 232 1,043
Effect of changes in operating assumptions 6 - - 6
Experience variances and other items 44 140 72 256
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Group total 549 452 304 1,305
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Full year 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------------------
Asia US UK and Europe
operations operations operations Total
note (ii) note (iii) note (iv)
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Unwind of discount and other expected returns 1,007 694 465 2,166
Effect of changes in operating assumptions 241 196 195 632
Experience variances and other items 89 347 13 449
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Group total 1,337 1,237 673 3,247
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -----
Note
The movement in operating profit from business in force of GBP457 million from GBP1,305 million for half year 2017 to GBP1,762 million for half year 2018 comprises:
GBPm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----
Movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns:
Effects of changes in:
----
Growth in opening value 207
Interest rates and other economic assumptions 77
Foreign exchange (59)
----
225
Movement in effect of changes in operating assumptions, experience variances and other items 232
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----
Net movement in operating profit from business in force 457
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----
(ii) Asia
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 601 499 1,007
Effect of changes in operating assumptions - 6 241
Experience variances and other itemsnote (b) 30 44 89
------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total 631 549 1,337
------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(a) The GBP102 million increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns from GBP499 million in half year 2017 to GBP601 million for half year 2018 is primarily driven by growth in the in-force book and a positive GBP40 million impact from increases in interest rates and other economic assumption changes offset by the effect of foreign exchange movements (GBP(33) million).
(b) The GBP30 million effect of experience variances and other items in half year 2018 is driven by positive mortality and morbidity experiences in a number of business units, together with positive persistency variances from participating and health and protection products, partially offset by unfavourable persistency variances on unit-linked products. Experience variances also include expense overruns where these are expected to be short-lived, including businesses that are growing rapidly or are sub-scale.
(iii) US
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
----------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 433 312 694
Effect of changes in operating assumptions - - 196
Experience variances and other items:
--------- --------- ---------
Spread experience variance 26 42 71
Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses 45 47 91
Othernote (b) 35 51 185
--------- ---------
106 140 347
----------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total 539 452 1,237
------------------------------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(c) The GBP121 million increase in unwind of discount and other expected returns from GBP312 million in half year 2017 to GBP433 million for half year 2018 reflects growth in the in-force book (after allowing for the benefit of US tax reform) and a GBP27 million benefit from a 55 basis point increase in the US 10-year treasury yield since 30 June 2017 offset by a GBP(26) million adverse effect for foreign exchange movements.
(d) Other experience variances of GBP35 million in half year 2018 include the effects of positive persistency experience in the period.
(iv) UK and Europe
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 234 232 465
Change in longevity assumption basis - - 195
Other itemsnote (b) 358 72 13
------------------------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Total 592 304 673
------------------------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(a) Unwind of discount and other expected returns is broadly consistent with half year 2017.
(b) Other items comprise the following:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Longevity reinsurance (6) (6)
Impact of specific management actions to improve solvency position 141 65 127
Provision for cost of undertaking past non-advised annuity sales review and
related redressnote
(c) - - (187)
Insurance recoveries in respect of above costsnote (c) 138 - -
Other 79 13 79
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
358 72 13
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
(c) In response to the findings of the FCA's Thematic Review of Annuities Sales Practices, the UK business has agreed to review all internally vesting annuities sold without advice after 1 July 2008. A gross provision before any costs incurred of GBP(332) million (post-tax) had been established at 31 December 2017, of which GBP(187) million was charged in full year 2017. Following a reassessment of the provision held, no further amount has been provided in the first half of 2018. The ultimate amount that will be expended remains uncertain. During the first half of 2018, the Group agreed with its professional indemnity insurers that they will meet GBP166 million of the Group's claims costs, which will be paid as the Group incurs costs/redress. This benefit has been recognised on the Group balance sheet at 30 June 2018 and a post-tax credit of GBP138 million is recognised in the EEV operating profit.
5 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in profit for the period arise as follows:
(i) Group summary
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
---------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Asia operationsnote (ii) (515) 544 887
US operationsnote (iii) (528) (126) 582
UK and Europe operationsnote (iv) (269) 242 621
Other operationsnote (v) 78 79 21
---------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total (1,234) 739 2,111
---------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
(ii) Asia operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for Asia operations comprise:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Hong Kong (212) 371 531
Singapore (126) 85 126
Other (177) 88 230
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Total (515) 544 887
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Note
For half year 2018, the charge of GBP(515) million mainly reflects losses on bonds arising from increases in interest rates, together with lower than assumed returns on equities backing with-profits business in Hong Kong and Singapore and unit-linked businesses in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia.
(iii) US operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US operations comprise:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (a) 15 - (46)
Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on
in-force
variable annuity business in future periods based on current period separate
account
return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (b) (543) (126) 628
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total (528) (126) 582
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(a) The net result relating to fixed income securities reflects a number of offsetting items as follows:
- the impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the period;
- the difference between actual realised gains and losses and the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses that is recorded within operating profit; and
- credit experience (versus the longer-term assumption). (b) This item reflects the net impact of:
- changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual growth in separate account asset values of 2.2 per cent and that assumed of 3.2 per cent for the period (half year 2017: actual growth of 7.9 per cent compared to assumed growth of 2.9 per cent; full year 2017: actual growth of 17.5 per cent compared to assumed growth of 5.9 per cent ); and
- related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity-related hedges and interest rate options, and other items.
(iv) UK and Europe operations
The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK and Europe operations comprise:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Insurance operations:
Shareholder-backed annuity business (17) 204 387
With-profits and other (247) 11 229
Asset management (5) 27 5
------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total(note) (269) 242 621
------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Note
The GBP(269) million fluctuation in half year 2018 primarily represents the impact of achieving a 0.1 per cent pre-tax return on the with-profits fund (including unallocated surplus) compared to the assumed rate of return of 2.6 per cent for the period (half year 2017: achieved return of 4.3 per cent compared to assumed rate of 2.6 per cent; full year 2017: achieved return of 9 per cent compared to assumed rate of 5 per cent), partially offset by the effect of a partial hedge of future shareholder transfers expected to emerge from the UK's with-profits sub-fund entered into to protect future shareholder with-profit transfers from movements in the UK equity market.
(v) Other operations
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns of positive GBP78 million include unrealised value movements on financial instruments held outside of the main life operations.
6 Effect of changes in economic assumptions
The effects of changes in economic assumptions for in-force business included in the profit for the period arise as follows:
(i) Group summary for long-term business operations
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
----------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Asianote (ii) 243 55 (95)
USnote (iii) 367 (159) (136)
UK and Europenote (iv) (18) 54 129
----------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total 592 (50) (102)
----------------------- --------- --------- ---------
(ii) Asia
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for Asia comprises:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Hong Kong 400 (72) (321)
Indonesia (89) 67 81
Malaysia (41) (20) 59
Singapore (32) 59 131
Taiwan 16 (16) (12)
Other (11) 37 (33)
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Total 243 55 (95)
---------- --------- --------- ---------
Note
The positive effect in half year 2018 of GBP243 million largely arises from movements in long-term interest rates, resulting in higher assumed fund earned rates in Hong Kong and Taiwan, partially offset by the impact of valuing future profits for health and protection business at higher discount rates in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore (see note 13(i)).
(iii) US
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for US comprises:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Variable annuity business 497 (194) (101)
Fixed annuity and other general account business (130) 35 (35)
------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total 367 (159) (136)
------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Note
For half year 2018, the credit of GBP367 million mainly reflects the increase in the assumed separate account return and reinvestment rates, following the 46 basis points increase in the US 10-year treasury yield since 31 December 2017, resulting in higher projected fee income and a decrease in projected benefit costs for variable annuity business. For fixed annuity and other general account business, the impact reflects the effect on the present value of future projected spread income from discounting at a higher risk discount rate as a result of the increase in interest rates. In June 2018, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) formally approved changes to RBC capital factors that reflect the December 2017 US tax reform. Consequently, the effect of changes in economic assumptions for half year 2018 of GBP367 million also includes a negative GBP(22) million impact resulting from these changes.
(iv) UK and Europe
The effect of changes in economic assumptions for UK and Europe comprises:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Shareholder-backed annuity business 6 - 28
With-profits and other business (24) 54 101
------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Total (18) 54 129
------------------------------------ --------- --------- ---------
Note
The charge of GBP(18) million includes the impact of the movement in expected long-term rates of investment return and risk discount rates as shown in note 13(iii). In addition, the effect of changes in economic assumptions for with-profits and other business of GBP(24) million includes a GBP(78) million charge for the effect of lower fund earned rates on equities and property as a result of the change in UK indexation of capital gains rules effective from 1 January 2018.
7 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
------- ---------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
------- ---------- -------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------
Mark to EEV Mark to EEV Mark to EEV
market basis at market basis at market basis at
IFRS value market IFRS value market IFRS value market
basis adjustment value basis adjustment value basis adjustment value
------------------- ------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
Holding company
(including central
finance
subsidiaries) cash
and short-term
investments (2,210) - (2,210) (2,657) - (2,657) (2,264) - (2,264)
Central funds
------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
Subordinated debt 5,354 (39) 5,315 5,598 443 6,041 5,272 515 5,787
Senior debt 549 143 692 549 168 717 549 167 716
------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
5,903 104 6,007 6,147 611 6,758 5,821 682 6,503
------------------- ------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
Holding company net
borrowings 3,693 104 3,797 3,490 611 4,101 3,557 682 4,239
Prudential Capital
bank loan 275 - 275 275 - 275 275 - 275
Jackson Surplus
Notes 189 47 236 192 62 254 184 61 245
-------------------- ------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
Group total 4,157 151 4,308 3,957 673 4,630 4,016 743 4,759
-------------------- ------- ---------- -------- ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- ---------
Note
The movement in IFRS basis core structural borrowings from 31 December 2017 to 30 June 2018 includes foreign exchange effects for US dollar denominated core structural borrowings.
8 Reconciliation of movement in shareholders' equity
Half year 2018 GBPm
------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asia US Other Group
operations operations UK and Europe operations operations total
note (i) note (i) note (iv)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Operating profit (based on
longer-term
investment returns)
Long-term business:
New business(note 3) 1,122 466 179 - 1,767
Business in force(note 4) 631 539 592 - 1,762
------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
1,753 1,005 771 - 3,529
Asset management and general
insurance commission 77 (2) 236 - 311
Restructuring costs (10) - (39) (8) (57)
Other results - - - (340) (340)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Operating profit based on
longer-term investment returns 1,820 1,003 968 (348) 3,443
Non-operating items (282) (181) (651) 639 (475)
Non-controlling interests - - - (1) (1)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Profit for the period
attributable to equity
holders of the Company 1,538 822 317 290 2,967
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Other items taken directly to
equity:
Exchange movements on foreign
operations
and net investment hedges 230 354 (5) (56) 523
Intra-group dividends and
investment in
operationsnote (ii) (748) (327) (341) 1,416 -
External dividends - - - (840) (840)
Mark to market value movements
on Jackson
assets backing surplus and
required capital - (32) - - (32)
Other movementsnote (iii) (5) (9) 45 96 127
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Net increase in shareholders'
equity 1,015 808 16 906 2,745
Shareholders' equity at
beginning of period 21,348 13,492 13,627 (3,769) 44,698
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Shareholders' equity at end of
period 22,363 14,300 13,643 (2,863) 47,443
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Representing:
IFRS basis shareholders' equity:
Net assets (liabilities) 5,434 5,100 6,893 (3,004) 14,423
Goodwill 61 - 1,153 245 1,459
------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Total IFRS basis shareholders'
equity 5,495 5,100 8,046 (2,759) 15,882
Additional retained profit
(loss) on an
EEV basis 16,868 9,200 5,597 (104) 31,561
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
EEV basis shareholders' equity 22,363 14,300 13,643 (2,863) 47,443
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Balance at beginning of period:
IFRS basis shareholders' equity:
Net assets (liabilities) 5,620 5,248 7,092 (3,331) 14,629
Goodwill 61 - 1,153 244 1,458
------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Total IFRS basis shareholders'
equity 5,681 5,248 8,245 (3,087) 16,087
Additional retained profit
(loss) on an
EEV basis 15,667 8,244 5,382 (682) 28,611
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
EEV basis shareholders' equity 21,348 13,492 13,627 (3,769) 44,698
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------ ----------- ---------
Notes
(i) Other operations of GBP(2,863) million represents the shareholders' equity of GBP(3,108) million as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity and includes goodwill of GBP245 million (half year 2017: GBP245 million; full year 2017: GBP244 million) related to Asia long-term operations.
(ii) Intra-group dividends represent dividends that have been declared in the period and investment in operations reflect increases/decreases in share capital. The amounts included for these items in the analysis of movement in free surplus in note 10 are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items.
(iii) Other movements include reserve movements in respect of the shareholders' share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes, share capital subscribed, share-based payments and treasury shares and intra-group transfers between operations which have no overall effect on the Group's embedded value.
(iv) Group total EEV basis shareholders' equity can be further analysed as follows:
30 Jun 2018 GBPm 31 Dec 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Asset Asset
Total management Total management
long-term and general long-term and general
business insurance Other Group business insurance Other Group
operations commission operations total operations commission operations total
note 9 note 9
--------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------
Total IFRS
basis
shareholders'
equity 15,994 2,647 (2,759) 15,882 16,624 2,550 (3,087) 16,087
Additional
retained
profit(loss)
on an EEV
basisnote (v) 31,665 - (104) 31,561 29,293 - (682) 28,611
--------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------
Total EEV basis
shareholders'
equity 47,659 2,647 (2,863) 47,443 45,917 2,550 (3,769) 44,698
--------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------
(v) The additional retained loss on an EEV basis for other operations represents the mark to market value adjustment for holding company net borrowings of a cumulative charge of GBP(104) million (30 June 2017: GBP(611) million, 31 December 2017: GBP(682) million), as shown in note 7.
9 Analysis of movement in net worth and value of in-force for long-term business
Half year 2018 GBPm
-------------------------------------------------------------
Total
Free Required Total Value of embedded
surplus capital net worth in-force business value
note (i)
-------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ ---------
Group
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period 6,242 10,265 16,507 29,410 45,917
New business contribution(note 3) (540) 366 (174) 1,941 1,767
Existing business - transfer to net worth 1,698 (349) 1,349 (1,349) - Expected return on existing business(note 4) 88 110 198 1,070 1,268 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances(note 4) 350 (76) 274 220 494 Restructuring costs (15) - (15) (5) (20) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,581 51 1,632 1,877 3,509 Non-operating items (583) (291) (874) (203) (1,077) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Profit for the period 998 (240) 758 1,674 2,432 Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 37 72 109 471 580 Intra-group dividends and investment in operations (1,238) - (1,238) - (1,238) Other movements (32) - (32) - (32) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Shareholders' equity at end of period 6,007 10,097 16,104 31,555 47,659 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Asia New business contribution(note 3) (260) 76 (184) 1,306 1,122 Existing business - transfer to net worth 692 (85) 607 (607) - Expected return on existing business(note 4) 32 29 61 540 601 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances(note 4) 49 (32) 17 13 30 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 513 (12) 501 1,252 1,753 Non-operating items (167) (75) (242) (40) (282) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Profit for the period 346 (87) 259 1,212 1,471 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- US New business contribution(note 3) (180) 174 (6) 472 466 Existing business - transfer to net worth 702 (92) 610 (610) - Expected return on existing business(note 4) 26 32 58 375 433 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances(note 4) 47 (3) 44 62 106 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 595 111 706 299 1,005 Non-operating itemsnote (ii) (457) 91 (366) 217 (149) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Profit for the period 138 202 340 516 856 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- UK and Europe New business contribution(note 3) (100) 116 16 163 179 Existing business - transfer to net worth 304 (172) 132 (132) - Expected return on existing business(note 4) 30 49 79 155 234 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variances(note 4) 254 (41) 213 145 358 Restructuring costs (15) - (15) (5) (20) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 473 (48) 425 326 751 Non-operating items 41 (307) (266) (380) (646) --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ --------- Profit for the period 514 (355) 159 (54) 105 --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------- ------------------ ---------
Notes
(i) The net value of in force business comprises the value of future margins from current in force business less the cost of holding required capital for long-term business as shown below:
30 Jun 2018 GBPm 31 Dec 2017 GBPm
-------------------------------- --------------------------------
UK and UK and
Asia US Europe Total Asia US Europe Total
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- -------
Value of in-force business before
deduction of cost of capital and time value
of guarantees 19,700 11,096 3,481 34,277 17,539 10,486 3,648 31,673
Cost of capital (535) (310) (494) (1,339) (588) (232) (607) (1,427)
Cost of time value of guarantees* (976) (407) - (1,383) (186) (650) - (836)
---------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- -------
Net value of in-force business 18,189 10,379 2,987 31,555 16,765 9,604 3,041 29,410
Total net worth 3,760 3,717 8,627 16,104 4,182 3,653 8,672 16,507
---------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- -------
Total embedded value(note 8) 21,949 14,096 11,614 47,659 20,947 13,257 11,713 45,917
---------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- -------
* The cost of time value of guarantees arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future and is, where appropriate, calculated as the difference between a full stochastic valuation and a single deterministic valuation, as described in note 12(a)(iv). Both valuations reflect the level of policyholder benefits (including guaranteed benefits and discretionary bonuses) and associated charges, and management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions. The increase in the cost of time value of guarantees for Asia operations from GBP(186) million at 31 December 2017 to GBP(976) million at 30 June 2018 reflects the interaction between these different effects on the full stochastic and single deterministic valuations at the respective level of interest rates and equity markets, as well as the growth in the business over the period.
(ii) In June 2018, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) formally approved changes to RBC capital factors that reflect the December 2017 US tax reform. The half year 2018 EEV results reflect these changes, with a resulting increase in required capital and a corresponding reduction in free surplus of GBP(160) million.
10 Analysis of movement in free surplus
For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to the net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value rather than cost so as to comply with the EEV Principles. In Asia and US operations, assets deemed to be inadmissible on local regulatory basis are included in net worth where considered fully recognisable on an EEV basis. Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations (including Group and Asia Regional Head Office, holding company borrowings, Africa operations and Prudential Capital) is taken to be EEV basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II.
Free surplus for insurance and asset management operations and Group total free surplus, including other operations, are shown in the tables below.
(i) Underlying free surplus generated - insurance and asset management operations
The half year 2017 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The half year 2017 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2018 average exchange rates.
Half year 2018 GBPm Half year 2017 GBPm % change
------------------- --------------------- --------------
AER CER AER CER
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Asia operations
Underlying free surplus generated from
in-force life business 773 763 714 1% 8%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (260) (283) (265) 8% 2%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 513 480 449 7% 14%
Asset management 77 73 68 5% 13%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 590 553 517 7% 14%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
US operations
Underlying free surplus generated from
in-force life business 775 801 733 (3)% 6%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (180) (246) (225) 27% 20%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 595 555 508 7% 17%
Asset management (2) (4) (4) 50% 50%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 593 551 504 8% 18%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
UK and Europe operations
Underlying free surplus generated from
in-force life business 588 569 569 3% 3%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (100) (42) (42) (138)% (138)%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Long-term business 488 527 527 (7)% (7)%
General insurance commission 15 14 14 7% 7%
Asset management 221 201 201 10% 10%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total 724 742 742 (2)% (2)%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Underlying free surplus generated from
insurance and asset management
operations before restructuring costs 1,907 1,846 1,763 3% 8%
Restructuring costs (44) (6) (6) (633)% (633)%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Underlying free surplus generated from
insurance and asset management operations 1,863 1,840 1,757 1% 6%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Representing:
Long-term business:
Expected in-force cash flows (including
expected return on net assets) 1,786 1,785 1,676 0% 7%
Effects of changes in operating assumptions,
operating experience variances and other
items before restructuring costs 350 348 340 1% 3%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Underlying free surplus generated from
in-force life business before restructuring costs 2,136 2,133 2,016 0% 6%
Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (540) (571) (532) 5% (2)%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
Total long-term business 1,596 1,562 1,484 2% 8%
Asset management and general insurance
commission 311 284 279 10% 11%
Restructuring costs (44) (6) (6) (633)% (633)%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
1,863 1,840 1,757 1% 6%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ------ ------
(ii) Underlying free surplus generated - Group total
Half year 2018 GBPm Half year 2017 GBPm % change
------------------- --------------------- ----------
AER CER AER CER
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ---- ----
Underlying free surplus generated from
insurance and asset management operationsnote (i) 1,863 1,840 1,757 1% 6%
Other income and expenditure (348) (402) (396) 13% 12%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ---- ----
Group total 1,515 1,438 1,361 5% 11%
---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- ---- ----
(iii) Movement in free surplus
Half year 2018 GBPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total insurance
UK and and asset
Asia US Europe management Other Group
operations operations operations operations operations total
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Underlying free surplus generated
before restructuring
costs 590 593 724 1,907 (340) 1,567
Restructuring costs (10) - (34) (44) (8) (52)
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Underlying free surplus generatednotes
(i)(ii) 580 593 690 1,863 (348) 1,515
Non-operating itemsnote (b) (167) (489) 36 (620) 97 (523)
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
413 104 726 1,243 (251) 992
Net cash flows to parent companynote
(c) (391) (342) (378) (1,111) 1,111 -
External dividends - - - - (840) (840)
Exchange rate movements, timing
differences and
other itemsnote (d) (359) 12 77 (270) 413 143
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Net movement in free surplus (337) (226) 425 (138) 433 295
Balance at beginning of period 2,470 1,928 3,180 7,578 1,774 9,352
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Balance at end of period 2,133 1,702 3,605 7,440 2,207 9,647
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Half year 2017 GBPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total insurance
UK and and asset
Asia US Europe management Other Group
operations operations operations operations operations total
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Underlying free surplus generated
before restructuring
costs 553 551 742 1,846 (381) 1,465
Restructuring costs - - (6) (6) (21) (27)
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Underlying free surplus
generatednotes(i)(ii) 553 551 736 1,840 (402) 1,438
Non-operating itemsnote (b) 268 (470) 267 65 82 147
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
821 81 1,003 1,905 (320) 1,585
Net cash flows to parent companynote
(c) (350) (475) (405) (1,230) 1,230 -
External dividends - - - - (786) (786)
Exchange rate movements, timing
differences and
other itemsnote (d) (266) (74) 30 (310) 224 (86)
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Net movement in free surplus 205 (468) 628 365 348 713
Balance at beginning of period 2,142 2,418 2,006 6,566 1,648 8,214
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Balance at end of period 2,347 1,950 2,634 6,931 1,996 8,927
--------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------
Full year 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total insurance
UK and and asset
Asia US Europe management Other Group
operations operations operations operations operations total
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
Underlying free surplus generated
before restructuring
costs 1,078 1,328 1,311 3,717 (746) 2,971
Restructuring costs (14) - (63) (77) (10) (87)
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
Underlying free surplus generated 1,064 1,328 1,248 3,640 (756) 2,884
Non-operating itemsnote (b) 330 (1,203) 572 (301) 27 (274)
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
1,394 125 1,820 3,339 (729) 2,610
Net cash flows to parent companynote
(c) (645) (475) (668) (1,788) 1,788 -
External dividends - - - - (1,159) (1,159)
Exchange rate movements, timing
differences and
other itemsnote (d) (421) (140) 22 (539) 226 (313)
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
Net movement in free surplus 328 (490) 1,174 1,012 126 1,138
Balance at beginning of year 2,142 2,418 2,006 6,566 1,648 8,214
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
Balance at end of year 2,470 1,928 3,180 7,578 1,774 9,352
-------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------------- ----------- -------
Notes
(a) Free surplus invested in new business primarily represents acquisition costs and amounts set aside for required capital.
(b) Non-operating items include short-term fluctuations in investment returns, the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business operations and the effect of corporate transactions as described in note 15. For half year 2017 and full year 2017, it reflects the release of GBP76 million of required capital and corresponding recognition of free surplus upon completion of the sale of the Group's life insurance subsidiary in Korea. In addition, for full year 2017 this includes the impact of US tax reform (see note 16) and for half year 2018 this includes the consequent changes to RBC factors approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), which were formally approved in June 2018.
(c) Net cash flows to parent company for long-term business operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow at transaction rates.
(d) Exchange rate movements, timing differences and other items represent:
Half year 2018 GBPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UK and Total insurance
Asia US Europe and asset Other Group
operations operations operations management operations operations total
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
Exchange rate movements 3 38 (5) 36 9 45
Mark to market value
movements on Jackson
assets
backing surplus and
required capital - (32) - (32) - (32)
Other itemsnote (e) (362) 6 82 (274) 404 130
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
(359) 12 77 (270) 413 143
-------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
Half year 2017 GBPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UK and Total insurance
Asia US Europe and asset Other Group
operations operations operations management operations operations total
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
Exchange rate movements (52) (106) 3 (155) (17) (172)
Mark to market value
movements on Jackson
assets
backing surplus and
required capital - 31 - 31 - 31
Other itemsnote (e) (214) 1 27 (186) 241 55
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
(266) (74) 30 (310) 224 (86)
-------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
Full year 2017 GBPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total insurance
Asia US UK and Europe and asset management Other Group
operations operations operations operations operations total
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
Exchange rate movements (113) (190) 6 (297) (13) (310)
Mark to market value
movements on Jackson
assets
backing surplus and
required capital - 40 - 40 - 40
Other itemsnote (e) (308) 10 16 (282) 239 (43)
--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
(421) (140) 22 (539) 226 (313)
-------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------------------- ----------- ------
(e) Other items include the effect of movements in subordinated debt for other operations, intra-group loans and other intra-group transfers between operations and other non-cash items.
11 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions
Sensitivity analysis - economic assumptions
The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2018 and 31 December 2017 and the new business contribution after the effect of required capital for half year 2018 and full year 2017 for long-term business operations to:
- 1 per cent increase in the discount rates;
- 1 per cent increase in interest rates and risk discount rates, including consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets);
- 0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates and risk discount rates, including consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets);
- 1 per cent rise in equity and property yields; - 10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only);
- The statutory minimum capital level in contrast to EEV basis required capital (for embedded value only); and
- 5 basis points increase in UK long-term expected defaults.
In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic conditions.
New business contribution from long-term business operations
Half year 2018 GBPm Full year 2017 GBPm
--------------------------- ---------------------------
UK and UK and
Asia US Europe Total Asia US Europe Total
--------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ------- ----- ----- ---- ------- -----
New business contribution(note 3) 1,122 466 179 1,767 2,368 906 342 3,616
--------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ------- ----- ----- ---- ------- -----
Discount rates - 1% increase (223) (25) (24) (272) (477) (34) (48) (559)
Interest rates - 1% increase (94) 34 24 (36) (103) 124 44 65
Interest rates - 0.5% decrease 20 (39) (13) (32) (59) (85) (23) (167)
Equity/property yields - 1% rise 54 52 27 133 130 130 52 312
Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps increase - - - - - - (1) (1)
--------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ------- ----- ----- ---- ------- -----
Embedded value of long-term business operations
30 Jun 2018 GBPm 31 Dec 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
UK and UK and
Asia US Europe Total Asia US Europe Total
------------------------------------------ -------- ------ ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- --------
Shareholders' equity(note 9) 21,949 14,096 11,614 47,659 20,947 13,257 11,713 45,917
------------------------------------------ -------- ------ ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- --------
Discount rates - 1% increase (2,813) (540) (727) (4,080) (2,560) (440) (774) (3,774)
Interest rates - 1% increase (1,326) (61) (666) (2,053) (944) 26 (635) (1,553)
Interest rates - 0.5% decrease 395 (199) 390 586 121 (166) 384 339
Equity/property yields - 1% rise 959 878 429 2,266 873 896 425 2,194
Equity/property market values - 10% fall (420) (201) (451) (1,072) (429) (209) (479) (1,117)
Statutory minimum capital 133 214 - 347 169 158 - 327
Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps
increase - - (82) (82) - - (135) (135)
------------------------------------------ -------- ------ ------- -------- -------- ------ ------- --------
The sensitivities shown above are for the impact of instantaneous changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets at the balance sheet dates indicated. If the change in assumptions shown in the sensitivities were to occur, then the effect shown above would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following year, namely the effect of economic assumption changes and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown above, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads. In addition for changes in interest rates, the effect shown above for Jackson would also be recorded within the fair value movements on assets backing surplus and required capital, which are taken directly to shareholders' equity.
12 Methodology and accounting presentation
(a) Methodology
Overview
The embedded value is the present value of the shareholders' interest in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to covered business after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders' interest in the Group's long-term business comprises:
- the present value of future shareholder cash flows from in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less deductions for:
- the cost of locked-in required capital; and - the time value of cost of options and guarantees; - locked-in required capital; and - the shareholders' net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus).
The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value.
Notwithstanding the basis of presentation of results as explained in note 12(b)(iii), no smoothing of market or account balance values, unrealised gains or investment return is applied in determining the embedded value or profit. Separately, the analysis of profit is delineated between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and other constituent items, as explained in note 12(b)(i).
(i) Covered business
The EEV results for the Group are prepared for 'covered business', as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group's long-term insurance business, including the Group's investments in joint venture and associate insurance operations, for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders. The post-tax EEV basis results for the Group's covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group's asset management and other operations (including Group and Asia Regional Head Office, holding company borrowings, Africa operations and Prudential Capital). Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note 12(a)(vii).
The definition of long-term business operations comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall within the technical definition.
Covered business comprises the Group's long-term business operations, with two exceptions:
- the closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) which is excluded from covered business. SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC) long-term fund, established by a Court Approved Scheme of Arrangement in October 1997. SAIF is closed to new business and the assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund.
- the presentational treatment of the Group's principal defined benefit pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). The partial recognition of the surplus for PSPS is recognised in 'Other' operations.
A small amount of UK group pensions business is also not modelled for EEV reporting purposes.
(ii) Valuation of in-force and new business
The embedded value results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, expenses, persistency, mortality and morbidity, as described in note 13(vii). These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value of money and the non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.
New business
In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of
distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as
investment products for IFRS basis reporting. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option.
The post-tax contribution from new business represents profits determined by applying operating and economic assumptions as at the end of the period. New business profitability is a key metric for the Group's management of the development of the business. In addition, post-tax new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums and one-tenth of single premiums. PVNBP is calculated as the aggregate of single premiums and the present value of expected future premiums from regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and the other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business contribution. The half year 2018 new business contribution for Hong Kong and Singapore medical reimbursement business allows explicitly for expected future premium inflation and separately for future medical claims inflation. Previously the new business contribution allowed for such inflation implicitly as a single effect.
Valuation movements on investments
With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the period and shareholders' equity as they arise.
The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the IFRS results and the movements on the additional shareholders' interest recognised on the EEV basis. Thus the start point for the calculation of the EEV results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on an IFRS basis.
However, in determining the movements on the additional shareholders' interest, the basis for calculating the EEV result for Jackson acknowledges that, for debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business instead incorporates the discounted value of future spread earnings. This value is not affected generally by short-term market movements on securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term.
Fixed income securities backing the free surplus and required capital for Jackson are accounted for at fair value. However, consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS for Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation/depreciation on these securities are accounted for in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity.
(iii) Cost of capital
A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of locked-in required capital supporting the Group's long-term business. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital, allowing for post-tax investment earnings on the capital.
The annual result is affected by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.
Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already discounted to reflect its expected release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of required capital.
(iv) Financial options and guarantees
Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential's long-term business
Asia
Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described below in respect of UK and Europe business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts in Asia which are principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements.
There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions.
US (Jackson)
The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the fixed annuity (FA) and variable annuity (VA) lines of business.
Fixed annuities provide that, at Jackson's discretion, it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders' accounts, subject to a guaranteed minimum. The guaranteed minimum return varies from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent for all periods, depending on the particular product, jurisdiction where issued, and date of issue. At 30 June 2018, 88 per cent of the account values on fixed annuities are for policies with guarantees of 3 per cent or less (30 June 2017: 87 per cent; 31 December 2017: 87 per cent), and the average guarantee rate is 2.6 per cent for all periods shown.
Fixed annuities also present a risk that policyholders will exercise their option to surrender their contracts in periods of rapidly rising interest rates, possibly requiring Jackson to liquidate assets at an inopportune time.
Jackson issues variable annuity (VA) contracts for which it contractually guarantees to the contract holder, subject to specific conditions, either: a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB)), as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)) or as income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholders' value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMWB and GMDB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, and essentially fully reinsures the GMIB guarantees.
Jackson also issues fixed index annuities (FIA) that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing a guaranteed minimum return. The guaranteed minimum returns are of a similar nature to those described above for fixed annuities.
UK and Europe (M&G Prudential)
The only significant financial options and guarantees in M&G Prudential's covered business arise in the with-profits fund.
With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses - annual and final. Annual bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration. The PAC with-profits fund also held a provision of GBP52 million at 30 June 2018 (30 June 2017: GBP62 million; 31 December 2017: GBP53 million) to honour guarantees on a small number of guaranteed annuity option products.
The Group's main exposure to guaranteed annuity options in M&G Prudential is through the non-covered business of SAIF. A provision of GBP467 million was held in SAIF at 30 June 2018 (30 June 2017: GBP572 million; 31 December 2017: GBP503 million) to honour the guarantees. As described in note 12(a)(i), the assets and liabilities are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Therefore the movement in the provision has no direct impact on shareholders' funds.
Time value
The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts:
- The first part arises from a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions (the intrinsic value).
- The second part arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future (the time value).
Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees.
The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes but with an allowance for correlation between the various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in notes 13(iv), (v) and (vi).
In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to, investment allocation decisions, levels of reversionary and terminal bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions.
In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options actually available to management. For the PAC with-profits fund, the actions assumed are consistent with those set out in the Principles and Practices of Financial Management which explains how regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework are determined, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable.
(v) Level of required capital
In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on its internal targets, subject to it being at least the local statutory minimum requirements.
For with-profits business written in a segregated life fund, as is the case in Asia and the UK, the capital available in the fund is sufficient to meet the required capital requirements. For M&G Prudential, a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund is recognised within net worth, together with the associated capital requirements.
For shareholder-backed business, the following capital requirements for long-term business operations apply:
- Asia: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to the higher of local statutory requirements and the internal target. For China operations, from 31 December 2017, the level of required capital follows the approach for embedded value reporting issued by the China Association of Actuaries (CAA), reflecting the C-ROSS regime;
- US: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL); and
- UK and Europe: the capital requirements are set at the Solvency II Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) for shareholder-backed business as a whole. Following the announced demerger, from 1 January 2018 this does not allow for diversification outside the planned perimeter of the business to be demerged.
(vi) With-profits business and the treatment of the estate
The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the PAC with-profits fund has been based on the present level of 10 per cent. The value attributed to the shareholders' interest in the estate is derived by increasing final bonus rates (and related shareholder transfers) so as to exhaust the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. Similar principles apply, where appropriate, for other with-profits funds of the Group's Asia operations.
(vii) Internal asset management
The in-force and new business results from long-term business include the projected value of profits or losses from asset management and service companies that support the Group's covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group's asset management operations include the current period profits from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders' other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected internal asset management profit margin for the period as included in 'Other operations'. The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Group operating profit accordingly includes the variance between actual and expected profit in respect of management of the assets for covered business.
(viii) Allowance for risk and risk discount rates
Overview
Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin.
For Asia and the US, the risk-free rates are based on 10-year local government bond yields.
For UK and Europe, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, which is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period.
The risk margin should reflect any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. In order to better reflect differences in relative market risk volatility inherent in each product group, Prudential sets the risk discount rates to reflect the expected volatility associated with the cash flows for each product category in the embedded value model, rather than at a Group level.
Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, risk discount rates under EEV are set excluding the effect of these product features.
The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable.
Market risk allowance
The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium. Except for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as explained below), such an approach has been used for the Group's businesses.
The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profits from each product are affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return, it is possible to derive a product-specific beta.
Product level betas reflect the most recent product mix to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product grouping.
Additional credit risk allowance
The Group's methodology is to allow appropriately for credit risk. The allowance for total credit risk is to cover:
- expected long-term defaults; - credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels); and - short-term downgrades and defaults.
These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities these allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.
The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending upon the type of business as described below:
Asia
For Asia, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance are considered to be sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required.
The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over the risk-free rate.
US (Jackson)
For Jackson business, the allowance for long-term defaults is reflected in the risk margin reserve (RMR) charge which is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.
The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults (0.2 per cent for variable annuity business and 1.0 per cent for non-variable annuity business for all periods), as shown in note 13(ii). In determining this allowance a number of factors have been considered. These factors, in particular, include:
- How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased short-term credit risk not reflected in the RMR long-term default assumptions, and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments which cannot be easily converted into cash at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimating the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and
- Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible in adverse economic scenarios to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features) through lower investment returns credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.
The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities.
The level of allowance differs from that for UK annuity business for investment portfolio differences and to take account of the management actions available in adverse economic scenarios to reduce crediting rates to policyholders, subject to guarantee features of the products.
UK and Europe (M&G Prudential)
(1) Shareholder-backed annuity business
For shareholder-backed annuity business, Prudential has used a market consistent embedded value (MCEV) approach to derive an implied risk discount rate which is then applied to the projected best estimate cash flows.
In the annuity MCEV calculations, as the assets are generally held to maturity to match liabilities, the future cash flows are discounted using the swap yield curve plus an allowance for liquidity premium based on the Solvency II allowance for credit risk. The Solvency II allowance is set by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) using a prudent assumption that all future downgrades will be replaced annually, and allowing for the credit spread floor.
For the purposes of presentation in the EEV results, the results produced on this basis are reconfigured. Under this approach the projected earned rate of return on the debt securities held is determined after allowing for a best estimate credit risk allowance. The remaining elements of prudence within the Solvency II allowance are incorporated into the risk margin included in the discount rate, shown in note 13(iii).
(2) With-profits fund non-profit annuity business
For non-profit annuity business attributable to the PAC with-profits fund, the basis for determining the aggregate allowance for credit risk is consistent with that applied for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as described above). The allowance for credit risk for this business is taken into account in determining the projected cash flows from the with-profits fund, which are in turn discounted at the risk discount rate applicable to all of the projected cash flows from the fund.
(3) With-profits fund holdings of debt securities
The with-profits fund holds debt securities as part of its investment portfolio backing policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus. The assumed earned rate for with-profit holdings of corporate bonds is defined as the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term spread over risk free, net of expected long-term defaults. This approach is similar to that applied for equities and properties for which the projected earned rate is defined as the risk-free rate plus a long-term risk premium.
Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks
The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. An allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks is estimated as set out below:
A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group's businesses. For the Group's Asia operations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. The level of these allowances are reviewed and updated based on an assessment of a range of pre-defined emerging market risk indicators, as well as the Group's exposure and experience in the business units. For the Group's US business and UK and Europe business, no additional allowance is necessary.
(ix) Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at period-end exchange rates. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the IFRS financial statements.
(x) Taxation
In determining the post-tax profit for the period for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
(xi) Inter-company arrangements
The EEV results for covered business incorporate annuities established in the PAC non-profit sub-fund from vesting pension policies in SAIF (which is not covered business). The EEV results also incorporate the effect of the reinsurance arrangement of non-profit immediate pension annuity liabilities of SAIF to the PAC non-profit sub-fund.
(b) Accounting presentation (i) Analysis of post-tax profit
To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV post-tax profit for the period is consistent in the classification between operating and non-operating results with the basis that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results reflect underlying results including longer-term investment returns (which are determined as described in note 12(b)(ii)) and incorporate the following:
- new business contribution, as defined in note 12(a)(ii);
- unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note 12(b)(iii);
- the impact of routine changes of estimates relating to operating assumptions, as described in note 12(b)(iv); and
- operating experience variances, as described in note 12(b)(v).
Non-operating results comprise:
- short-term fluctuations in investment returns; - the mark to market value movements on core structural borrowings; - the effect of changes in economic assumptions; and - the impact of corporate transactions undertaken in the period.
In addition, operating results include the effect of changes in tax legislation, unless these changes are one-off and structural in nature, such as the impact of the US tax reform in full year 2017 (see note 16), or primarily affect the level of projected investment returns, in which case they are reflected as a non-operating result.
Total profit attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.
(ii) Investment returns included in operating profit
For the investment element of the assets covering the net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio. For the purpose of calculating the longer-term investment return to be included in the operating result of the PAC with-profits fund of M&G Prudential, where assets backing the liabilities and unallocated surplus are subject to market volatility, asset values at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market movements as explained in note 12(b)(iii).
For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of US operations for fixed annuity and other general account business, a risk margin reserve charge is included which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds and for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed, which reflects the aggregation of end-of-period risk-free rates and the equity risk premium. For US variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force business adjusted to reflect end-of-period projected rates of return with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating profit, together with related hedging activity.
For UK annuity business, rebalancing of the asset portfolio backing the liabilities to policyholders may, from time to time, take place to align it more closely with the internal benchmark of credit quality that management applies. Such rebalancing will result in a change in the projected yield on the asset portfolio and the allowance for default risk. The net effect of these changes is included in the operating result for the period.
(iii) Unwind of discount and other expected returns
The Group's methodology in determining the unwind of discount and other expected returns is by reference to:
- the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period (adjusted for the effect of current period economic and operating assumption changes); and
- required capital and surplus assets.
In applying this general approach, the unwind of discount included in operating profit for M&G Prudential is described below.
M&G Prudential
The unwind is determined by reference to an implied single risk discount rate. The EEV risk-free rate is based on a yield curve (as set out in note 12(a)(viii)), which is used to derive a single implied discount rate which, if this rate had been used, would reproduce the same embedded value as that calculated by reference to the yield curve. The difference between the operating profit determined using the single implied discount rate and that derived using the yield curve is included within non-operating profit.
For with-profits business, the opening value of in-force is adjusted for the effect of short-term investment volatility due to market movements (ie smoothed). In the summary statement of financial position and for total profit reporting, asset values and investment returns are not smoothed. At 30 June 2018 the shareholders' interest in the smoothed surplus assets used for this purpose only were GBP14 million higher (30 June 2017: GBP31 million lower; 31 December 2017: GBP57 million lower) than the surplus assets carried in the statement of financial position.
(iv) Effect of changes in operating assumptions
Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force at the end of the period. For presentational purposes the effect of changes is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force as operating assumption changes, with the experience variances subsequently being determined by reference to the end-of-period assumptions (see note 12(b)(v)).
(v) Operating experience variances
Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality and morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the end-of-period assumptions.
(vi) Effect of changes in economic assumptions
Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related change in the time value of cost of options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results. For M&G Prudential, the embedded value incorporates Solvency II transitional measures, which are recalculated using management's estimate of the impact of operating and market conditions at the valuation date. The effect of changes in economic assumptions is after allowing for this recalculation.
13 Assumptions
Principal economic assumptions
The EEV basis results for the Group's operations have been determined using economic assumptions where the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to period-end risk-free rates of return (defined below for each of the Group's insurance operations). Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium, based on the Group's long-term view, to the risk-free rate.
The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated using the embedded value basis is the same over time as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the embedded value basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under the EEV methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the period.
(i) Asianotes (b)(c)
The risk-free rates of return for Asia are defined as 10-year government bond yields at the end of the period.
Risk discount rate %
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
New business In-force business
----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
2018 2017 2018 2017
----------- ---------------------- ---------- ----------------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
--------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
China 9.3 9.3 9.7 9.3 9.3 9.7
Hong Kongnotes (b)(d) 4.3 3.6 4.1 4.4 3.7 4.1
Indonesia 12.1 11.2 10.6 12.1 11.2 10.6
Malaysianote (d) 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.9 6.5
Philippines 14.1 12.2 12.7 14.1 12.2 12.7
Singaporenote (d) 3.9 3.8 3.5 4.9 4.7 4.4
Taiwan 4.5 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 3.9
Thailand 10.1 10.0 9.8 10.1 10.0 9.8
Vietnam 12.2 13.2 12.6 12.2 13.2 12.6
Total weighted risk discount ratenote
(a) 5.6 5.1 5.3 6.0 5.8 5.7
--------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
10-year government bond yield % Expected long-term Inflation %
----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
2018 2017 2018 2017
----------- ---------------------- ---------- ----------------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
--------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
China 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.0 3.0 3.0
Hong Kongnotes (b)(d) 2.9 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5
Indonesia 7.9 6.9 6.4 4.5 4.5 4.5
Malaysianote (d) 4.2 3.9 3.9 2.5 2.5 2.5
Philippines 6.6 4.7 5.2 4.0 4.0 4.0
Singaporenote (d) 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Taiwan 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.5
Thailand 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.0
Vietnam 4.7 5.7 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.5
--------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Notes
(a) The weighted risk discount rates for Asia operations shown above have been determined by weighting each market's risk discount rates by reference to the post-tax EEV basis new business contribution and the closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia business units reflect the movements in 10-year government bond yields, changes in product mix and the effect of changes in the economic basis.
(b) For Hong Kong the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other business units, the assumptions are for local currency denominated business.
(c) Equity risk premiums in Asia range from 4.0 per cent to 9.4 per cent for all periods.
(d) The mean equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia operations are:
2018 % 2017 %
------ --------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
---------- ------ ------ ------
Hong Kong 6.9 6.3 6.4
Malaysia 10.7 10.4 10.4
Singapore 9.1 8.6 8.5
---------- ------ ------ ------
(ii) US
The risk-free rates of return for the US are defined as the 10-year treasury bond yield at the end of the period.
2018 % 2017 %
------ --------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ------
Assumed new business spread margins:*
Fixed annuity business:**
January to June issues 1.75 1.50 1.50
July to December issues n/a n/a 1.25
Fixed index annuity business:
January to June issues 2.00 1.75 1.75
July to December issues n/a n/a 1.50
Institutional business 0.50 0.50 0.50
Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 12(a)(viii) 0.18 0.20 0.19
Risk discount rate:
Variable annuity:
Risk discount rate 7.3 6.7 6.8
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(a)(viii) 0.2 0.2 0.2
Non-variable annuity:
Risk discount rate 4.6 3.9 4.1
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(a)(viii) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Weighted average total:
New business 7.1 6.5 6.7
In-force business 7.0 6.3 6.5
US 10-year treasury bond yield 2.9 2.3 2.4
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities 6.9 6.3 6.4
Expected long-term rate of inflation 3.1 2.9 3.0
Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0 4.0
S&P equity return volatilitynote (v) 18.0 18.0 18.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------
* For fixed annuity and fixed index annuity business, the assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.
** Including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account.
(iii) UK and Europe
The risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, which is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period. These yield curves are used to derive pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return and risk discount rates. For the purpose of determining the unwind of discount in the analysis of operating profit, these yield curves are used to derive a single implied risk discount rate, as explained in note 12(a)(viii).
This single implied risk discount rate is shown, along with the 15-year nominal rate of investment return and 15-year rate of inflation based on the inflation yield curve.
2018 % 2017 %
----------- -----------------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
-------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- -----------
Shareholder-backed annuity in-force businessnote (a) :
Risk discount rate 4.1 4.3 4.0
Pre-tax expected 15-year nominal rates of investment return 2.9 2.7 2.6
With-profits and other business:
Risk discount ratenote (b) :
New business 4.8 4.9 4.7
In-force business 4.9 4.9 4.8
Pre-tax expected 15-year nominal rates of investment return:
Overseas equities 6.6 to 10.3 6.1 to 9.9 6.2 to 10.1
Property 4.4 4.5 4.4
15-year gilt yield 1.7 1.7 1.6
Corporate bonds 3.5 3.5 3.4
Expected 15-year rate of inflation 3.4 3.5 3.5
Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0 4.0
-------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------- -----------
Notes
(a) For shareholder-backed annuity business, the movements in the pre-tax long-term nominal rates of return and risk discount rates reflect the effect of changes in asset yields.
(b) The risk discount rates for with-profits and other business shown above represents a weighted average total of the rates applied to determine the present value of future cash flows, including the portion of future with-profits business shareholders' transfers recognised in net worth.
(c) The table below shows the pattern of the UK risk-free Solvency II spot yield curve at the end of all periods shown:
1 year 5 year 10 year 15 year 20 year
------------ ------ ------ ------- ------- -------
30 Jun 2018 0.8% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.6%
31 Dec 2017 0.6% 0.9% 1.2% 1.3% 1.4%
30 Jun 2017 0.4% 0.8% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5%
------------ ------ ------ ------- ------- -------
Stochastic assumptions
Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 12(a)(iv).
(iv) Asia
- The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan operations;
- The principal asset classes are government and corporate bonds; - The asset return models are similar to the models as described for M&G Prudential below; and
- The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent, and the volatility of government bond yields ranges from 1.1 per cent to 2.0 per cent (half year 2017: from 0.9 per cent to 2.3 per cent; full year 2017: from 1.1 per cent to 2.0 per cent) following a number of modelling changes at full year 2017 in respect of future bond returns.
(v) US (Jackson)
- Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data;
- Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions; and
- The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 27 per cent for all periods, and the standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 2.6 per cent to 2.9 per cent (half year 2017: from 2.4 per cent to 2.7 per cent; full year 2017: from 2.5 per cent to 2.8 per cent).
(vi) UK and Europe (M&G Prudential)
- Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields;
- Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution;
- The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread;
- Property returns are also modelled based on a risk-free return plus a risk premium with a stochastic process reflecting total property returns; and
- The standard deviation of equities and property ranges from 14 per cent to 20 per cent (half year 2017: from 15 per cent to 20 per cent; full year 2017: from 14 per cent to 20 per cent).
Operating assumptions
(vii) Best estimate assumptions
Best estimate assumptions are used for the cash flow projections, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain.
Assumptions required in the calculation of the value of options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.
Demographic assumptions
Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, but also reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management's expectations.
Expense assumptions
Expense levels, including those of service companies that support the Group's long-term business operations, are based on internal expense analysis and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. Exceptional expenses are identified and reported separately. For mature business, it is Prudential's policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the actions to achieve the savings have been delivered. Expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived, including businesses that are growing rapidly or are sub-scale.
For Asia operations, the expenses comprise costs borne directly and recharged costs from the Asia Regional Head Office that are attributable to covered business. The assumed future expenses for these operations also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are charged as incurred.
Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises:
- expenditure for Group Head Office, to the extent not allocated to the PAC with-profits funds, together with restructuring costs; and
- expenditure of the Asia Regional Head Office that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management operations which is charged as incurred. These costs are primarily for corporate related activities and are included within corporate expenditure.
(viii) Tax rates
The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the incidence of taxable profits and losses in the projected cash flows as explained in note 12(a)(x).
The local statutory corporate tax rates applicable for the most significant operations for 2017 and 2018 are as follows:
Statutory corporate tax rates %
------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asia operations:
Hong Kong 16.5 per cent on 5 per cent of premium income
Indonesia 25.0
Malaysia 24.0
Singapore 17.0
US operations 2017: 35.0; 2018: 21.0
1 January 2017 until 31 March 2017: 20.0; from 1 April 2017: 19.0; from 1 April
UK operations 2020: 17.0
------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 Total insurance and investment products new businessnote (i)
Group insurance operations - new business premiums and contributions
Present value of new
Annual premium business premiums
Single premiums Regular premiums equivalents (APE) (PVNBP)
note 12(a)(ii) note 12(a)(ii)
------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ---------------------- -------------------------
2018 2018 2018 2018
GBPm 2017 GBPm GBPm 2017 GBPm GBPm 2017 GBPm GBPm 2017 GBPm
------ -------------- ----- ------------ ----- --------------- ------ -----------------
Half Half Full Half Half Full Half Half Full Half Half Full
year year year year year year year year year year year year
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Asia 1,121 1,131 2,299 1,624 1,830 3,575 1,736 1,943 3,805 9,132 10,095 20,405
US 8,163 9,602 16,622 - - - 816 960 1,662 8,163 9,602 16,622
UK and Europe 6,690 6,251 13,044 101 96 187 770 721 1,491 7,088 6,616 13,784
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Group Totalnote
(iv) 15,974 16,984 31,965 1,725 1,926 3,762 3,322 3,624 6,958 24,383 26,313 50,811
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Asia
Cambodia - - - 8 8 16 8 8 16 37 37 70
Hong Kong 157 368 582 726 877 1,667 742 914 1,725 4,210 5,190 10,027
Indonesia 118 126 288 101 131 268 113 144 297 434 558 1,183
Malaysia 31 33 73 114 125 271 117 128 278 583 623 1,398
Philippines 22 28 62 36 33 71 38 36 77 134 134 287
Singapore 420 323 859 163 163 361 205 195 447 1,529 1,451 3,463
Thailand 124 53 139 41 37 70 53 42 84 289 199 421
Vietnam 8 3 8 60 62 133 61 62 134 305 298 659
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
SE Asia operations
including Hong
Kong 880 934 2,011 1,249 1,436 2,857 1,337 1,529 3,058 7,521 8,490 17,508
Chinanote (ii) 30 141 179 184 173 276 187 187 294 759 827 1,299
Taiwan 180 25 46 90 102 208 108 105 213 426 314 634
Indianote (iii) 31 31 63 101 119 234 104 122 240 426 464 964
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Total 1,121 1,131 2,299 1,624 1,830 3,575 1,736 1,943 3,805 9,132 10,095 20,405
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
US
Variable annuities 5,439 6,041 11,536 - - - 544 604 1,154 5,439 6,041 11,536
Elite Access
(variable annuity) 898 1,101 2,013 - - - 89 110 201 898 1,101 2,013
Fixed annuities 166 245 454 - - - 17 24 45 166 245 454
Fixed index
annuities 125 158 295 - - - 13 16 30 125 158 295
Wholesale 1,535 2,057 2,324 - - - 153 206 232 1,535 2,057 2,324
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Total 8,163 9,602 16,622 - - - 816 960 1,662 8,163 9,602 16,622
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
UK and Europe
Bonds 1,650 1,742 3,509 - - - 165 174 351 1,650 1,742 3,510
Corporate pensions 43 77 103 70 67 130 75 75 140 275 286 533
Individual pensions 2,989 2,609 5,747 17 18 32 316 279 607 3,072 2,690 5,897
Income drawdown 1,226 1,061 2,218 - - - 123 106 222 1,226 1,061 2,218
Other products 782 762 1,467 14 11 25 91 87 171 865 837 1,626
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Total 6,690 6,251 13,044 101 96 187 770 721 1,491 7,088 6,616 13,784
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Group Total 15,974 16,984 31,965 1,725 1,926 3,762 3,322 3,624 6,958 24,383 26,313 50,811
------------------- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------- ------ ------ ---------
Notes
(i) The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. A reconciliation of APE and gross earned premiums on an IFRS basis is provided in Note D within the EEV unaudited financial information.
The format of the tables shown above is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in Part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under Prudential Regulation Authority regulations.
The details shown above for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK insurance operations and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US operations.
(ii) New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.
(iii) New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.
(iv) During the first half of 2018 the African business sold GBP18 million APE of new business. Given the relative immaturity of the African business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV results on an IFRS basis and for now it is excluded from our new business sales and profit metrics.
Investment products - funds under
managementnotes (i)(ii)(iii)
Half year 2018 GBPm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Market
gross Market exchange translation and
1 Jan 2018 inflows Redemptions other movements 30 Jun 2018
---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- -----------
Eastspring Investments 46,568 10,456 (11,319) (3,335) 42,370
M&G Prudential 163,855 21,401 (17,853) (1,913) 165,490
---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- -----------
Group total 210,423 31,857 (29,172) (5,248) 207,860
---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- -----------
Half year 2017 GBPm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Market
gross Market exchange translation
1 Jan 2017 inflows Redemptions and other movements 30 Jun 2017
---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- -----------
Eastspring Investments 38,042 11,536 (9,263) 4,281 44,596
M&G Prudential 136,763 22,677 (15,498) 5,176 149,118 ---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- ----------- Group total 174,805 34,213 (24,761) 9,457 193,714 ---------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------- ---------------------------------- -----------
Notes
(i) Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management above are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as 'investment contracts' under IFRS 4, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
(ii) Investment flows for half year 2018 exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds gross inflows of GBP95,336 million (half year 2017: gross inflows of GBP96,704 million) and net inflows of GBP665 million (half year 2017: net inflows of GBP499 million).
(iii) New business and market gross inflows and redemptions have been translated at an average exchange rate for the period applicable. Funds under management at points in time are translated at the exchange rate applicable to those dates.
15 Corporate transactions
The (loss) profit attaching to corporate transactions represents the following:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
Half year Half year Full year
---------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Transactions associated with M&G Prudentialnote (i) (364) - -
Othernote (ii) (48) - 80
---------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
(412) - 80
---------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(i) Transactions associated with M&G Prudential
Intention to demerge the Group's UK business and transfer of Hong Kong insurance subsidiaries
In March 2018, the Group announced its intention to demerge its UK and Europe business (M&G Prudential) from Prudential plc, resulting in two separately listed companies. In addition, Prudential plc announced its intention to transfer the legal ownership of its Hong Kong insurance subsidiaries from The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (M&G Prudential's UK regulated insurance entity) to Prudential Corporation Asia Limited in preparation for the UK demerger process.
Sale of shareholder annuity portfolio
In March 2018, M&G Prudential announced the sale of GBP12.0 billion (IFRS liabilities value as at 31 December 2017) of its shareholder annuity portfolio to Rothesay Life. Under the terms of the agreement, M&G Prudential reinsured the liabilities to Rothesay Life, which is expected to be followed by a Part VII transfer of the portfolio by the end of 2019. The half year 2018 EEV results include the impact on EEV resulting from this transfer.
These transactions reduced the Group's EEV by GBP(364) million which primarily reflects the loss of profits on the portion of annuity liabilities sold.
(ii) Other Transactions
In half year 2018, other corporate transactions resulted in an EEV loss of GBP(48) million (half year 2017: GBPnil; full year 2017: GBP80 million gain). On 15 August 2017, the Group, through its subsidiary National Planning Holdings, Inc. (NPH), sold its US independent broker-dealer network to LPL Financial LLC, which realised a post-tax gain of GBP80 million in full year 2017.
Other transaction costs of GBP(48) million incurred in the first half of 2018 primarily relate to additional costs incurred in exiting the NPH broker-dealer business and costs related to preparation for the announced demerger discussed above.
16 Impact of US tax reform
On 22 December 2017, a significant US tax reform package, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, was enacted into law effective from 1 January 2018. The tax reform package as a whole, which includes a reduction in the corporate income tax rate from 35 per cent to 21 per cent, and a number of specific measures affecting US life insurers, resulted in a GBP390 million benefit in non-operating profit reflected within the full year 2017 results. The positive impact on an EEV basis represented the benefit of future profits being taxed at a lower rate, partially offset by a reduction in the net deferred tax asset held in the balance sheet to reflect remeasurement at the new lower tax rate, together with a reduction in the benefit from the dividend received deduction on taxable profits from variable annuity business.
In June 2018, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) formally approved changes to RBC capital factors that reflect the December 2017 US tax reform. The half year 2018 EEV results reflect these changes as shown in notes 6 and 9.
17 Post balance sheet events
On 25 July 2018 the Group announced that Eastspring had reached an agreement to initially acquire 65 per cent of TMB Asset Management Co., Ltd., an asset management company in Thailand, from TMB Bank Public Company Limited ("TMB"). Eastspring has an option to increase its ownership to 100 per cent in the future. As part of this acquisition, Eastspring has also entered into a distribution agreement with TMB to provide investment solutions to their customers. The completion of the transaction is subject to local regulatory approval.
In August 2018, the Group announced the extension of the geographical scope of its bancassurance partnership with Standard Chartered Bank to include Ghana. Under the partnership, a range of Prudential Ghana's life insurance products will be made available to clients through Standard Chartered's branch network.
In August 2018 the Group announced that it had entered into an agreement with the UK-based healthcare technology and services company Babylon Health to provide customers in Asia access to a suite of health services that utilise artificial intelligence technology.
Additional EEV financial information*
A New business
BASIS OF PREPARATION
The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in Part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under Prudential Regulation Authority regulations.
The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK and Europe Insurance Operations, and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US Insurance Operations.
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting and for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.
Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
Post-tax New Business Profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement.
In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period when policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding.
* The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG LLP independent review opinion.
Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(v)
(1) Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) so as to eliminate the impact of exchange translation.
Average rate* Closing rate
--------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
% appreciation % appreciation
(depreciation) of (depreciation) of
Half year Half year local currency against 30 Jun 30 Jun local currency against
Local currency: GBP 2018 2017 GBP 2018 2017 GBP
-------------------- ---------- --------- ---------------------- --------- --------- ----------------------
China 8.76 8.66 (1)% 8.75 8.81 1%
Hong Kong 10.78 9.80 (9)% 10.36 10.14 (2)%
Indonesia 18,938.64 16,793.63 (11)% 18,919.18 17,311.76 (8)%
Malaysia 5.42 5.53 2% 5.33 5.58 5%
Singapore 1.83 1.77 (3)% 1.80 1.79 (1)%
Thailand 43.66 43.72 0% 43.74 44.13 1%
US 1.38 1.26 (9)% 1.32 1.30 (2)%
Vietnam 31,329.01 28,612.70 (9)% 30,310.96 29,526.43 (3)%
-------------------- ---------- --------- ---------------------- --------- --------- ----------------------
Average rate Closing rate
--------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
% appreciation % appreciation
(depreciation) of (depreciation) of
Half year* Full year local currency against 30 Jun 31 Dec local currency against
Local currency: GBP 2018 2017 GBP 2018 2017 GBP
-------------------- ---------- --------- ---------------------- --------- --------- ----------------------
China 8.76 8.71 (1)% 8.75 8.81 1%
Hong Kong 10.78 10.04 (7)% 10.36 10.57 2%
Indonesia 18,938.64 17,249.38 (9)% 18,919.18 18,353.44 (3)%
Malaysia 5.42 5.54 2% 5.33 5.47 3%
Singapore 1.83 1.78 (3)% 1.80 1.81 1%
Thailand 43.66 43.71 0% 43.74 44.09 1%
US 1.38 1.29 (7)% 1.32 1.35 2%
Vietnam 31,329.01 29,279.71 (7)% 30,310.96 30,719.60 1%
-------------------- ---------- --------- ---------------------- --------- --------- ----------------------
* Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June.
(2) Annual Premium Equivalents (APE), calculated as regular new business contributions plus 10 per cent of single new business contributions, are subject to rounding. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) are calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business. In determining the present value, allowance is made for lapses and other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit.
(3) Balance includes segregated and pooled pension funds, private finance assets and other institutional clients.
(4) New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation.
(5) Balance sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rates.
(6) New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation.
(7) Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product sales in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in Hong Kong MPF operation.
(8) Investment flows for the year exclude year-to-date Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflows of GBP95,336 million (half year 2017: gross inflows of GBP96,704 million; full year 2017: gross inflows of GBP192,662 million) and net inflows of GBP665 million (half year 2017: net inflows of GBP499 million; full year 2017: net inflows of GBP1,495 million).
(9) Total Group Investment Operations funds under management exclude MMF funds under management of GBP10,067 million at 30 June 2018 (30 June 2017: GBP8,327 million; 31 December 2017: GBP9,317 million).
Schedule A(i) New Business Insurance Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)
Note: The 2017 comparative results are shown below on actual exchange rates (AER) as previously reported.
Single premiums Regular premiums APE(2) PVNBP(2)
2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-)
Half Half Half Half Half Half Half Half
year year year year year year year year
GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm %
----------------------------- ------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group insurance operations
Asia 1,121 1,131 (1)% 1,624 1,830 (11)% 1,736 1,943 (11)% 9,132 10,095 (10)%
US 8,163 9,602 (15)% - - - 816 960 (15)% 8,163 9,602 (15)%
UK and Europe 6,690 6,251 7% 101 96 5% 770 721 7% 7,088 6,616 7%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group total 15,974 16,984 (6)% 1,725 1,926 (10)% 3,322 3,624 (8)% 24,383 26,313 (7)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Asia insurance
operations
Cambodia - - - 8 8 - 8 8 - 37 37 -
Hong Kong 157 368 (57)% 726 877 (17)% 742 914 (19)% 4,210 5,190 (19)%
Indonesia 118 126 (6)% 101 131 (23)% 113 144 (22)% 434 558 (22)%
Malaysia 31 33 (6)% 114 125 (9)% 117 128 (9)% 583 623 (6)%
Philippines 22 28 (21)% 36 33 9% 38 36 6% 134 134 -
Singapore 420 323 30% 163 163 - 205 195 5% 1,529 1,451 5%
Thailand 124 53 134% 41 37 11% 53 42 26% 289 199 45%
Vietnam 8 3 167% 60 62 (3)% 61 62 (2)% 305 298 2%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
SE Asia operations
including Hong Kong 880 934 (6)% 1,249 1,436 (13)% 1,337 1,529 (13)% 7,521 8,490 (11)%
China(6) 30 141 (79)% 184 173 6% 187 187 - 759 827 (8)%
Taiwan 180 25 620% 90 102 (12)% 108 105 3% 426 314 36%
India(4) 31 31 - 101 119 (15)% 104 122 (15)% 426 464 (8)%
Total Asia insurance
operations 1,121 1,131 (1)% 1,624 1,830 (11)% 1,736 1,943 (11)% 9,132 10,095 (10)%
------ ------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ------
US insurance
operations
Variable annuities 5,439 6,041 (10)% - - - 544 604 (10)% 5,439 6,041 (10)%
Elite Access (variable
annuity) 898 1,101 (18)% - - - 89 110 (19)% 898 1,101 (18)%
Fixed annuities 166 245 (32)% - - - 17 24 (29)% 166 245 (32)%
Fixed index annuities 125 158 (21)% - - - 13 16 (19)% 125 158 (21)%
Wholesale 1,535 2,057 (25)% - - - 153 206 (26)% 1,535 2,057 (25)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Total US insurance
operations 8,163 9,602 (15)% - - - 816 960 (15)% 8,163 9,602 (15)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
UK and Europe insurance
operations
Bonds 1,650 1,742 (5)% - - - 165 174 (5)% 1,650 1,742 (5)%
Corporate pensions 43 77 (44)% 70 67 4% 75 75 - 275 286 (4)%
Individual pensions 2,989 2,609 15% 17 18 (6)% 316 279 13% 3,072 2,690 14%
Income drawdown 1,226 1,061 16% - - - 123 106 16% 1,226 1,061 16%
Other products 782 762 3% 14 11 27% 91 87 5% 865 837 3%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Total UK and Europe insurance
operations 6,690 6,251 7% 101 96 5% 770 721 7% 7,088 6,616 7%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group total 15,974 16,984 (6)% 1,725 1,926 (10)% 3,322 3,624 (8)% 24,383 26,313 (7)%
----------------------------- ------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
During the first half of 2018 the African business sold GBP18 million APE of new business. Given the relative immaturity of the African business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV results on an IFRS basis and for now it is excluded from our new business sales and profit metrics.
Schedule A(ii) New Business Insurance Operations (Constant Exchange Rates)
Note: The half year 2017 comparative results are shown below on constant exchange rates (CER), ie translated at half year 2018 average exchange rates.
Single premiums Regular premiums APE(2) PVNBP(2)
2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-) 2018 2017 +/(-)
Half Half Half Half Half Half Half Half
year year year year year year year year
GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm % GBPm GBPm %
----------------------------- ------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group insurance operations
Asia 1,121 1,064 5% 1,624 1,705 (5)% 1,736 1,811 (4)% 9,132 9,414 (3)%
US 8,163 8,793 (7)% - - - 816 879 (7)% 8,163 8,793 (7)%
UK and Europe 6,690 6,251 7% 101 96 5% 770 721 7% 7,088 6,616 7%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group total 15,974 16,108 (1)% 1,725 1,801 (4)% 3,322 3,411 (3)% 24,383 24,823 (2)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Asia insurance
operations
Cambodia - - - 8 8 - 8 8 - 37 34 9%
Hong Kong 157 334 (53)% 726 796 (9)% 742 830 (11)% 4,210 4,714 (11)%
Indonesia 118 112 5% 101 117 (14)% 113 128 (12)% 434 495 (12)%
Malaysia 31 33 (6)% 114 127 (10)% 117 130 (10)% 583 635 (8)%
Philippines 22 25 (12)% 36 29 24% 38 32 19% 134 118 14%
Singapore 420 313 34% 163 158 3% 205 189 8% 1,529 1,405 9%
Thailand 124 53 134% 41 37 11% 53 42 26% 289 199 45%
Vietnam 8 3 167% 60 57 5% 61 57 7% 305 273 12%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
SE Asia operations
including Hong Kong 880 873 1% 1,249 1,329 (6)% 1,337 1,416 (6)% 7,521 7,873 (4)%
China(6) 30 139 (78)% 184 170 8% 187 184 2% 759 818 (7)%
Taiwan 180 24 650% 90 97 (7)% 108 100 8% 426 298 43%
India(4) 31 28 11% 101 109 (7)% 104 111 (6)% 426 425 0%
------ ----- ----- -----
Total Asia insurance
operations 1,121 1,064 5% 1,624 1,705 (5)% 1,736 1,811 (4)% 9,132 9,414 (3)%
------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------
US insurance
operations
Variable annuities 5,439 5,531 (2)% - - - 544 553 (2)% 5,439 5,531 (2)%
Elite Access (variable
annuity) 898 1,008 (11)% - - - 89 101 (12)% 898 1,008 (11)%
Fixed annuities 166 226 (27)% - - - 17 23 (26)% 166 226 (27)%
Fixed index annuities 125 145 (14)% - - - 13 14 (7)% 125 145 (14)%
Wholesale 1,535 1,883 (18)% - - - 153 188 (19)% 1,535 1,883 (18)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Total US insurance
operations 8,163 8,793 (7)% - - - 816 879 (7)% 8,163 8,793 (7)%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
UK and Europe insurance
operations
Bonds 1,650 1,742 (5)% - - - 165 174 (5)% 1,650 1,742 (5)%
Corporate pensions 43 77 (44)% 70 67 4% 75 75 - 275 286 (4)%
Individual pensions 2,989 2,609 15% 17 18 (6)% 316 279 13% 3,072 2,690 14%
Income drawdown 1,226 1,061 16% - - - 123 106 16% 1,226 1,061 16%
Other products 782 762 3% 14 11 27% 91 87 5% 865 837 3%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Total UK and Europe insurance
operations 6,690 6,251 7% 101 96 5% 770 721 7% 7,088 6,616 7%
------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Group total 15,974 16,108 (1)% 1,725 1,801 (4)% 3,322 3,411 (3)% 24,383 24,823 (2)%
----------------------------- ------ ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----
Schedule A(iii) Total Insurance New Business APE (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)
Note: Comparative results for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2017 are presented on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER). The H2 amounts are presented on year-to-date average exchange rates (including the effect of retranslating H1 results for movements in average exchange rates between H1 and the year to date).
2017 2018
AER CER AER
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
----------------------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Group insurance operations
Asia 1,943 1,862 1,811 1,801 1,736
US 960 702 879 678 816
UK and Europe 721 770 721 770 770
----- ----- ----- -----
Group total 3,624 3,334 3,411 3,249 3,322
----- ----- ----- -----
Asia insurance operations
Cambodia 8 8 8 7 8
Hong Kong 914 811 830 776 742
Indonesia 144 153 128 142 113
Malaysia 128 150 130 155 117
Philippines 36 41 32 38 38
Singapore 195 252 189 247 205
Thailand 42 42 42 42 53
Vietnam 62 72 57 68 61
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
SE Asia operations including Hong Kong 1,529 1,529 1,416 1,475 1,337
China(6) 187 107 184 108 187
Taiwan 105 108 100 106 108
India(4) 122 118 111 112 104
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total Asia insurance operations 1,943 1,862 1,811 1,801 1,736
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
US insurance operations
Variable annuities 604 550 553 528 544
Elite Access (variable annuity) 110 91 101 88 89
Fixed annuities 24 21 23 20 17
Fixed index annuities 16 14 14 13 13
Wholesale 206 26 188 29 153
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total US insurance operations 960 702 879 678 816
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
UK and Europe insurance operations
Bonds 174 177 174 177 165
Corporate pensions 75 65 75 65 75
Individual pensions 279 328 279 328 316
Income drawdown 106 116 106 116 123
Other products 87 84 87 84 91
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 721 770 721 770 770
----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Group total 3,624 3,334 3,411 3,249 3,322 ----------------------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Schedule A(iv) Investment Operations (Actual Exchange Rates)
Note: The H1 and H2 of 2017 comparative results are shown below on actual exchange rates (AER) as previously reported.
2017 2018
H1 H2 H1
GBPm GBPm GBPm
--------------------------------------- -------- -------- --------
Group investment operations
Opening FUM 174,805 193,714 210,423
Net flows:(8) 9,452 11,026 2,685
-------- -------- --------
- Gross inflows 34,213 35,201 31,857
- Redemptions (24,761) (24,175) (29,172)
-------- -------- --------
Other movements 9,457 5,683 (5,248)
-------- -------- --------
Group total(9) 193,714 210,423 207,860
-------- -------- --------
M&G Prudential
Retail
Opening FUM 64,209 72,500 79,697
Net flows: 5,515 5,528 2,154
-------- -------- --------
- Gross inflows 15,871 15,078 16,471
- Redemptions (10,356) (9,550) (14,317)
-------- -------- --------
Other movements 2,776 1,669 (2,030)
-------- -------- --------
Closing FUM 72,500 79,697 79,821
-------- -------- --------
Comprising amounts for:
UK 35,201 35,740 33,786
Europe (excluding UK) 35,192 42,321 44,571
South Africa 2,107 1,636 1,464
-------- -------- --------
72,500 79,697 79,821
--------------------------------------- -------- -------- --------
Institutional(3)
Opening FUM 72,554 76,618 84,158
Net flows: 1,664 4,630 1,394
-------- -------- --------
- Gross inflows 6,806 8,414 4,930
- Redemptions (5,142) (3,784) (3,536)
-------- -------- --------
Other movements 2,400 2,910 117
-------- -------- --------
Closing FUM 76,618 84,158 85,669
-------- -------- --------
Total M&G Prudential 149,118 163,855 165,490
-------- -------- --------
PPM South Africa FUM included
in total M&G Prudential 5,427 5,963 5,452
Eastspring - excluding MMF(8)
Third party retail(7)
Opening FUM 30,793 36,093 38,676
Net flows: 2,186 1,567 25
-------- -------- --------
- Gross inflows 10,781 11,017 10,118
- Redemptions (8,595) (9,450) (10,093)
-------- -------- --------
Other movements 3,114 1,016 (2,615)
-------- -------- --------
Closing FUM(5) 36,093 38,676 36,086
-------- -------- --------
Third party institutional
Opening FUM 7,249 8,503 7,892
Net flows: 87 (699) (888)
-------- -------- --------
- Gross inflows 755 692 338
- Redemptions (668) (1,391) (1,226)
-------- -------- --------
Other movements 1,167 88 (720)
-------- -------- --------
Closing FUM(5) 8,503 7,892 6,284
-------- -------- --------
Total Eastspring investment operations
(excluding MMF) 44,596 46,568 42,370
---------------------------------------- -------- -------- --------
Schedule A(v) Total Insurance New Business Profit (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates)
Note: Comparative results for half year (HY) and full year (FY) 2017 are presented on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER). The half year 2018 results are presented on actual exchange rates.
2017 2018
AER CER AER
HY FY HY FY HY
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
----------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
New business profit
Total Asia insurance operations 1,092 2,368 1,009 2,234 1,122
Total US insurance operations 436 906 399 849 466
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 161 342 161 342 179
------ ------
Group total 1,689 3,616 1,569 3,425 1,767
------ ------ ------
APE(2)
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total Asia insurance operations 1,943 3,805 1,811 3,612 1,736
Total US insurance operations 960 1,662 879 1,557 816
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 721 1,491 721 1,491 770
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Group total 3,624 6,958 3,411 6,660 3,322
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
New business margin (NBP as % of APE)
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total Asia insurance operations 56% 62% 56% 62% 65%
Total US insurance operations 45% 55% 45% 55% 57%
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 22% 23% 22% 23% 23%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Group total 47% 52% 46% 51% 53%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
PVNBP(2)
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total Asia insurance operations 10,095 20,405 9,414 19,382 9,132
Total US insurance operations 9,602 16,622 8,793 15,570 8,163
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 6,616 13,784 6,616 13,784 7,088
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Group total 26,313 50,811 24,823 48,736 24,383
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
New business margin (NBP as % of PVNBP)
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total Asia insurance operations 10.8% 11.6% 10.7% 11.5% 12.3%
Total US insurance operations 4.5% 5.5% 4.5% 5.5% 5.7%
Total UK and Europe insurance operations 2.4% 2.5% 2.4% 2.5% 2.5%
------ ------ ------ ------
Group total 6.4% 7.1% 6.3% 7.0% 7.2%
----------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------
B Foreign currency source of key metrics
The tables below show the Group's key free surplus, IFRS and EEV metrics analysis by contribution by currency group:
Half year 2018 free surplus and Group
IFRS results
Underlying free surplus generated for
total insurance and asset management IFRS pre-tax IFRS shareholders'
operations operating profit funds
% % %
notes (2)(3) notes (2)(3)
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------
US dollar linkednote (1) 14% 26% 21%
Other Asia currencies 17% 16% 15%
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------
Total Asia 31% 42% 36%
UK sterlingnotes (2)(3) 37% 16% 52%
US dollarnote (3) 32% 42% 12%
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------
Total 100% 100% 100%
--------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------
Half year 2018 Group EEV post-tax results
New business
profit Operating profit Shareholders' funds
% % %
notes (2)(3) notes (2)(3)
------------------------------------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------------
US dollar linkednote (1) 53% 41% 37%
Other Asia currencies 11% 12% 10%
------------------------------------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------------
Total Asia 64% 53% 47%
UK sterlingnotes (2)(3) 10% 18% 29%
US dollarnote (3) 26% 29% 24%
------------------------------------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------------
Total 100% 100% 100%
------------------------------------------ ------------ ---------------- -------------------
Notes
(1) US dollar linked comprise the Hong Kong and Vietnam operations where the currencies are pegged to the US dollar and the Malaysia and Singapore operations where the currencies are managed against a basket of currencies including the US dollar.
(2) For operating profit and shareholders' funds, UK sterling includes amounts in respect of M&G Prudential and other operations (including central operations and Prudential Capital). Operating profit for central operations includes amounts for corporate expenditure for Group Head Office as well as Asia Regional Head Office which is incurred in HK dollars.
(3) For shareholders' funds, the US dollar grouping includes US dollar denominated core structural borrowings. Sterling operating profits include all interest payable as sterling denominated, reflecting interest rate currency swaps in place.
C Reconciliation between IFRS and EEV shareholders' funds
The table below shows the reconciliation of EEV shareholders' funds and IFRS shareholders' funds at the end of the period:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- ------------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
---------------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- --------
EEV shareholders' funds 47,443 40,520 44,698
Less: Value of in-force business of long-term businessnote (a) (31,555) (26,104) (29,410)
Deferred acquisition costs assigned zero value for EEV purposes 9,652 9,076 9,227
Othernote (b) (9,658) (8,043) (8,428)
---------------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- --------
IFRS shareholders' funds 15,882 15,449 16,087
---------------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- --------
Notes
(a) The EEV shareholders' funds comprises the present value of the shareholders' interest in the value of in-force business, net worth of long-term business operations and IFRS shareholders' funds of asset management and other operations. The value of in-force business reflects the present value of future shareholder cash flows from long-term in-force business which are not captured as shareholders' interest on an IFRS basis. Net worth represents the net assets for EEV reporting purposes that reflect the regulatory basis position, sometimes with adjustments to achieve consistency with the IFRS treatment of certain items.
(b) Other adjustments represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory reporting basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. For the UK, this would be the difference between IFRS and Solvency II.
It also includes the mark to market of the Group's core structural borrowings which are fair valued under EEV but not IFRS. The most significant valuation differences relate to changes in the valuation of insurance liabilities. For example, in Jackson where IFRS liabilities are higher than the local regulatory basis as they are principally based on policyholder account balances (with a deferred acquisition costs recognised as an asset) whereas the local regulatory basis used for EEV is based on future cash flows due to the policyholder on a prudent basis with consideration of an expense allowance as applicable, but with no separate deferred acquisition cost asset.
D Reconciliation of APE new business sales to earned premiums
The Group reports APE new business sales as a measure of the new policies sold in the period. This differs from the IFRS measure of premiums earned as shown below:
2018 GBPm 2017 GBPm
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Annual premium equivalents as published 3,322 3,624 6,958
Adjustment to include 100% of single premiums on new business sold in the
periodnote (a) 14,377 15,286 28,769
Premiums from in-force business and other adjustmentsnote (b) 3,642 3,195 8,278
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Gross premiums earned 21,341 22,105 44,005
Outward reinsurance premiumsnote(c) (12,961) (947) (2,062)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance as shown in the IFRS financial statements 8,380 21,158 41,943
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Notes
(a) APE new business sales only include one tenth of single premiums, recorded on policies sold in the period. Gross premiums earned include 100 per cent of such premiums.
(b) Other adjustments principally include amounts in respect of the following:
- Gross premiums earned include premiums from existing in-force business as well as new business. The most significant amount is recorded in Asia, where a significant portion of regular premium business is written. Asia in-force premiums form the vast majority of the other adjustment amount;
- APE includes new policies written in the period which are classified as investment contracts without discretionary participation features under IFRS 4, arising mainly in Jackson for guaranteed investment contracts and in M&G Prudential for certain unit-linked savings and similar contracts. These are excluded from gross premiums earned and recorded as deposits;
- APE new business sales are annualised while gross premiums earned are recorded only when revenues are due; and
- For the purpose of reporting APE new business sales, we include the Group's share of amounts sold by the Group's insurance joint ventures and associates. Under IFRS, joint ventures and associates are equity accounted and so no amounts are included within gross premiums earned.
(c) Outward reinsurance premiums in half year 2018 include GBP12,130 million in respect of the reinsurance of the UK annuity portfolio.
E Calculation of return on embedded value
Return on embedded value is calculated as the EEV post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders' funds.
2018 2017
--------- --------------------
Half year Half year Full year
----------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns (GBP million) 3,443 2,870 6,598
Opening EEV basis shareholders' funds (GBP million) 44,698 38,968 38,968
----------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Return on embedded value 15% 15% 17%
----------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
F Calculation of EEV shareholders' funds per share
EEV shareholders' funds per share is calculated as closing EEV shareholders' funds divided by the number of issued shares at the balance sheet date. EEV shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders is calculated in the same manner, except goodwill attributable to shareholders is deducted from closing EEV shareholders' funds.
2018 2017
------- ----------------
30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- ------- -------
Closing EEV shareholders' funds (GBP million) 47,443 40,520 44,698
Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders (GBP million) (1,459) (1,475) (1,458)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- ------- -------
Closing EEV shareholders' funds excluding goodwill attributable to
shareholders (GBP million) 45,984 39,045 43,240
Number of issued shares at period end (millions) 2,592 2,586 2,587
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- ------- -------
Shareholders' funds per share (in pence) 1,830p 1,567p 1,728p
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- ------- -------
Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders
(in pence) 1,774p 1,510p 1,671p
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- ------- -------
This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact rns@lseg.com or visit www.rns.com.
END
IR EAEPXEEPPEAF
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August 08, 2018 04:30 ET (08:30 GMT)
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