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SAA.GB M&C Saatchi

189.00
0.00 (0.00%)
13 Dec 2024 - Closed
Realtime Data
Share Name Share Symbol Market Type Share ISIN Share Description
M&C Saatchi AQSE:SAA.GB Aquis Stock Exchange Ordinary Share GB00B01F7T14 Ordinary Shares 1p
  Price Change % Change Share Price Bid Price Offer Price High Price Low Price Open Price Shares Traded Last Trade
  0.00 0.00% 189.00 180.00 198.00 189.00 189.00 189.00 0.00 06:59:38
Industry Sector Turnover Profit EPS - Basic PE Ratio Market Cap
0 0 N/A 0

M&C Saatchi PLC M&C Saatchi -- 2023 Interim Results (3807M)

14/09/2023 7:00am

UK Regulatory


M&C Saatchi (AQSE:SAA.GB)
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From Dec 2022 to Dec 2024

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TIDMSAA

RNS Number : 3807M

M&C Saatchi PLC

14 September 2023

M&C SAATCHI PLC

INTERIM RESULTS

SIX MONTHSED

30 JUNE 2023

14 September 2023

M&C SAATCHI PLC

(the "Company")

Interim results for the six months

ended 30 June 2023

Strong double-digit growth in the Issues and Passions specialisms.

Good margin momentum going into second half with acceleration of new operating model.

H1 Highlights

Financial

 
      --   Net revenue of GBP120.4million (H1 2022: GBP129.4million). 
      --   Headline operating profit margin of 8.3% (H1 2022: 14.0%), with Q2 margin of 12%. 
      --   Headline profit before tax of GBP8.8million (H1 2022: GBP16.0million), with strong operating leverage 
            mitigating the impact of lower revenue. 
      --   Headline EPS of 4.47p (H1 2022: 6.37p). 
      --   Net cash at 30 June 2023 of GBP15.4million (30 June 2022: GBP39.7million), reflecting lower trading 
            and the settling of put options. 
 

Operational

 
      --   Strong double-digit net revenue growth in our Issues (+22% LFL) and Passions (+10% LFL) specialisms, 
            which now account for c.GBP40million (33%) of the Group's net revenue, demonstrates the value 
            of our ongoing diversification away from traditional advertising. New clients include Unilever, 
            Channel 4 and JPMorgan, with new assignments from Diageo, Samsung and Pepsico. 
      --   Good progress being made on the strategy set out at the Capital Markets Day, with growth in our 
            Fluency brand expanding our data capabilities, and put option settlement creating more opportunities 
            for growth and investment returns. 
      --   Along with the wider market, we have seen a significant slowdown in technology client spend in 
            our Media specialism and a slower pace of new business wins in the Advertising division. However, 
            85% of the Company's full year revenue forecast is now booked as at the end of August, marginally 
            ahead of 84% for the same time last year. Recovery is expected in the second half of the year. 
      --   Enhanced, simplified leadership structure under a new Executive Chair implemented, with investment 
            focused on our specialisms, and new leadership roles to drive creativity, execution, and efficiency. 
      --   Global efficiency programme refocussed to accelerate quick wins, while delivering the strategy 
            for the longer term. As a result, we expect to deliver annualised savings of GBP3.8million in 
            FY2023 with an in-year impact of GBP1.5million. We are targeting annualised savings of GBP10million 
            by the end of FY2024. 
 

Current Trading and Outlook

 
      --   Revenue pacing marginally ahead of this time last year, with 85% of full year expected revenue 
            booked. Improving momentum in H2, with a small single digit net revenue decline expected. 
      --   Operating leverage in Advertising, combined with our global efficiency programme, means that we 
            are expecting improvement in Headline operating margin in H2. F ull year margin is expected to 
            be in line with last year. 
      --   In light of the continued challenging macro environment, we are taking a cautious view overall 
            on H2. In 2024, the Group should benefit from the global efficiency programme and review of loss-making 
            entities . 
 
   Unaudited Headline (1)   Results 
 
 
 
 Six Months To 30 June 2023 
----------------------------------------------------  -------- 
                            2023    2022    Movement   LFL (2) 
                            GBPM    GBPM 
-------------------------  ------  ------  ---------  -------- 
 Net revenue (1)            120.4   129.4     (7%)      (7%) 
 Operating profit           10.0    18.1     (45%)      (48%) 
 Profit before taxation      8.8    16.0     (45%)      (48%) 
 Earnings(3)                 5.5     7.8     (30%)      (12%) 
 Operating profit margin    8.3%    14.0%   -5.7pts 
 EBITDA (4)                 14.5    22.8     (36%) 
 Net cash (1)               15.4    39.7     (61%) 
-------------------------  ------  ------  ---------  -------- 
 
 

Unaudited Statutory Results

 
 
 
 Six Months To 30 June 2023 
------------------------------------------------------ 
                              2023    2022    Movement 
                              GBPM    GBPM 
--------------------------  -------  ------  --------- 
 Revenue                     216.7    221.7     (2%) 
 Net revenue (1)             120.4    129.4     (7%) 
 Operating (loss)/profit     (3.6)     2.7     (231%) 
 (Loss)/profit before 
  taxation                   (5.1)     0.3    (1759%) 
 Losses(3)                   (6.3)    (4.0)    (57%) 
 Operating (loss)/profit 
 margin                      (3.0%)   2.1%    -5.1pts 
--------------------------  -------  ------  --------- 
 
 

1 Refer to Notes for the definition of Headline net revenue and net cash.

(2) Like-for-like excluding the effect of the disposal of Clear Deutschland GMBH in H1 2023 and retranslating 2022 figures to 2023 FX rates.

(3) Earnings and Losses are calculated after deducting tax and the share of profits attributable to non-controlling interests.

(4) EBITDA is calculated excluding the income statement charges relating to IFRS 16.

Moray MacLennan, Chief Executive Officer, said:

The diversification of our offering, combined with swift action on our cost base, have ensured good momentum into the second half, despite a slower start to 2023. Strong double-digit growth in Issues and Passions, in particular, reflects our continued investment in our specialisms.

Zillah Byng-Thorne, Executive Chair, said:

The second half of the year is about growth, execution, and efficiency. Whilst some economic headwinds are likely to continue, we are focused on what we can control: continued connectivity of our business, elevating our highest-margin businesses in resilient segments, underpinned by tight cost management.

The information contained within this announcement is deemed by the Company to constitute inside information as stipulated under the Market Abuse Regulation (EU) No. 596/2014.

M&C Saatchi Half Year 2023 Results - Analyst Presentation

M&C Saatchi plc will host an in-person analyst presentation today at 9:00am at 36 Golden Square, London, W1F 9EE. The presentation will be followed by a Q&A with Zillah Byng-Thorne, Executive Chair, Moray MacLennan, Chief Executive Officer, and Bruce Marson, Chief Financial Officer.

Please email MCS@Brunswickgroup.com to register to attend. Dial-in details are also available for those not able to attend in person.

 
 For further information please call: 
  M&C Saatchi plc                            +44 (0)20-7543-4500 
 Zillah Byng-Thorne, Executive Chair 
  Moray MacLennan, Chief Executive 
  Officer 
  Bruce Marson, Chief Financial Officer 
 Numis Securities Limited                    +44 (0)20-7260-1000 
 Nick Westlake, Iqra Amin 
 Liberum Limited                             +44 (0)20-3100-2000 
 Max Jones, Benjamin Cryer, Will 
  King 
 Brunswick Group Limited                     +44 (0)207-404-5959 
 Andrew Porter, Kate Pope 
 

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Net revenue for H1 was GBP120.4million, down 7.0% compared to last year. Our specialisms delivered GBP70.3million (+0.9% vs last year), compared to the Advertising division at GBP50.1m, (-16.1% vs last year), reflecting the delivery of our strategy set out at our Capital Markets Day earlier this year. The specialisms were fueled by double digit revenue growth in the Issues (+20.6%) and Passions (+11.0%) specialisms, underpinning their strong market position. Along with the wider market, we experienced challenging trading conditions in H1, particularly in those businesses with more exposure to a technology client base or where there is more discretion around client spend resulting in lead times for new projects widening. This had an impact on revenues in our Media specialism (-30.1%) and the Advertising division (- 16.1%), although we saw a strong performance in our US advertising business (+4.1%).

Headline operating costs decreased by 1% to GBP110.4million compared to H1 2022 (GBP111.3million) and decreased by 11% versus H2 2022 (GBP124.4million). The nature of the business means that as some markets began to see revenue soften, we were able to flex the variable cost base, with most of these actions impacting Q2 onwards, while ensuring we continued to invest in our specialisms. As a consequence, the Headline operating profit margin was 12% in Q2, compared to 8.3% for H1 overall. This improvement in margins was also a consequence of some of the early wins from the global efficiency programme announced at our Capital Markets Day, with GBP0.5million of savings delivered within the H1 results.

Overall Headline operating profit was GBP10.0million, a decline of GBP8.1million versus last year. The global efficiency programme has been refocused into quick wins and more structural savings. The quick wins have secured annualised savings of GBP3.8million already, which is expected to have an impact of GBP1.5million in FY2023. We are targeting further annualised savings of around GBP6million by the end of FY2024, as a result of the centralisation of certain back and middle office functions.

In H2, we expect continued strong momentum in the Issues and Passions specialisms, and some recovery in the Media specialism and Advertising division, supported by the typical seasonality of client campaigns.

On a statutory basis, the Company delivered a loss before tax of GBP5.1million (2022: GBP0.3million profit), due to the decline in net revenue of GBP9.0million that has been partially mitigated by statutory cost savings of GBP3.6million.

Net cash as at 30 June 2023 was GBP15.4million (GBP30.0million at 31 December 2022). During H1, we cash-settled GBP3.3milliion of put options and experienced a negative working capital swing of GBP6.8million driven by lower trading volumes and one-off adverse working capital timing at the end of June, much of which we expect to reverse in H2. During H2 we expect to cash settle a further GBP15.5million of put options, leaving us with a residual liability of c.GBP12million at a 152p share price.

Market Dynamics

Market growth in the first half of 2023 slowed significantly, with clients slower to commit budgets and generally spending less. While there are some indications of the wider market beginning to recover in H2 2023 and beyond, we are taking a cautious outlook for H2 until we see more data points. Beyond the economic trends we see several key themes emerging:

 
 --   Generative AI - especially the diversity, scale, and rate of acceleration of the application layer. 
 --   Digital transformation - continuing at pace, and responsible for a large proportion of the sector's 
       growth. 
 --   Complex marketing mix - channel and customer engagement platform fragmentation resulting in client 
       demand for simplification and consolidation. 
 --   Automation at speed - increased speed, personalisation and customisation of messaging across more 
       channels as a result of tech (including Generative AI). 
 --   Creativity as a competitive advantage - enabling differentiation, cut through and improved ROI. 
 --   Sustainability - albeit eclipsed in coverage by the economic headwinds and cost of living crisis. 
 

We have reflected these themes in our proposition and believe we are well positioned to succeed due to our: broad diversified client base, geographic breadth, and specialist capabilities in resilient, counter-cyclical segments: public sector, issues-based marketing, passions and talent.

Strategy Update

During our Capital Markets Day, we outlined our strategy centred around accelerating high-margin, digital-led growth, with three clear pillars:

 
 --              Building capabilities with a focus on data, tech and digital transformation. 
 --              Developing new opportunities through M&A and partnerships; moving away from start-ups. 
 --              A new operating model that delivers significant cost savings and enhanced productivity. 
 

Delivery of this strategy is core to our ongoing success. In H1 we have made good progress, with Fluency growing at scale and underpinning our data capabilities. The settlement of the put options also means that only 10% of earnings will be attributable to minorities by the end of 2023 (2022: 25%), further simplifying our opportunities for growth and freeing up capital for M&A moving forward. The initial benefit of our operating model work is beginning to be seen in our business, and we expect to have completed our new organisation design by the end of the year.

At the heart of our strategy is creativity and award-winning work. The recent additions to our trophy cabinet are an endorsement of this, winning awards in Data (Campaign's Start up Agency of the Year - M&C Saatchi Fluency) and Consultancy (Consultant of the Year - Consulting Magazine). While winning, Agency of The Year, Sports Industry Awards (M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment) and Performance Marketing Agency of Year - Marketing Interactive, highlight the peer recognition of our specialisms.

Our ongoing ability to deliver on this strategy is underpinned by a focus on growth, execution and efficiency, and the key developments in each of these areas is outlined below.

Growth Plans

Core to our strategy are our growth plans. As technology advances, creativity is even more integral to our future growth than it has been in our past. Our ability to stand out from the crowd, with award winning creative, is the easiest way to win new clients, and while we have many fantastic creative resources across the businesses, we had no one person representing our creative agenda at the leadership table. As a result, we have embarked on a search for a new Chief Creative Officer who will set the benchmark for our work internally, while also playing a hands-on leadership role across our UK Group.

We are focussing our investment and energy on growing our strategically important businesses, whilst also undertaking a review of loss-making and non-core entities. Where businesses do not have a clear route to profitability within the next 18 months we will look to divest or close them, unless there is a clear strategic imperative not to.

Replicating success is an easy way to accelerate growth and, as we have examined our track record, it is evident that where we provide clients with integrated solutions across regional advertising centres, we excel. As a consequence, we have decided to organise around a regional first strategy. The benefits of this include simplifying collaboration and ensuring more of our revenue can become connected, harnessing the benefits of the wider group at scale.

Justin Graham will lead this for us across the APAC region, while Marcus Peffers will take on an extended remit to include Chief Executive Officer of the UK Group. The increased focus on regional integration supports the drive towards connected revenue, which now accounts for c.60% of net revenue, driven by technology platforms, new capabilities and collaboration processes.

Execution

The effective execution of our strategy is critical to our success. To enable this, we have made a number of changes to how we are organised and drive performance. To improve alignment, clear accountabilities and ownership, we have simplified our leadership structure from over 20 (the old ExCo) to a new Executive Leadership Team of 13. This new team includes two newly created roles including the Chief Creative Officer as referenced above and a Chief Operating Officer who will support the execution and delivery of the global efficiency programme. A new way of working, focussed on meeting cadences, pipeline management and lead sharing has been introduced. This is in addition to work that is underway for a new LTIP and incentive plan for the Executive Leadership Team and senior leaders, to drive collaboration and entrepreneurialism.

Efficiency

We have broadened and deepened the scope of our global efficiency programme and refocussed it into two streams; quick wins and structural changes. Having identified savings of just under GBP4million already, we are now targeting an additional GBP6.2million of savings from the creation of shared service centres and centralised procurement. This will bring the total annualised savings to GBP10million by the end of 2024, and we expect the costs of change to be in the range of 0.5-1x of the saving.

During the year we intend to merge our small advertising head office in Asia with Australia, to increase resource and capability available to the APAC region. While we have also reviewed the central group structure reducing the absolute size of the team, with increased accountability for growth and strategy being devolved to the regions and specialisms, in order for the Group to focus on delivery of global efficiencies and effective capital allocation.

Headline Segmental Information (Like-for-Like) [1]

Specialisms

 
 
                  Net       Net                Operating    Operating              Operating   Operating 
                Revenue   Revenue                Profit      Profit                 Profit       Profit 
                                                                                    Margin       Margin 
                H1 2023   H1 2022   Movement    H1 2023      H1 2022    Movement    H1 2023     H1 2022    Movement 
                GBP000    GBP000                 GBP000      GBP000 
-------------  --------  --------  ---------  -----------  ----------  ---------  ----------  ----------  --------- 
 
 Specialisms    70,158    70,250       0%        13,866      19,979      (31%)       19.8%       28.4%     (8.6)pts 
 Advertising    50,091    59,465     (16%)        461         4,113      (89%)       0.9%        6.9%      (6.0)pts 
 Group 
  Central 
  Costs            -         -         -        (4,353)      (4,922)      12%          -           -           - 
-------------  --------  --------  ---------  -----------  ----------  ---------  ----------  ----------  ----------- 
 Total          120,249   129,715     (7%)       9,974       19,170      (48%)       8.3%        14.8%      (6.5)pts 
-------------  --------  --------  ---------  -----------  ----------  ---------  ----------  ----------  ----------- 
 
 

Specialisms now represent 58% of the Group's net revenue (from 49% two years ago). These specialisms contributed GBP70.3million of the Group's net revenue (H1 2022: GBP70.3million, 54%), and GBP13.9million (139%) of the Group's Headline operating profit (H1 2022: GBP20.0million, 104%). Net revenue decreased by GBP0.1million (0%) compared to H1 2022, the revenue decline in Media offsetting the strong growth in Issues and Passions.

Headline operating profit margins decreased to 19.8% from 28.4% in H1 2022, due to the impact of the revenue decline in Media (which is high margin), although this was partially mitigated in the Media specialism by headcount reductions in the US and UK. In addition, the Issues, Passions and Consulting specialisms have invested in staff to retain the best talent and added headcount to drive future growth.

Advertising contributed GBP50.1million (42%) of the Group's net revenue (H1 2022: GBP59.5million, 46%) and GBP0.5 million (5%) of the Group's Headline operating profit (H1 2022: GBP4.1million, 21%). Net revenue decreased by GBP9.4million (16%) compared to H1 2022. Operating profit margins decreased to 0.9% from 6.9% in H1 2022, as cost saving measures lagged the decrease in revenue.

   --      Specialisms 
 
      --   Issues - driving critical global and social change, protecting the planet, transforming lives 
            for the better 
            A net revenue increase of GBP4.1million to GBP23.4million (+21.5%), driven by ongoing growth 
            of the security and defense business, continuing the momentum from the prior year. New client 
            assignments include WHO, Ofcom, and UNICEF. 
      --   Passions - connecting brands direct to consumers through passions and personalities 
            A net revenue increase of GBP1.6million to GBP17.1million (+10.3%), driven mainly by the Sport 
            and Entertainment business in the UK, which supported clients such as Barclays to maximise 
            their sponsorship of Wimbledon, and the Sport and Entertainment business in Germany, which 
            won new clients such as Porsche. 
      --   Consulting - transforming businesses by unlocking existing and new growth opportunities 
            A net revenue decrease of GBP0.2million to GBP17.5million (-0.7%), with our CX business in 
            the US winning additional new projects and our small startup consultancies starting to win 
            more new business including McDonalds, Channel 4 and Nike. This was offset by a decline in 
            our brand design business as clients pause or defer new projects. 
      --   Media - connecting brands with today's connected customers 
            A net revenue decrease of GBP5.6million to GBP12.1million (-31.9%), due to the well-publicised 
            downturn in the technology sector in the US and UK. A restructuring programme has been undertaken 
            to mitigate the full-year profit impact of the lower revenues during H1 2023. However, we 
            did pick up some notable wins with Amazon, Sega and TickPick. 
 

-- Advertising - Blending marketing science with creativity through earned, owned and paid-for content

A net revenue decrease of GBP9.4million to GBP50.1million (-15.8%). The Advertising division includes a large number of businesses. We saw good revenue growth in the US, driven primarily by increased activity with Meta; Italy, driven by growth in its partnership with EY; Brazil, driven by increased spend from clients (including BASF and Uber); and UAE, where we won more work with new and existing clients. While our businesses in the UK, Australia, Germany and China, suffered revenue declines year-on-year as a consequence of the challenging market conditions.

Group Central Costs

Further to the global efficiency programme, central costs have reduced by GBP0.5million to GBP4.4million (12%). This is driven primarily by a reduction in external audit fees and executive bonuses.

Income Statement

 
      --   Statutory Profit Before Tax 
            Statutory loss before tax was GBP5.1m (2022: GBP0.3m profit). This loss was primarily driven by 
            non-trading items, such as the revaluations of put options and equity investments. A full listing 
            of these items is set out in Note 4. 
      --   Taxation 
            The effective tax rate for H1 2023 has decreased to 23.7% (H1 2022: 29.1%). This is mainly due 
            to the takeover transaction costs in H1 2022, which were treated as non-deductible for corporation 
            tax provision purposes. 
      --              Earnings 
                      The Headline earnings decline was partially mitigated, as minority interests were further 
                      reduced 
                      in H1 to 18% (from 32% in H1 2022). 
 

Balance sheet and cashflow

 
      --   Cash and Borrowings 
            Operating cash inflow before movements in working capital was GBP4.2million, which was lower 
            than last year (GBP7.7million in H1 2022), but in line with the lower profitability. 
            We invested GBP1.6million, similar to last year, buying replacement IT equipment, fit-outs for 
            new offices in Dubai and Berlin, and procuring new software. We paid out GBP3.3million to settle 
            put options and reduce our minority interests (with more to come in H2). We also paid what was 
            due on our property leases (GBP4.4million), down from GBP4.9million last year. 
            Cash net of bank borrowings at 30 June 2023 is GBP15.4million, compared to GBP30.0million of 
            net cash at 31 December 2022 and GBP39.7million net cash at 30 June 2022. 
      --   Working Capital Movement 
            Trade and other receivables decreased by GBP15.7million (11%) between 30 June 2022 and 30 June 
            2023, driven by the reduction in activity. Trade and other payables decreased by GBP33.1million 
            (19%) between 30 June 2022 and 30 June 2023, driven by the reduction in activity and lower levels 
            of cost accruals . 
            Net working capital decreased by GBP6.8million since the beginning of the year. This has been 
            driven by lower trading volumes (which has reduced our ongoing positive working capital position) 
            and one-off timings on when suppliers have been paid and clients have been billed in June (versus 
            December). We expect much of this to reverse in H2. 
      --   Put Options 
            Based on the put option holders that have exercised in 2023, around 50% of the remaining liability 
            will be settled in H2 2023. This is expected to reduce minority interests to 10% of Headline 
            earnings in 2023, down from nearly 40% in 2019. We expect the remaining liability at the end 
            of the year to be around GBP15m, and this will be settled over the next five years. 
      --   Other Balance Sheet Movements 
            The other movements include the revaluation of unlisted equity investments held in early-stage 
            companies, reported as financial assets at fair value through profit and loss. The revaluation 
            of GBP1.9million of these companies is excluded from Headline results. 
 

Notes to Editors

Company

M&C Saatchi plc, a company incorporated and domiciled in England and Wales with company number 05114893, listed on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange plc.

Group

The Company and its subsidiaries.

Headline results

A self-defined alternative measure of profit that provides a different perspective to the Statutory results. The Directors believe it provides a better view of the underlying performance of the Company, because it excludes a number of items that are not part of routine business income and expenses. These Headline figures are a better way to measure and manage the business and are used for internal performance management and reward. "Headline results" is not a defined term in IFRS.

Headline results represent the underlying trading profitability of the Group and excludes:

 
      --   Separately disclosed items that are one-off in nature and are not part of running the business. 
      --   Acquisition-related costs. 
      --   Gains or losses generated by disposals of subsidiaries and associates. 
      --   Fair value adjustments to unlisted equity investments, acquisition related contingent consideration 
            and put options. 
      --   Dividends paid to IFRS 2 put option holders. 
 

A reconciliation of Statutory to Headline results is presented in Note 4.

Operating profit margin

Operating profit margin refers to the percentage calculated through dividing operating profit by net revenue.

Net cash

Net cash refers to cash and cash equivalents, less borrowings of the Group, derived from the accounts in the balance sheet, excluding lease liabilities.

Net revenue

Net revenue is equal to revenue less project cost / direct cost. It is not an IFRS defined term. It is, however, used as a key performance indicator by the Group.

Revenue

Revenue comprises the total of all gross amounts billed, or billable to clients in respect of commission-based, fee-based and any other income where we act as principal and our share of income where we act as an agent. The difference between Billings and Revenue is represented by costs incurred on behalf of clients with whom we operate as an agent, and timing differences where invoicing occurs in advance or in arrears of the related revenue being recognised.

EBITDA

EBITDA is earnings before depreciation, amortisation, finance expense and taxation, and excludes any charges relating to IFRS 16. It is not an IFRS defined term. It is, however, used as a key performance indicator by the Group.

Billings

Billings comprise all gross amounts billed, or billable to clients in respect of commission-based and fee-based income, whether acting as agent or principal, together with the total of other fees earned, in addition to those instances where the Group has made payments on behalf of customers to third parties. It is stated exclusive of VAT and sales taxes.

Minority interests and non-controlling interests

Within the Group, there are a number of subsidiary companies and partnerships in which employees hold a direct interest in the equity of those companies. These employees are referred to as minority shareholders. Of these subsidiary companies and partnerships, most account for the shareholding of their minority shareholders as a management incentive (through the award of conditional shares) and are 100% consolidated in the Group's financial statements. The remaining four subsidiary companies (including one without a put option) account for their minority shareholders as non-controlling interests, a defined IFRS term, with their share of the Group's profits being shown separately on the Income Statement.

Unaudited Consolidated Income Statement

 
 
 
                                          Six months ended   Six months ended   Year ended 31 December 
                                              30 June 2023       30 June 2022                     2022 
                               Note                 GBP000             GBP000                   GBP000 
 ----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Billings                                          250,448            262,208                  597,520 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Revenue                                           216,672            221,699                  462,533 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Project cost / direct cost                       (96,281)           (92,305)                (191,393) 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Net revenue                                       120,391            129,394                  271,140 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Staff costs                                      (99,030)           (94,401)                (198,765) 
 Depreciation                                      (4,458)            (4,543)                  (9,326) 
 Amortisation                                        (397)              (454)                  (1,060) 
 Impairment charges                                  (426)                  -                    (564) 
 Other operating charges                          (17,731)           (27,712)                 (49,474) 
 Other (losses)/gains                              (1,922)                452                  (1,403) 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Operating (loss)/profit                           (3,573)              2,736                   10,548 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Share of results of associates 
  and joint ventures                                  (14)                  -                     (10) 
 Gain on disposal of subsidiaries                      304                  -                        - 
 Finance income                                        874                 70                      391 
 Finance costs                                     (2,650)            (2,501)                  (5,506) 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 (Loss)/profit before taxation                    (5, 059)                305                    5,423 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Taxation                                          (1,223)            (4,294)                  (5,178) 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 (Loss)/profit for the 
  period                                           (6,282)            (3,989)                      245 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Attributable to: 
 Equity shareholders of 
  the Group                                        (6,376)            (4,137)                       90 
 Non-controlling interests                              94                148                      155 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 (Loss)/profit for the 
  period                                           (6,282)            (3,989)                      245 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 (Loss)/Earnings per share 
 Basic (pence)                        4            (5.22)p            (3.38p)                    0.07p 
 Diluted (pence)                      4            (5.22)p            (3.38p)                    0.07p 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 
 Headline results 
-----------------------------------      -----------------  -----------------  ----------------------- 
 Net revenue                                       120,391            129,394                  271,140 
 Operating profit                     4              9,980             18,079                   35,388 
 Profit before tax                    4              8,848             16,041                   31,833 
 Profit after tax attributable 
  to equity shareholders 
  of the Group                        4              5,462              7,790                   18,105 
 EBITDA                                             14,524             22,774                   45,168 
 
 
 

Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

 
 
 
                                              Six months   Six months ended          Year ended 
                                           ended 30 June       30 June 2022    31 December 2022 
                                                    2023 
                                                  GBP000             GBP000              GBP000 
-------------------------------------    ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 (Loss)/profit for the period                    (6,282)            (3,989)                 245 
---------------------------------------  ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 Other comprehensive income/(loss) 
 Exchange differences on translating 
  foreign operations before 
  tax                                            (3,657)              3,988               4,785 
---------------------------------------  ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 Other comprehensive income/(loss) 
  for the period net of tax                      (3,657)              3,988               4,785 
 Total comprehensive (loss)/income 
  for the period                                 (9,939)                (1)               5,030 
---------------------------------------  ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 Total comprehensive (loss)/income 
  attributable to: 
 Equity shareholders of the 
  Group                                         (10,033)               (41)               4,875 
 Non-controlling interests                            94                 40                 155 
---------------------------------------  ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 Total comprehensive (loss)/income 
  for the period                                 (9,939)                (1)               5,030 
---------------------------------------  ---------------  -----------------  ------------------ 
 
 

Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheet

 
                                              Six months ended      Six months     Year ended 
                                                  30 June 2023           ended    31 December 
                                                                  30 June 2022           2022 
                                                        GBP000          GBP000         GBP000 
---------------------------------------      -----------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Non-current assets 
 Intangible assets                                      39,812          41,785         41,968 
 Investments in associates and 
  JVs                                                      177             200            191 
 Plant and equipment                                     7,793           6,287          8,310 
 Right-of-use assets                                    39,191          42,297         43,992 
 Other non-current assets                                1,290           1,283          1,107 
 Deferred tax assets                                     5,878           7,105          5,131 
 Financial assets at fair value 
  through profit or loss                                10,796          15,515         11,986 
 Deferred and contingent consideration                     738               -            914 
                                            ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
                                                       105,675         114,472        113,599 
   ---------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Current assets 
 Trade and other receivables                           130,054         145,803        132,067 
 Current tax assets                                      5,274           1,587          3,909 
 Cash and cash equivalents                              27,393          56,429         41,492 
                                            ------------------  -------------- 
                                                       162,721         203,819        177,468 
   ---------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Current liabilities 
 Trade and other payables                            (142,649)       (173,954)      (155,547) 
 Provisions                                              (487)           (917)        (1,056) 
 Current tax liabilities                               (2,551)         (2,215)          (481) 
 Borrowings                                              (157)         (6,913)        (4,430) 
 Lease liabilities                                     (6,003)         (6,139)        (6,448) 
 Deferred and contingent consideration                       -         (1,250)              - 
 Minority shareholder put option 
  liabilities                                         (21,578)        (26,953)       (18,419) 
------------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
                                                     (173,425)       (218,341)      (186,381) 
   ---------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Net current (liabilities) / 
  assets                                              (10,704)        (14,522)        (8,913) 
------------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Total assets less current liabilities                  94,971          99,950        104,686 
------------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Non-current liabilities 
 Deferred tax liabilities                              (1,939)           (902)        (1,245) 
 Corporation tax liabilities                                 -               -          (856) 
 Borrowings                                           (11,795)         (9,795)        (6,802) 
 Lease liabilities                                    (45,890)        (48,371)       (49,122) 
 Minority shareholder put option 
  liabilities                                          (5,075)         (5,296)        (4,429) 
 Other non-current liabilities                         (3,566)         (3,322)        (4,046) 
------------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
                                                      (68,265)        (67,686)       (66,500) 
   ---------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 Total net assets                                       26,706          32,264         38,186 
------------------------------------------  ------------------  --------------  ------------- 
 
 

Unaudited Consolidated balance sheet (continued)

 
 
                                      Six months       Six months     Year ended 
                                        ended 30    ended 30 June    31 December 
                                       June 2023             2022           2022 
                                          GBP000           GBP000         GBP000 
----------------------------   ---  ------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Equity 
 Share capital                             1,227            1,227          1,227 
 Share premium                            50,327           50,327         50,327 
 Merger reserve                           37,554           37,554         37,554 
 Treasury reserve                          (550)            (550)          (550) 
 Minority interests put 
  option reserve                         (2,506)          (6,615)        (2,896) 
 Non-controlling interests 
  acquired                              (33,251)         (29,190)       (32,984) 
 Foreign exchange reserve                  2,981            5,841          6,638 
 Accumulated loss                       (29,092)         (26,564)       (21,303) 
----------------------------------  ------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Equity attributable to 
  shareholders of the Group               26,690           32,030         38,013 
----------------------------------  ------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Non-controlling interests                    16              234            173 
----------------------------------  ------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Total equity                             26,706           32,264         38,186 
----------------------------------  ------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 
 

Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

 
                                                                                                      Retained 
                                                            MI put   Non-controlling    Foreign      earnings/              Non-controlling 
                    Share     Share    Merger   Treasury    option         interests   exchange   (accumulated                    interests 
                  capital   premium   reserve    reserve   reserve          acquired   reserves        losses)   Subtotal         in equity     Total 
                   GBP000    GBP000    GBP000     GBP000    GBP000            GBP000     GBP000         GBP000     GBP000            GBP000    GBP000 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 At 31 December 
  2022              1,227    50,327    37,554      (550)   (2,896)          (32,984)      6,638       (21,303)     38,013               173    38,186 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 Share option 
  charge                -         -         -          -         -                 -          -            491        491                 -       491 
 Exercise of 
  Minority 
  Interest put 
  options               -         -         -          -       390             (267)          -              -        123             (123)         - 
 Disposal of 
  subsidiaries          -         -         -          -         -                 -          -           (69)       (69)                 -      (69) 
 Dividends              -         -         -          -         -                 -          -        (1,834)    (1,834)             (128)   (1,962) 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 Total 
  transactions 
  with owners           -         -         -          -       390             (267)          -        (1,412)    (1,289)             (251)   (1,540) 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 Total 
  (loss)/profit 
  for the 
  period                -         -         -          -         -                 -          -        (6,376)    (6,376)                94   (6,282) 
 Total other 
  comprehensive 
  loss for the 
  period                -         -         -          -         -                 -    (3,657)              -    (3,657)                 -   (3,657) 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 At 30 June 
  2023              1,227    50,327    37,554      (550)   (2,506)          (33,251)      2,981       (29,092)     26,690                16    26,706 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  -------- 
 
 
                                                                                                      Retained 
                                                            MI put   Non-controlling    Foreign      earnings/              Non-controlling 
                    Share     Share    Merger   Treasury    option         interests   exchange   (accumulated                    interests 
                  capital   premium   reserve    reserve   reserve          acquired   reserves        losses)   Subtotal         in equity    Total 
                   GBP000    GBP000    GBP000     GBP000    GBP000            GBP000     GBP000         GBP000     GBP000            GBP000   GBP000 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  ------- 
 At 31 December 
  2021              1,227    50,327    37,554      (550)   (6,615)          (29,190)      1,853       (22,122)     32,484               373   32,857 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  ------- 
 Share option 
  charge                -         -         -          -         -                 -          -          1,229      1,229                 -    1,229 
 Amount paid on 
  settlement 
  of LTIP               -         -         -          -         -                 -          -          (500)      (500)                 -    (500) 
 Exercise of 
  Minority 
  Interest put 
  options               -         -         -          -     3,719           (3,794)          -              -       (75)                75        - 
 Dividends              -         -         -          -         -                 -          -              -          -             (430)    (430) 
---------------  -------- 
 Total 
  transactions 
  with owners           -         -         -          -     3,719           (3,794)          -            729        654             (355)      299 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  ------- 
 Total profit 
  for the 
  period                -         -         -          -         -                 -          -             90         90               155      245 
 Total other 
  comprehensive 
  income for 
  the period            -         -         -          -         -                 -      4,785              -      4,785                 -    4,785 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  ------- 
 At 31 December 
  2022              1,227    50,327    37,554      (550)   (2,896)          (32,984)      6,638       (21,303)     38,013               173   38,186 
---------------  --------  --------  --------  ---------  --------  ----------------  ---------  -------------  ---------  ----------------  ------- 
 

Unaudited Consolidated Cashflow Statement and Analysis of Net Cash

 
                                                            Six months           Six months     Year ended 
                                                         ended 30 June        ended 30 June    31 December 
                                                                  2023                 2022           2022 
                                                                GBP000               GBP000         GBP000 
----------------------------------------------------   ---------------  -------------------  ------------- 
 Operating profit/(loss)                                       (3,573)                2,736         10,548 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Adjustments for: 
 Depreciation of plant and equipment                             1,250                1,263          2,480 
 Depreciation of right-of-use assets                             3,208                3,280          6,846 
 Impairment of right-of-use assets                                 463                    -              - 
 Loss on sale of plant and equipment                                22                    -            165 
 Loss on sale of software intangibles                                1                    -            175 
 Revaluation of financial assets at FVTPL                        1,922                (452)          1,403 
 Revaluation of contingent consideration                             -                  266            266 
 Amortisation of acquired intangible assets                        296                  302            597 
 Impairment of goodwill and other intangibles                        -                    -            556 
 Impairment and amortisation of capitalised 
  software intangible assets                                       101                  152            635 
 Exercise of share-based payment schemes 
  with cash                                                          -                    -          (500) 
 Equity settled share-based payment expenses                       491                  195          1,229 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Operating cash before movements in working 
  capital                                                        4,181                7,742         24,400 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Decrease/(Increase) in trade and other receivables              2,486             (16,684)        (4,187) 
 (Decrease)/Increase in trade and other payables               (8,683)               26,225          9,104 
 (Decrease)/Increase in provisions                               (569)                (276)          (137) 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Cash generated from operations                                (2,585)               17,007         29,180 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Tax paid                                                      (1,812)              (4,412)        (6,712) 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash (used in)/from operating activities                  (4,397)               12,595         22,468 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Investing activities 
 Disposal of subsidiary (net of cost disposed                     (44)                    -              - 
  of) 
 Proceeds from sale of unlisted investments                          -                  138            918 
 Purchase of plant and equipment                               (1,402)              (1,181)        (4,383) 
 Purchase of capitalised software                                (212)                (220)        (1,192) 
 Interest received                                                 302                   70            391 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash (used in)/generated from investing 
  activities                                                   (1,356)              (1,193)        (4,266) 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash (used in)/from operating and investing 
  activities                                                   (5,753)               11,402         18,202 
-----------------------------------------------------  ---------------      ---------------  ------------- 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                              Six months       Six months     Year ended 
                                                                   ended    ended 30 June    31 December 
                                                            30 June 2023             2022           2022 
                                                                  GBP000           GBP000         GBP000 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash (used in)/from operating and investing 
  activities                                                     (5,753)           11,402         18,202 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Financing activities 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Dividends paid to non-controlling interests                       (128)            (287)          (430) 
 Cash consideration for non-controlling interests 
 acquired                                                        (3,264)          (1,729)       (12,104) 
 Payment of deferred consideration                                     -                -        (1,250) 
 Payment of lease liabilities                                    (3,051)          (3,454)        (7,307) 
 Proceeds from bank loans                                          5,000                -              - 
 Repayment of bank loans                                           (106)         (10,000)       (13,410) 
 Interest paid                                                     (821)            (619)        (1,200) 
 Interest paid on lease liabilities                              (1,474)          (1,489)        (2,970) 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash used in financing activities                           (3,844)         (17,578)       (38,671) 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Net (decrease)/ increase in cash and cash 
  equivalents                                                    (9,597)          (6,176)       (20,469) 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash 
  held                                                             (285)            1,031          2,711 
 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning 
  of the year                                                     37,221           54,979         54,979 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Total cash and cash equivalents at the end 
  of period                                                       27,339           49,834         37,221 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Cash and cash equivalents                                        27,393           56,429         41,492 
 Bank overdrafts [2]                                                (54)          (6,595)        (4,271) 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Total cash and cash equivalents at the end 
  of period                                                       27,339           49,834         37,221 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Bank loans and borrowings                                      (11,898)         (10,113)        (7,212) 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 Net cash                                                         15,441           39,721         30,009 
--------------------------------------------------   -------------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 
 

Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Interim Financial Statements

1. General information

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in the UK. The address of its registered office and the Company is 36 Golden Square, London W1F 9EE.

The Company is listed on the AIM market of the London Stock Exchange.

This consolidated half-yearly financial information was approved for issue on 13 September 2023.

The comparative financial information for the year ended 31 December 2022 in these interim financial statements does not constitute statutory accounts for that year.

The statutory accounts for the year ended 31 December 2022 have been delivered to the Registrar of Companies. The auditors' report on those accounts was unqualified, did not draw attention to any matters by way of emphasis, and did not contain a statement under 498(2) or 498(3) of the Companies Act 2006.

2. Basis of preparation

This consolidated half-yearly financial information for the six months ended 30 June 2023 has been prepared on the going concern basis, in accordance with the AIM Rules for companies. The interim financial statements do not include all of the information required in annual financial statements in accordance with IFRS and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2022.

3. Use of judgements and estimates

In the course of preparing the interim financial statements, management necessarily makes judgements and estimates that can have a significant impact on the interim financial statements. These estimates and judgements are continually evaluated based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Significant accounting judgements

Management has considered the following judgements, which have the most significant effect in terms of the amounts recognised, and their presentation, in the interim financial statements. These are the same accounting estimates and judgements the Group has applied in its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2022:

   --      Non-controlling interests put option accounting - IFRS 2 or IFRS 9 

The key judgement is whether the awards are given beneficially as a result of employment, which can be determined where there is an explicit service condition, where the award is given to an existing employee, where the employee is being paid below market value or where there are other indicators that the award is a reward for employment. In such cases, the awards are accounted for as a share-based payment in exchange for employment services under IFRS 2.

Otherwise, where the holder held shares prior to the Group acquiring the subsidiary, or gained the equity to start a subsidiary using their unique skills, and there are no indicators it should be accounted for under IFRS 2, then the award is accounted for under IFRS 9.

   --      Impairment - assessment of CGUs and assessment of indicators of impairment 

Impairment reviews are undertaken annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment. Assets with finite lives are reviewed for indicators of impairment (an impairment "trigger") and judgement is applied in determining whether such a trigger has occurred. External and internal factors are monitored by management, including a) adverse changes in the economic or political situation of the geographic locale in which the underlying entity operates, b) heightened risk of client loss or chance of client gain, and c) internal reporting suggesting that an entity's future economic performance is better or worse than previously expected. Where management have concluded that such an indication of impairment exists, then the recoverable amount of the asset is assessed.

For the interim financial statements, management have concluded that no such indication of impairment exists.

Significant estimates and assumptions

The areas of the Group's interim financial statements subject to key assumptions and other significant sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities are described below. The Group has based its assumptions and estimates on information available when the interim financial statements were prepared.

   --      Deferred tax assets 

The Group assesses the future availability of carried forward losses and other tax attributes by reference to jurisdiction-specific rules around carry forward and utilisation and it assesses whether it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the attribute can be utilised.

   --      Fair value measurement of financial instruments 

The Group holds certain financial instruments which are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value at the point of recognition and remeasured at the end of each reporting period. At the period end these relate to:

(i) equity investments at FVTPL in non-listed limited companies; and

(ii) certain contingent consideration.

No formal market exists to trade these financial instruments and, therefore, their fair value is measured by the most appropriate valuation techniques available, which vary based on the nature of the instruments. The inputs to the valuation models are taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, judgement is required to establish fair values.

   --      Share-based incentive arrangements 

Share-based incentives are valued at the date of the grant, using stochastic Monte Carlo pricing models with non-market vesting conditions. Typically, the value of these awards is directly related to the performance of a particular entity of the Group in which the employee holds a minority interest, the Company's share price (market vesting condition) and the future profitability of the Group (non-market vesting condition). For elements that are based on market vesting conditions, the key inputs to the pricing model are risk-free interest rates, share price volatility and expected future performance of the entity to which the award relates. Management apply judgement to these inputs, using various sources of information, including the Company's share price, experience of past performance and published data on risk-free interest rates (government gilts). For elements that are based on non-market vesting conditions, periodic reassessment of the future profitability of the Group is made and the accounting charge is adjusted.

4. Headline results

Headline results - Six Months Ended 30 June 2023

 
 
 
                    Statutory   Separately   Amortisation         FVTPL      Gain/loss    Impairment   Dividends   Put option   Headline 
                      results    disclosed    of acquired   investments    on disposal            of     paid to   accounting    results 
                                 items [3]    intangibles    under IFRS             of   non-current         put 
                                                      [4]         9 [5]   subsidiaries        assets     holders 
                       GBP000       GBP000         GBP000        GBP000         GBP000        GBP000      GBP000       GBP000     GBP000 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Net revenue          120,391            -              -             -              -             -           -            -    120,391 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Staff costs         (99,030)          954              -             -              -             -       3,668        6,156   (88,252) 
 Depreciation         (4,458)            -              -             -              -             -           -            -    (4,458) 
 Amortisation           (397)            -            296             -              -             -           -            -      (101) 
 Impairment 
  charges [6]           (426)            -              -             -              -           463           -            -         37 
 Other operating 
  charges            (17,731)          423              -         (329)              -             -           -            -   (17,637) 
 Other 
  (losses)/gains      (1,922)            -              -         1,922              -             -           -            -          - 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Operating profit     (3,573)        1,377            296         1,593              -           463       3,668        6,156      9,980 
 Share of result 
  of and 
  gain on 
  disposal of 
  associates 
  and joint 
  ventures               (14)            -              -             -              -             -           -            -       (14) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Gain/(loss) on 
  disposal 
  of subsidiaries 
  [7]                     304            -              -             -          (304)             -           -            -          - 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Finance income           874            -              -             -              -             -           -            -        874 
 Finance expense      (2,650)            -              -           365              -             -           -          293    (1,992) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  ----------- 
 Profit before 
  taxation            (5,059)        1,377            296         1,958          (304)           463       3,668        6,449      8,848 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Taxation             (1,223)        (363)           (72)         (514)              -             -           -            -    (2,172) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 (Loss)/profit 
  for the 
  year                (6,282)        1,014            224         1,444          (304)           463       3,668        6,449      6,676 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Non-controlling 
  interests              (94)            -              -             -              -             -     (1,120)            -    (1,214) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 (Loss)/profit 
  attributable 
  to equity 
  holders of 
  the Group           (6,376)        1,014            224         1,444          (304)           463       2,548        6,449      5,462 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  -------------  ------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 
 

Headline results - Six Months Ended 30 June 2022

 
 
 
 
                    Statutory   Separately   Amortisation         FVTPL     Revaluation   Dividends   Put option   Headline 
                      results    disclosed    of acquired   investments   of contingent     paid to   accounting    results 
                                 items [8]    intangibles    under IFRS   consideration      IFRS 2 
                                                      [9]             9                         put 
                                                                                            holders 
                       GBP000       GBP000         GBP000        GBP000          GBP000      GBP000       GBP000     GBP000 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Net revenue          129,394            -              -             -               -           -            -    129,394 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Staff costs         (94,401)          903              -             -               -       4,635          953   (87,910) 
 Depreciation         (4,543)            -              -             -               -           -            -    (4,543) 
 Amortisation           (454)            -            302             -               -           -            -      (152) 
 Other operating 
  charges            (27,712)        8,345              -           391             266           -            -   (18,710) 
 Other gains/ 
  losses                  452            -              -         (452)               -           -            -          - 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Operating profit       2,736        9,248            302          (61)             266       4,635          953     18,079 
 Finance income            70            -              -             -               -           -            -         70 
 Finance expense      (2,501)            -              -             -               -           -          393    (2,108) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  ----------- 
 Profit before 
  taxation                305        9,248            302          (61)             266       4,635        1,346     16,041 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Taxation             (4,294)        (298)           (88)            18               -           -            -    (4,662) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 (Loss)/profit 
  for the 
  year                (3,989)        8,950            214          (43)             266       4,635        1,346     11,379 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 Non-controlling 
  interests             (148)            -              -             -               -     (3,441)            -    (3,589) 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 (Loss)/profit 
  attributable 
  to equity 
  holders of 
  the Group           (4,137)        8,950            214          (43)             266       1,194        1,346      7,790 
-----------------  ----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  --------- 
 

Headline results - Year Ended 31 December 2022

 
 
                                                              Impairment         FVTPL                   Dividends 
                                 Separately   Amortisation            of   investments     Revaluation     paid to 
                     Statutory    disclosed    of acquired   non-current    under IFRS   of contingent   IFRS2 put   Put option    Headline 
                       results        items    intangibles        assets             9   consideration     holders   accounting     results 
                        GBP000       GBP000         GBP000        GBP000        GBP000          GBP000      GBP000       GBP000      GBP000 
 Net revenue           271,140            -              -             -             -               -           -            -     271,140 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Staff costs         (198,765)        3,412              -             -             -               -       7,811        1,119   (186,423) 
 Depreciation          (9,326)            -              -             -             -               -           -            -     (9,326) 
 Amortisation          (1,060)            -            597             -             -               -           -            -       (463) 
 Impairments             (564)            -              -           564             -               -           -            -           - 
 Other operating 
  charges             (49,474)        9,940              -             -         (272)             266           -            -    (39,540) 
 Other losses          (1,403)            -              -             -         1,403               -           -            -           - 
 Operating Profit       10,548       13,352            597           564         1,131             266       7,811        1,119      35,388 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Share of results 
  of associates 
  and JV                  (10)            -              -             -             -               -           -            -        (10) 
 Finance income            391            -              -             -             -               -           -            -         391 
 Finance expense       (5,506)            -              -             -           456               -           -        1,114     (3,936) 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  ----------- 
 Profit before 
  taxation               5,423       13,352            597           564         1,587             266       7,811        2,233      31,833 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Taxation              (5,178)      (1,982)          (174)             -         (409)               -           -         (47)     (7,790) 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Profit for the 
  year                     245       11,370            423           564         1,178             266       7,811        2,186      24,043 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Non-controlling 
  interests              (155)            -              -             -             -               -     (5,783)            -     (5,938) 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 Profit 
  attributable 
  to equity 
  holders 
  of the Group              90       11,370            423           564         1,178             266       2,028        2,186      18,105 
-----------------  -----------  -----------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  ----------  -----------  ---------- 
 
 

5. Earnings per share

Earnings per share - Six Months Ended 30 June 2023

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing appropriate earnings metrics by the weighted average number of the Company's ordinary shares in issue during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of the Company's shares in issue on the assumption of conversion of all potentially dilutive ordinary shares. The dilutive effect of unvested outstanding put options is calculated based on the number that would vest had the balance sheet date been the vesting date. Since the Company made a statutory loss no diluted earnings per share is calculated.

 
 
                                                             Statutory   Headline 
                                                                  2023       2023 
 
 (Loss)/profit attributable to equity shareholders 
  of the Group (GBP000)                                        (6,376)      5,462 
-------------------------------------------------------     ----------  --------- 
 Basic earnings per share 
  Weighted average number of shares 
   (thousands)                                                 122,257    122,257 
  Basic (loss)/earnings 
   per share                                                   (5.22)p      4.47p 
----------------------------------------------------------  ----------  --------- 
 Diluted earnings per 
  share 
  Weighted average number of shares (thousands) 
   as above                                                    122,257    122,257 
 Diluted (loss)/earnings 
  per share                                                    (5.22)p      4.47p 
----------------------------------------------------------  ----------  --------- 
 

Earnings per share - Six Months Ended 30 June 2022

 
 
                                                      Statutory   Headline 
                                                           2022       2022 
--------------------------------------------         ----------  --------- 
 Profit attributable to equity shareholders 
  of the Group (GBP000)                                 (4,137)      7,790 
------------------------------------------------     ----------  --------- 
 Basic earnings per 
  share 
  Weighted average number of 
   shares (thousands)                                   122,257    122,257 
  Basic (loss)/earnings 
   per share                                            (3.38)p      6.37p 
---------------------------------------------------  ----------  --------- 
 Diluted earnings per 
  share 
  Weighted average number of shares 
   (thousands) as above                                 122,257    122,257 
 Diluted (loss)/earnings 
  per share                                             (3.38)p      6.37p 
---------------------------------------------------  ----------  --------- 
 

Earnings per share - Year Ended 31 December 2022

 
 
 
                                                    Statutory  Headline 
  Year ended 31 December 2022                            2022      2022 
Profit attributable to equity shareholders of the 
 Group (GBP000)                                            90    18,105 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
Basic earnings per share 
 Weighted average number of shares (thousands)        122,257   122,257 
 Basic EPS                                              0.07p    14.81p 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
Diluted earnings per share 
 Weighted average number of shares (thousands) as 
  above                                               122,257   122,257 
 Add 
 - LTIP                                                   905       905 
 - Put options                                         11,302    11,302 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
 Total                                                134,464   134,464 
 Diluted EPS                                            0.07p    13.47p 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
 
 Excluding the put options (payable in cash)         (11,302)  (11,302) 
 Weighted average numbers of shares (thousands) 
  including dilutive shares                           123,162   123,162 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
 Diluted EPS - excluding items we intend and are 
  able to pay in cash                                   0.07p    14.70p 
--------------------------------------------------  ---------  -------- 
 

6. Separately disclosed items

Separately disclosed items include one-off, non-recurring revenues or expenses. These are shown separately and are excluded from Headline profit to provide a better understanding of the underlying results of the Group.

30 June 2023

Separately disclosed items for the six months ended 30 June 2023 comprise the following:

 
 
                                Operating   Staff costs   Taxation     Total 
                                    costs 
                                                 GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
                                   GBP000 
-----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 Global efficiency programme          421           106      (132)       395 
 Local strategic review 
  and restructuring                     2           848      (231)       619 
 Total separately disclosed 
  items                               423           954      (363)     1,014 
-----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 
 

`

In H2 2022, the Group commenced a global efficiency programme, with the assistance of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. The professional and legal fees and staff costs incurred in relation to this project were classified as non-Headline (GBP527k).

In addition, within nine of the agencies in the Group, a strategic review has been commenced which has resulted in staff redundancy costs in the period. The strategic review and restructuring costs are treated as separately disclosed items only when a role has been permanently eliminated from the business (there should be no intention for the role to be replaced in the next 12 months). There are GBP848k of redundancy costs included within non-Headline strategic review and restructuring, and GBP150k of redundancy costs are included within the Headline staff costs.

30 June 2022

Separately disclosed items for the six months ended 30 June 2022 comprise the following:

 
 
                               Operating   Staff costs   Taxation     Total 
                                   costs 
                                                GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
                                  GBP000 
----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 Takeover transaction 
  costs                            8,645           903      (298)     9,250 
 Other                             (300)             -          -     (300) 
 Total separately disclosed 
  items                            8,345           903      (298)     8,950 
----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 
 

During 2022, the Company was subject to two competing offers to acquire the entire issued share capital of the Company. Managing the Company's response to these two offers resulted in significant external advisory costs and a refocusing of several key internal personnel away from the day-to-day running of the business.

Other separately disclosed items relate to the release of the provision associated with the Financial Conduct Authority investigation, which is now closed with

31 December 2022

Separately disclosed items for the year ended 31 December 2022 comprise the following:

 
 
                               Operating   Staff costs   Taxation     Total 
                                   costs 
                                                GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
                                  GBP000 
----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 Takeover transaction 
  costs                            9,210         1,623    (1,294)     9,539 
 Strategic review and 
  restructuring                      992         1,789      (688)     2,093 
 Other                             (262)             -          -     (262) 
 Total separately disclosed 
  items                            9,940         3,412    (1,982)    11,370 
----------------------------  ----------  ------------  ---------  -------- 
 
 

In H2 2022, the Company incurred incremental bonus costs paid to several key individuals of GBP594k to reflect the significant additional workload they had to undertake in defence of the takeover bids.

The Group commenced a global efficiency programme, with the assistance of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. The professional fees incurred in relation to this project have been classified as non-Headline (GBP922k). In addition, within three of the agencies in the Group, a strategic review commenced which resulted in staff redundancy costs in the year (GBP1,789k).

7. Segmental information

The Group's operating segments are aligned to those business units that are regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), namely, the Board, in making strategic decisions, assessing performance and allocating resources.

We primarily assess the Group's performance by division, namely Advertising, Specialisms and Group Central Costs. The segmental information is reconciled to the Headline results in Note 4.

Segmental Information by Division [10]

 
                                    Advertising   Specialisms   Group Central     Total 
                                                                        Costs 
 Six Months Ended 30 June 2023           GBP000        GBP000          GBP000    GBP000 
-------------------------------    ------------  ------------  --------------  -------- 
 Net revenue                             50,092        70,299               -   120,391 
 Operating profit/(loss)                    464        13,869         (4,353)     9,980 
 Operating profit margin                   0.9%         19.7%               -      8.3% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax                   153        11,146         (2,451)     8,848 
---------------------------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  -------- 
 
 
                                    Advertising   Specialisms   Group Central     Total 
                                     (restated)    (restated)           Costs 
                                          [ 11] 
 Six Months Ended 30 June 2022           GBP000        GBP000          GBP000    GBP000 
-------------------------------    ------------  ------------  --------------  -------- 
 Net revenue                             59,658        69,736               -   129,394 
 Operating profit/(loss)                  3,259        19,742         (4,922)    18,079 
 Operating profit margin                   5.5%         28.3%               -     14.0% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax                 2,671        18,477         (5,108)    16,041 
---------------------------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  -------- 
 
 
                                  Advertising   Specialisms   Group Central      Total 
                                                                      Costs 
 Year Ended 31 December 2022           GBP000        GBP000          GBP000     GBP000 
-----------------------------    ------------  ------------  --------------  --------- 
 Net revenue                          124,300       146,840               -    271,140 
 Operating profit/(loss)               11,728        35,015        (11,355)     35,388 
 Operating profit margin                   9%           24%               -        13% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax               9,928        31,604         (9,699)     31,833 
-------------------------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  --------- 
 

Segmental Information by Geography

 
                                                       Middle                                      Group 
                                                     East and                                    Central 
                                      UK   Europe      Africa     Asia   Australia   Americas      Costs     Total 
 Six Months Ended 30 June 2023    GBP000   GBP000      GBP000   GBP000      GBP000     GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
-------------------------------  -------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 Net revenue                      46,642    6,957      10,940   10,750      22,613     22,489          -   120,391 
 Operating profit/(loss)           8,713      247       1,030    1,105       1,541      1,697    (4,353)     9,980 
 Operating profit margin           18.7%     3.6%        9.4%    10.3%        6.8%       7.5%          -      8.3% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax          7,674      171         928    1,056       1,015        455    (2,451)     8,848 
-------------------------------  -------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 
 
                                                       Middle                                      Group 
                                                     East and                                    Central 
                                      UK   Europe      Africa     Asia   Australia   Americas      Costs     Total 
 Six Months Ended 30 June 2022    GBP000   GBP000      GBP000   GBP000      GBP000     GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
-------------------------------  -------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 Net revenue                      49,126    7,644      10,900   12,310      25,726     23,688          -   129,394 
 Operating profit/(loss)          11,232      715         912    4,185       2,091      3,866    (4,922)    18,079 
 Operating profit margin           22.9%     9.4%        8.4%    34.0%        8.1%      16.3%          -     14.0% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax         11,550      684         767    4,146       1,686      2,316    (5,108)    16,041 
-------------------------------  -------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 
 
                                                      Middle                                      Group 
                                                    East and                                    Central 
                                     UK   Europe      Africa     Asia   Australia   Americas      Costs     Total 
 Year Ended 31 December 2022     GBP000   GBP000      GBP000   GBP000      GBP000     GBP000     GBP000    GBP000 
-----------------------------  --------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 Net revenue                     98,241   15,316      23,368   26,154      52,855     55,206          -   271,140 
 Operating profit/(loss)         19,528    1,852       2,625    6,951       5,817      9,970   (11,355)    35,388 
 Operating profit margin            19%      12%         11%      29%         11%        18%          -       13% 
 Profit/(loss) before tax        17,416    1,832       2,345    6,757       4,904      8,278    (9,699)    31,833 
-----------------------------  --------  -------  ----------  -------  ----------  ---------  ---------  -------- 
 

8. Net finance income / (expense)

 
 
                                               Six months       Six months     Year ended 
                                            ended 30 June    ended 30 June    31 December 
                                                     2023             2022           2022 
                                                   GBP000           GBP000         GBP000 
 
 Bank interest receivable                             189               66            331 
 Other interest receivable                            682                -             55 
 Sublease finance income                                3                4              5 
 Finance income                                       874               70            391 
--------------------------------------    ---------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 
 Bank interest payable                              (788)            (508)        (1,200) 
 Amortisation of loan costs                          (95)            (111)          (222) 
 Interest on lease liabilities                    (1,474)          (1,489)        (2,970) 
 Amortisation adjustment to minority 
  shareholder put option liabilities                (293)            (393)        (1,114) 
 Finance expense                                  (2,650)          (2,501)        (5,506) 
--------------------------------------    ---------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 
 Net finance expense                              (1,776)          (2,431)        (5,115) 
---------------------------------------   ---------------  ---------------  ------------- 
 
 

9. Taxation

Income tax expenses are recognised based on management's estimate of the average annual income tax rate expected for the full financial year.

The estimated effective Headline annual tax rate used for H1 2023 is 23.7% (H1 2022: 29.1%; Full Year 2022: 24.5%).

We expect smaller variations in future statutory tax rates due to lower amounts of significant non-deductible items such as share-based payments (put option charges) and dividends that are payable to minority shareholders that are defined as a staff cost.

10. Dividends

The Board believes that the Group has significant growth potential. Accordingly, the Board believes that the Group would be best served, and this potential realised, from investing annual profits back into the business and into new growth initiatives.

However, the Board recognises the importance of dividends within the Company's capital allocation policy, alongside the settlement of put options and investment in growth initiatives. The Board therefore decided to resume the payment of dividends in 2023 and intends to adopt a progressive dividend policy in the future.

The Company did not pay a dividend to its shareholders in 2022. Given the full year financial performance in 2022, the Board declared a final dividend of 1.5 pence per ordinary share for the financial year ended 31 December 2022, which was paid in July 2023.

Due to the weighting of profits to H2, the Board does not recommend an interim dividend for the year ending 31 December 2023 (2022: nil).

11. Share-based payments

In 2021, the Board made the decision that all put options would be settled in cash. However, the optionality remains to issue shares in the Company to settle put options in the future, should circumstances warrant.

Total future expected put option liabilities at 30 June 2023

 
 
                                                           Potentially payable 
 
                         Paid    Payable 
 At 152p              H1 2023    H2 2023     2024     2025     2026     2027     2028    Total 
                       GBP000     GBP000   GBP000   GBP000   GBP000   GBP000   GBP000   GBP000 
------------------  ---------  ---------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------  ------- 
 IFRS9 put option 
  schemes *               785      1,929       19        -    1,983        -        -    3,931 
 IFRS2 put option 
  schemes **            2,493     13,573    6,057    1,594      953      882      542   23,601 
 Total                  3,278     15,502    6,076    1,594    2,936      882      542   27,532 
------------------  ---------  ---------  -------  -------  -------  -------  -------  ------- 
 
   *    At 30 June 2023 IFRS9 put option schemes includes a GBP566k fair value discount for time. 

** At 30 June 2023 94% of IFRS2 put option schemes by value were vested. The balance sheet liability at 30 June 2023 is GBP22,250k.

Put option holders are not required to exercise their put options at the first opportunity. Many do not and prefer to remain shareholders in the subsidiary companies they manage. As a result, some put option holders may not exercise their put options on the dates estimated in the table above. If the Company in the future decides to settle these put options with the Company's shares, then the amount of Company shares that will be provided is equal to the liability divided by the Company's share price at the date of settlement.

Effect of a change in share price

The same data from the table above is presented in the table below, but in this analysis the potential payments are based on a range of different potential future share prices.

 
 
 Put option schemes 
                                                              Potentially payable 
 Future share price       Paid    Payable                                                     Total 
  of Company           H1 2023    H2 2023     2024       2025     2026     2027     2028    payable 
                        GBP000     GBP000   GBP000     GBP000   GBP000   GBP000   GBP000     GBP000 
-------------------  ---------  ---------  -------  ---------  -------  -------  -------  --------- 
 140.0p                  3,278     15,502    5,585      1,460    2,861      813      499     26,720 
 152.0p                  3,278     15,502    6,076      1,594    2,936      882      542     27,532 
 175.0p                  3,278     15,502    7,019      1,852    3,080    1,016      624     29,093 
 200.0p                  3,278     15,579    7,943      2,032    3,316    1,161      713     30,744 
 225.0p                  3,278     15,830    8,794      2,139    3,730    1,306      802     32,601 
 
 

The Board has issued LTIPs to certain key individuals, which at a share price of 152.0p would generate a maximum potential payable of GBP4.6million, assuming all awards are held to their vesting date and fully vest. LTIPs are accounted for as equity-settled, and thus do not create a balance sheet liability.

12. Events after the balance sheet date

Moray MacLennan informed the Company of his intention to retire from his role of Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The Company and Mr MacLennan agreed that this change will take effect as of 30 September 2023. Until a new Chief Executive Officer joins the Company, which is expected to be within the next 12 months, Zillah Byng-Thorne, currently Non-Executive Chair, is acting as Executive Chair of the Company effective 1 September 2023.

As a result of settling put option arrangements, the Company paid out GBP11.5million to put options holders in July 2023.

The Directors are not aware of any other events since 30 June 2023 that have had, or may have, a significant impact on the Group's operations, the results of those operations, or the state of affairs of the Group in future years.

[1] Like-for-like excluding the effect of the disposal of Clear Deutschland GMBH in H1 2023 and retranslating 2022 figures to 2023 FX rates. Additionally, 2022 comparators have been restated in respect of agencies which changed from Advertising to Specialisms in H2 2022

[2] These overdrafts are legally offset against balances held in the UK; however, they have not been netted off in accordance with the requirements of IAS32.42.

[3] Refer to Note 6

[4] Amortisation of intangible assets acquired in business combinations (including goodwill and acquired intangibles but excluding software).

[5] Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL) relates to assets held in the Saatchinvest portfolio and by the Australian business.

[6] The headline impairment is net positive due to the unwinding of a historic impairment balance of film assets held by the Australian business.

[7] Gain mainly relates to the reversal of put option liability relating to Clear Deutschland GMBH.

[8] Refer to Note 6

[9] Amortisation of intangible assets acquired in business combinations (including goodwill and acquired intangibles but excluding software).

[10] The segmental reporting reflects Headline results

[11] The disclosure has been restated to reclassify entities who changed from Advertising to Specialisms during H2 2022, and to recalculate the allocation of local central costs in line with the method applied in H2 2022 and H1 2023.

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