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AGT Avi Global Trust Plc

239.00
2.50 (1.06%)
20 Dec 2024 - Closed
Delayed by 15 minutes
Avi Global Investors - AGT

Avi Global Investors - AGT

Share Name Share Symbol Market Stock Type
Avi Global Trust Plc AGT London Ordinary Share
  Price Change Price Change % Share Price Last Trade
2.50 1.06% 239.00 16:35:09
Open Price Low Price High Price Close Price Previous Close
236.00 235.50 237.50 239.00 236.50
more quote information »
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EQUITY INVESTMENT INSTRUMENTS

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Posted at 19/12/2024 09:29 by davebowler
Citywire-
AVI's Perspective: Navigating the Investment Trust Landscape
By
Tom Treanor

As we look forward to 2025, those of us who in one way or another make a living from investment trusts will be hoping that the headwinds faced by the sector over the last few years have passed. While in some respects, what we have witnessed is a natural part of a market cycle, i.e., a boom in issuance followed by a cessation of new IPOs and shrinkage of the existing universe, powerful secular or idiosyncratic forces have exacerbated the down leg of this cycle and cast doubt over what sort of recovery we will see.

Wealth manager consolidation has raised the minimum market cap requirements. While there will inevitably be a wave of refugees, fleeing the tyranny of centralised buy lists to establish new firms more predisposed to investment trusts, this will likely be a slow process and provide only a small offset. Cost disclosure rules forcing wealth managers to report misleadingly inflated aggregated costs to their clients have also weighed heavy on the sector. Although there was recently a brief burst of optimism triggered by the FCA announcement’s on forbearance1 around these rules, this has faded somewhat in the face of ill-judged resistance from certain investment platforms.

Bulls on the sector’s durability will point to its 155-year history and repeated capacity over that time to reinvent itself. Open-ended structures are clearly unfit to house illiquid or private assets, and LTAFs (Long Term Asset Funds) should be a wholly unnecessary attempt to reinvent the wheel, notwithstanding the attractions of volatility laundering. Unfortunately, however, the failure of investment trust boards in certain alternative sectors to get to grips with persistent discounts has sent out an open invitation to prospective LTAF managers to steal their lunch. That grumble aside, our money would be on the sector surviving and thriving given the superiority of the structure and the opportunities for new issuance to capitalise, for example, on the enormous sums required to finance the energy transition.

First, it’s imperative that excess supply in the sector shrinks through consolidation, managed run-offs, and take-privates before it can hope to grow again. While this process is already underway, the quicker we can get through this stage of the cycle, the sooner those sunlit uplands will come into view.

Movements in gilt rates, the pace of wealth manager consolidation, and the misconceived anti-consumer choice behaviour of a small number of investment platforms are all factors outside the control of industry participants. Accelerating this unwind phase of the cycle is not, and all stakeholders have a part to play - investment trust boards, brokers, and shareholders.

Investment Trust Boards
Boards need to continually examine if investment strategies are still relevant and, if so, whether they are differentiated enough, and whether their investment vehicle in particular is the right one to execute that strategy. Perhaps their shareholders might be better served through mergers with other trusts or by going into managed run-off, a portion of the cash proceeds from which are likely to find their way back into the sector and, ultimately, be available to back new IPOs? Brokers should be willing to offer candid advice to boards on these matters, and it is imperative that shareholders make sure their voices are also heard.

None of the above are novel insights. But if there is one key area in which there is much room for improvement, and which would grease the Schumpeterian wheels, it’s communication between these stakeholders.

Chairs should be on the front foot, pro-actively offering meetings with shareholders to directly hear their views on the company (and shareholders should always accept these invitations!). And while there is clearly a need to be mindful of commercial considerations which will vary on a case-by-case basis, the default position of boards should be to disclose takeover bids even if they are minded to reject them as undervaluing the company. Let shareholders decide.

As a related aside, there is a strong case for investment trust directors being paid more. While this clearly needs to be approached on a consultative basis with shareholders and acknowledging that this will exacerbate - at least in the short to medium term - the status quo under which bad directors are overpaid, such a change is vital to attracting high-quality candidates to the sector, particularly in alternative asset classes which are more complex and where specialist knowledge and experience is so important.

We’ve observed a very welcome increase in the number of investors in the sector willing to engage robustly with boards that are failing to effectively represent the best interests of shareholders. This is a hugely important development that has significantly advanced the progress we have seen to date in reducing oversupply.

But there is still a reticence in some quarters to fully engage with other shareholders.

Shareholder-to-shareholder engagement is crucial and, when it doesn’t happen, more cynical boards will play divide-and-conquer. If we had a pound for every time we’ve heard from directors some variant of “well, you’re the only one saying that”, we’d be able to hire a professional writer for this article less reliant on hackneyed cliches. Invariably, we then find from speaking with other shareholders not only that they share our views but that the board has previously been made aware of them.

We understand that regulatory/compliance concerns deter some investors from speaking openly with others. These concerns are almost always misplaced. The Takeover Panel has set out in a memo2 that the bar to being considered a concert party is incredibly high, requiring shareholders acting collectively to requisition a meeting to consider a board-controlling resolution. Indeed, the Panel have specifically stated that (i) discussions between shareholders about possible issues to raise with a board; (ii) joint letters or emails to a board; and even (iii) an agreement to vote in the same way at a meeting are not factors that would “of themselves…[lead the Panel] to conclude that a concert party had come together”.

Asset Value Investors (AVI) wears two hats, the first as the investment manager of three investment trusts (AVI Global Trust, AVI Japan Opportunity Trust, and MIGO Opportunities Trust); the second as an investor in investment trusts (via AVI Global, MIGO Opportunities, and dedicated open-ended funds and separate accounts). While the current opportunity set in investment trusts is among the most compelling we can recall, with prospective returns abnormally high, we have a vested interest in the long-term success of the sector whichever hat we are wearing.
Posted at 02/12/2024 08:39 by davebowler
hTTps://quoteddata.com/2024/11/quoteddatas-investors-choice-the-results-are-in/
Posted at 01/12/2024 21:15 by davebowler
hTTps://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-14143427/DIY-investor-platforms-accused-bending-law.html?ito=native_share_article-top
Posted at 12/9/2024 10:27 by davebowler
Switch EditionUK?Opinion09 Sep, 2024James Carthew: AVI Global can extend its excellent track recordDiscounts across global markets present opportunities for the UK-based bargain hunter, which recently cashed in on Starwood's Balanced Commercial Property bid.ByJames CarthewThe investment companies sector continues to shrink. So far in September, we have seen bids for Tritax EuroBox (EBOX) and Balanced Commercial Property Trust (BCPT), JPMorgan Global Core Real Assets failing its continuation vote, and Aurora (ARR) absorbing Artemis Alpha (ATS). All of this is in reaction to the persistent discounts across the sector.Yet, despite the attractive uplifts investors can achieve when these exit opportunities materialise (21% for BCPT and 27% for EBOX), very few UK-based investors seem to be hunting for these potential bargains. Instead, most discount-driven investors in the sector seem to be American.One UK-based investor that has been profiting from these value opportunities is AVI Global Trust (AGT). It cashed in more than 15 million shares in BCPT following the announcement of that bid, crystallising a decent profit on its position.The trust invests in assets its manager Asset Value Investors (AVI) believes are valued at a discount to their intrinsic value; it invests in a mix of holding companies, closed-end funds, and asset-backed special situations (AVI Global's Japanese investments fall into this category). Where it can, it will work – often behind the scenes, but sometimes quite publicly – to unlock that value for the benefit of all shareholders.Over the past few years, AVI Global has found no shortage of potential investment opportunities. Macroeconomics (rising interest rates, China's slump, inflation and the like) caused discounts to widen, not just in the investment companies' sector.That could have been problematic for the trust, as widening discounts on its portfolio could have driven down its net asset value (NAV). However, fund manager Joe Bauernfreund has done a great job unlocking value and recycling capital to new positions. Over five years, the portfolio's underlying returns of 64% are ahead of the MSCI All Countries World index's 57%, according to Deutsche Numis data, and commendably it has achieved this without any exposure to the Magnificent Seven US technology stocks.Recent successesThe manager has sought to position the portfolio to benefit from individual discount-narrowing events but without too much generic market risk, so it should not be too much affected by gyrations in the price of Nvidia, for example. It also managed to get out of Pershing Square Holdings before the Universal Music profit warning crashed its share price in July.AVI's name has been cropping up a fair bit recently. It was heavily involved in blocking the sale of some of Hipgnosis Songs' (SONG) catalogues at a knockdown price and profited from the subsequent takeover of the company (at the time it was the largest position in AGT's portfolio). AGT was also a substantial shareholder in Pantheon International (PIN) when it adopted its new capital allocation policy.BCPT was one of several positions AVI Global built up in cheap property stocks. Another is PRS Reit (PRSR). AVI is not one of the requisitionists looking to make changes to the PRS board but has given an irrevocable undertaking to support their proposals. AVI is unhappy with the board's proposed extension of the management contract to 2029, which effectively creates a poison pill. It is also concerned about the board's spending on external advisers.I am a bystander but support the requisitionists' stance. You only want to fire a manager when you are unhappy with their service, or a windup/takeover means their services are no longer required. Outside the initial period after the initial public offering, and in most cases, not even then, there is no reason why a manager needs to have more than 12 months' notice in their contract, and six months is now more normal.The largest position in AVI Global's portfolio is News Corp. AVI believes the sum of the parts – including online real estate portal REA Group, HarperCollins and Dow Jones – is a lot more than the current share price suggests. Crucially, it also thinks the latent value can be unlocked. There are plenty of other similarly interesting situations in the portfolio.Ongoing campaignsElsewhere, back in our sector, AVI Global has big positions in four investment companies in its top 10. It holds Oakley Capital Investments, reasoning, as I do, that its performance track record merits a discount closer to HgCapital Trust's (HGT) sub-3% level than Oakley's current level of 27%. Oakley just freed up £50m from its portfolio as its stake in Ocean Technologies Group was sold for 2.7 times what it paid for it in 2019. Oakley appears to have no shortage of new investments with similar potential to reinvest the proceeds into.Partners Group Private Equity, formerly Princess Private Equity, has been much less successful than Oakley, but AVI Global would also like to see its 23% discount narrow from here.Chrysalis (CHRY) has seen some modest narrowing of its discount (now about 45%), but its fortunes could be transformed if it sold one of its more mature investments – Klarna is the one that seems to be in the frame.Cordiant Digital Infrastructure (CORD) suffered by being bracketed with the abysmal Digital 9 Infrastructure (DGI9). Cordiant is trading on a 35% discount. Its latest quarterly trading update was quite encouraging, recording improving underlying revenue and profits to support its well-covered dividend. Cordiant is buying back stock but needs to do more to win back support.It is also worth mentioning AVI Global's Japanese exposure – about 23% of the trust at the end of August. The market volatility that accompanied the Bank of Japan's rate increase and subsequent yen rally at the end of July, which I wrote about, took just over 1% off the trust's NAV. However, true to form, the manager took advantage of the selloff to add to positions at attractive prices, laying the ground for further NAV appreciation in time.James Carthew is head of research at QuotedData.?Any opinions expressed by Citywire, its staff orRelated Portfolio ManagersJoe Bauernfreund??
Posted at 19/6/2024 12:26 by davebowler
Half Year report- 4 June

Your Company’s NAV is some +23% higher than
when we wrote to you this time last year. At the
time sentiment was dour; investors were fretting
as to the potential fallout from the collapse of
Silicon Valley Bank; inflation remained stubbornly
high; and the deeply inverted yield curve was
flashing red that the most anticipated recession
in recent history was about to bite.
A year on and there has been no real contagion from the regional banking
crisis, with the actions of the United States Federal Reserve having
ensured financial stability. The picture on inflation has certainly improved,
but we are not off the mountain just yet. And a recession remains the
watched pot that hasn’t boiled, with the economy proving much stronger
than many had anticipated.
These better-than-expected developments, combined with strong
share price performance of a narrow-band of US technology companies,
that are thought to be beneficiaries of AI, has propelled markets to new
all-time highs.
For the interim period since September, AGT has produced a NAV
total return of +13.9%. This was slightly behind the performance of our
comparator benchmark, the MSCI AC World Index (£), which returned
+16.1%.
From the very wide levels observed in October 2023 – when the portfolio
weighted average discount hit 37.0% – discounts have started to narrow,
such that the weighted average discount at period end stands at 31.5%.
We have taken advantage of this, fully exiting positions in Pershing
Square Holdings and Godrej Industries, and reducing positions in strong
performers, Schibsted, FEMSA, KKR and Apollo.
KKR was the standout performer adding +253bps to returns. Having
initiated a position in the company in 2020, we have held a decidedly
different view to the market on the durability of the company’s earnings
power and growth prospects. The market has been coming round to our
way of thinking, with the shares up by +319% over that time, and we have
been reducing the position.
We continue to believe this is a stock picker’s market, and a market where
a focus on events, catalysts, and activism to crystallise value is important.
Illustrative of this is Schibsted, which has undergone significant structural
simplification (detail below) and was one of the strongest performers over
the period.
Over the six-month period we have been adding to News Corp, D’Ieteren,
Bollore and Entain, all of which have attractive underlying fundamentals
and NAV growth prospects combined with potential catalysts.
Despite Hipgnosis Songs Fund being a detractor over the interim
period and requiring a lot of work and intensive engagement from our
investment team, a takeover battle subsequent to the period end has
resulted in an excellent outcome for shareholders.


More generally, over the last 18 months our exposure to closed-end funds
has increased. There is a structural lack of interest in such companies,
almost entirely for non-fundamental reasons, and we believe this to be an
attractive opportunity set with discounts at wide levels where we can add
value through activism.
The opportunity for engagement in Japan also remains compelling. Longterm readers of our reports will know that we have spent a significant
amount of focus on Japanese small-cap equities since 2016/17, when it
became clear to us that the winds of change had begun to blow, and that
the corporate governance reform agenda had gained critical momentum.
2023 was something of a (re) coming out party for Japanese equities –
which are becoming increasingly relevant again to international equity
investors, who have grown to appreciate the very clear agenda of
the Tokyo Stock Exchange (‘TSE’) and other authorities in unlocking
corporate value. As is to be expected, flows have concentrated on larger
cap companies, which have outperformed smaller caps. For unhedged
international investors (such as ourselves) the continued depreciation of the
Yen has proved a headwind. We do not expect this to persist indefinitely.
Far from the madding crowd of increasingly concentrated equity markets,
it remains an exciting and fruitful time for our approach to investing.
Discounts have started to narrow but remain relatively wide by historical
standards and we are finding a high number of attractive opportunities
from all parts of our universe. Reflective of this, net gearing (debt at fair
value) has continued to increase and stands at 9.6% as of the period end.
As we look ahead, we remain humble in the unpredictability of financial
markets and macro events. Our conviction, however, is built from the
bottom up. We have assembled a concentrated-yet-diverse collection
of companies that should compound NAV at attractive rates; discounts
are generally wide and across the portfolio there are numerous potential
corporate catalysts to unlock value. We believe this to be an
attractive medley.
Posted at 14/6/2024 08:16 by davebowler
Citywire-
Investment company bargain hunter Joe Bauernfreund says the 39% return the trust made in eight months on SONG demonstrates value of shareholder activism and importance of having the right board.
Jamie Colvin
BY
JAMIE COLVIN

comments
Activist investor AVI Global (AGT) has sold out of Hipgnosis Songs (SONG) after a ‘highly successful’ holding that saw the rejigged board engineer a takeover bid above the shares’ 2018 listing price.

Writing in the £1.2bn trust’s half-year report, fund manager Joe Bauernfreund highlighted his role in fighting off the proposed sale of a portion of SONG’s catalogues and urging fellow shareholders to vote against the company’s continuation last October.

The activist then pushed successfully for the appointment to the board of Robert Naylor and Francis Keeling, who had just stepped down from rival Round Hill Music Royalty (RHM) following its acquisition by Concord.

In April, a bidding war commenced in which Blackstone, the majority owner of Hipgnosis Songs Management, saw off another bid from Concord with a recommended offer at a 47% premium to the share price.

‘We are delighted with an outcome that has not only generated a very strong return for AGT’s shareholders but has demonstrated again both the value of shareholder activism and the critical importance of having the right people on boards,’
Bauernfreund first invested the trust in SONG in late 2020; he sold more than half its stake 12 months later. He then rebuilt the position back up to 6% ahead of the continuation vote.


While the stake detracted from returns in the six months to 31 March, over the whole period of its last phase of ownershp up to May 2024, AVI Global received a 39% total return. The trust has returned 24.6% in one year.

Bauernfreund hasn’t been the only seller. Most long-term holders sold out after Blackstone won the day, with hedge funds flooding in to take the 131-cents-per-share (102.7p) offer when the deal completes in the third quarter. The shares trade at just over 101p.
Trust bargains
Over the half-year, AVI Global delivered total returns of 14%, including the 1.2p dividend, while the shares jumped 16%, falling just short of the MSCI All-Country World index’s 16.1% gain, largely driven by US mega-cap stocks.

Bauernfreund has taken advantage of the wide discounts across the investment company sector, which are ‘almost entirely for non-fundamental reasons’, where the trust can add value through activism. As a result, gearing, or borrowing, has increased to 9.6% of assets.

Closed-end funds made up 31% of the trust at the end of May, with the larger positions including private equity funds Oakley Capital Investments (OCI) and Princess (PEY), and Cordiant Digital Infrastructure (CORD), which have respective weightings of 6.7%, 5.6% and 3.6%.





Over the period, US private equity company KKR was the top performer, adding 2.5% to net asset value (NAV) as its share price soared 64%. AGT’s investment thesis remains that alternative asset managers remain undervalued.

Asia-focused private equity firm Symphony International Holdings was the worst performer, knocking 0.8% off performance; its dollar shares fell as the discount widened from 36% to 50%, exacerbated by a rally in the pound.

Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp is now the largest asset in the portfolio, with an 8.8% weighting, after Bauernfreund added to the position. Oakley and Princess are the second-largest holdings.

Over the past five years, the trust’s shares have soared 74%, ranking it third in the AIC Global sector, where the average return has been 57.7%.

AGT’s shares closed at 239.5p on Wednesday, 8% below NAV. The board spent £24m on buybacks to narrow the discount over the half-year
Posted at 08/6/2024 07:20 by davebowler
quoted-data-Listed Fund ResearchAVI Global TrustThriving under pressureThe AVI Global Trust (AGT) has gone from strength to strength as its managers identify a wealth of opportunities. A share price total return of over 30% in the past year highlights the value of the company's strategy of targeting high-quality companies whose shares are trading at a discount to their intrinsic value.Against a backdrop of markets adjusting to structurally higher interest rates, especially in the US, we expect this momentum to continue, and the value of less correlated market returns (in other words returns not tied to the performance of broader market indices), such as those provided by AGT, to increase.Despite its strong performance, the company continues to trade on a share price discount to net asset value (NAV) of 7.4%. Given AGT's performance track record and increasingly optimistic outlook, we believe this is an attractive entry point for investors, particularly for those looking to manage exposure to increasingly concentrated and expensive market indexes.Extracting value from discounted opportunitiesAGT aims to achieve capital growth through a focused portfolio of investments, particularly in companies whose shares stand at a discount to estimated underlying net asset value. It invests in quality assets held through unconventional structures that tend to attract discounts; these types of companies include holding companies, closed-end funds, and asset-backed special situations.NB: Marten & Co was paid to produce this note on AVI Global Trust Plc and it is for information purposes only.
Posted at 03/4/2024 09:12 by davebowler
Kepler
AGT is trading at close to its widest ‘double discount’ since the Great Financial Crisis…


AVI Global Trust (AGT) offers investors a highly differentiated exposure to global equities. Portfolio construction is centered around identifying high-quality companies trading at significantly depressed values to their estimated NAVs. This leads to a particular focus on closed-ended investment funds, family-backed holding companies, and Japanese smaller companies.


Macroeconomic uncertainties and elevated levels of risk aversion have seen discounts across investment trusts widen significantly, this a resulted in an increased exposure to listed private equity and venture capital investment companies. AGT’s own discount of 10.9% is currently at wider levels than its five-year average discount, which combined with the wide discount for the underlying investments, means AGT is trading close to its widest ‘double discount’ since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008.


The team also look to add value by taking a highly active approach - particularly through their allocation to Japan, where the team see the improved macroeconomic environment and focus on corporate governance as an opportunity. Furthermore, their regional expertise allows them to take a consultant-like engagement approach with the aim of making significant improvements to business operations.


AGT’s performance has been impressive across both the short and long term. In our view, with AGT’s ‘double discount’ being close to historically wide levels, now could be one of the best opportunities to invest in the trust for a long-term investor looking to gain exposure to a truly benchmark-agnostic, global equity investment strategy. As interest rates look to be peaking in the US and the UK, and the premise of a softer landing becomes a more probable outcome, this bodes well for the potential NAV appreciation of the underlying holdings, particularly the increased allocation to private equity, and for the wider-than-average discount of AGT itself.
Posted at 03/4/2024 07:42 by davebowler
hTTps://citywire.com/investment-trust-insider/news/asset-value-investors-hails-chrysalis-inflection-point-with-5-7-stake/a2439531?re=118915&ea=
Posted at 11/3/2024 14:45 by davebowler
htTTps://citywire.com/investment-trust-insider/news/bauernfreund-hipgnosis-is-playing-my-tune-says-avi-global-bargain-hunter



Bauernfreund: Hipgnosis is playing my tune, says AVI Global bargain hunter
Last week's big writedown at Hipgnosis Songs was a positive development for activist Joe Bauernfreund who holds 5% of the shares and stakes in other under-valued funds and holding companies in the AVI Global Trust.
Danielle Levy
BY
DANIELLE LEVY

While investors initially took fright last Monday after Hipgnosis Songs (SONG) slashed the value of its music royalties by 26% (with a 31% drop in net asset value), AVI Global (AGT) fund manager Joe Bauernfreund viewed the announcement as an important step in a potential turnaround.

The news sparked an 8% fall in Hipgnosis’ share price to 57.9p on Monday 4 March as the board suspended dividends for the foreseeable future to focus on paying off the fund’s $674m debt pile.

However, the shares subsequently recovered to end Friday at 62.7p, just below where they began the week, but still on a significant 31% discount to the new net asset value (NAV) that bargain-hunter Bauernfreund hopes will narrow and boost the return on the investment.

Bauernfreund (below) believes the board of SONG may well have been ‘kitchen sinking’, or rather presenting all the bad news to investors in one go in the hope that things can only improve from here. He views the NAV announcement as a necessary step so the board and shareholders can understand what the portfolio of 65,000 songs is truly worth.

Joe Bauernfreund - AVI
‘The final number was slightly below where we thought a realistic NAV was but not massively so,’ said the manager of the £1bn AVI Global trust, which targets undervalued companies and investment trusts and holds 5% of SONG.


Hipgnosis’ operative net asset value (NAV) was 92p per share at the end of December, according to new valuer Shot Tower Capital. This is a sharp decline from 142.49p at the end of September, a valuation provided by former valuer Citrin Cooperman.

Board on right track
‘I think the new board is doing the right things. There is a sense they are “kitchen sinking”, but I think that was necessary. We need them to come in and really get to grips with what occurred under the previous board and manager, to understand what we own and what its value is.’

Once this has been ascertained, the board can decide whether to wind up the fund; sell the assets to bidders and return capital to shareholders; or appoint a new fund manager to replace Merck Mercuriadis’ Hipgnosis Songs Management (HSM).

From here, Bauernfreund would like the trust’s contractual arrangement with HSM to be ‘resolved̵7;. Ideally, he would like to sell AVI’s investment at NAV and move on to other opportunities. However, he acknowledged this may not be possible if it comes at a big cost for Hipgnosis.


Asset Value Investors (AVI), where Bauernfreund is also chief executive, has held a position in Hipgnosis since 2020 and increased its stake ahead of a continuation vote in October. At the time, it successfully lobbied other shareholders to vote against the vote and to block a proposed sale of a fifth of the company’s assets to a related party, Hipgnosis Songs Capital (a partnership between HSM and Blackstone).

Investors late to the party
Following a tumultuous year for the music royalties fund, Bauernfreund suggests there are several lessons to consider.

‘I think a lot of investors bought in thinking it was a magic sector that was able to give them uncorrelated returns to equity markets, that were unlikely to ever go down in value and would forever provide them with an attractive income.

‘A number of factors conspired to challenge that notion. First of all, interest rates going up has an effect on valuations. It is pretty basic, but I think some investors forgot that.’

Secondly, he notes the management arrangement with HSM was not set up with the best interests of shareholders in mind. Here, he is referring to incentives for the manager to buy assets that ‘were not fantastic in all cases’ in order to grow the investment trust and management fee.

‘The arrangement between the manager and Blackstone had conflicts built into it and I guess the previous board was not on top of that. Now shareholders find themselves in a situation where they might be aggrieved with the manager but find it very difficult to remove them,’ he added.

Bauernfreund remains positive on the prospects of the music industry in general, particularly in light of the potential growth of streaming services, but says Hipgnosis’ structure and contractual arrangements have caused it to disappoint.

There may also be a broader theme of private investors getting access to an asset class, long after institutional investors, at a point when returns are harder to come by.

‘Over the years we have seen this time and time again. Investors get excited about a new asset class or one that institutional investors have access to. By the time retail investors are invited to the party it is perhaps drawing to a close,’ he concluded.

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