Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

Share Name	Share Symbol	Market	Type
Power Solutions Intl Inc (PK)	USOTC:PSIX	OTCMarkets	Common Stock

	Price Change	% Change	Share Price	Bid Price	Offer Price	High Price	Low Price	Open Price	Shares Traded	Last Trade
	3.05	10.18%	33.00	32.60	33.00	33.22	31.01	31.75	198,736	20:59:48

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________to________

Commission file number 001-35944

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware		33-0963637
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
201 Mittel Drive, Wood Dale, IL		60191
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)
(630) 350-9400
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
None	—	—
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of April 30, 2024, there were 22,969,234 outstanding shares of the Common Stock of the registrant.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Forward-Looking Statements	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023	4
	Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
	Signatures	35

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2024, (the “Quarterly Report”) that are not historical facts are intended to constitute “forward-looking statements” entitled to the safe-harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements may involve risks and uncertainties. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “budgeted,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “projection,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means for identifying such statements. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding Power Solutions International, Inc.’s, a Delaware corporation (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), projected sales, potential profitability and liquidity, strategic initiatives, future business strategies, warranty mitigation efforts and market opportunities, improvements in its business, improvement of product margins, and product market conditions and trends. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although the Company believes that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are many factors that could affect the Company’s results of operations and liquidity and could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the Company’s forward-looking statements.

The Company cautions that the risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause its actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the factors discussed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and from time to time in the Company’s subsequent filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”); the impact of the macro-economic environment in both the U.S. and internationally on our business and expectations regarding growth of the industry; uncertainties arising from global events (including the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), natural disasters or pandemics, and their impact on material prices; the effects of strategic investments on our operations, including our efforts to expand our global market share and actions taken to increase sales growth; the ability to develop and successfully launch new products; labor costs and other employment-related costs; loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of raw materials; the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern; the Company’s ability to raise additional capital when needed and its liquidity; uncertainties around the Company’s ability to meet funding conditions under its financing arrangements and access to capital thereunder; the potential acceleration of the maturity at any time of the loans under the Company’s uncommitted senior secured revolving credit facility through the exercise by Standard Chartered Bank of its demand right; the impact of rising interest rates; changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of raw materials; our reliance on information technology and the associated risk involving potential security lapses and/or cyber-attacks; the ability of the Company to accurately forecast sales, and the extent to which sales result in recorded revenues; changes in customer demand for the Company’s products; volatility in oil and gas prices; the impact of U.S. tariffs on imports; the impact of supply chain interruptions and raw material shortages, including compliance disruptions such as the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”) delaying goods from China; the potential impact of higher warranty costs and the Company’s ability to mitigate such costs; any delays and challenges in recruiting and retaining key employees consistent with the Company’s plans; the potential effects of damage to our reputation or other adverse consequences if our employees, suppliers, sub-suppliers or other contract parties, agents or business partners violate anti-bribery, competition, export and import, trade sanctions, data privacy, environmental, human rights or other laws; any negative impacts from delisting of the Company’s common stock par value $0.001 (the “Common Stock”) from the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) and any delays and challenges in obtaining a re-listing on a stock exchange; the impact of unanticipated changes in our effective tax rate, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional income tax liabilities.

The Company’s forward-looking statements are presented as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, the Company expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the Exchange Act, and as a result, it is obligated to file annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. The Company makes these filings available free of charge on its website (http://www.psiengines.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files them with, or furnishes them to, the SEC. Information on the Company’s website does not constitute part of this Quarterly Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains the annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and other information the Company electronically files with, or furnishes to, the SEC.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


(in thousands, except par values)	As of March 31, 2024 (unaudited)		As of December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	33,063	$	22,758
Restricted cash	3,165		3,836
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $5,476 and $5,975 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; (from related parties $733 and $777 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	49,291		66,979
Income tax receivable	412		550
Inventories, net	88,800		84,947
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	34,338		26,312

Total current assets	209,069		205,382
Property, plant and equipment, net	14,911		14,928
Right-of-use assets, net	26,350		27,145
Intangible assets, net	3,549		3,914
Goodwill	29,835		29,835

Other noncurrent assets	3,089		3,099
TOTAL ASSETS	$	286,803	$	284,303

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $27,626 and $24,496 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	$	72,821	$	67,355
Current maturities of long-term debt	117		139
Revolving line of credit	45,000		50,000
Finance lease liability, current	76		76
Operating lease liability, current	4,123		3,912
Other short-term financing (from related parties $94,820 as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023)	94,820		94,820
Other accrued liabilities (to related parties $2,222 and $1,833 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	28,794		31,999
Total current liabilities	245,751		248,301

Deferred income taxes	1,532		1,478
Long-term debt, net of current maturities	77		90
Finance lease liability, long-term	75		94
Operating lease liability, long-term	24,095		25,070
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,185		2,401
Other noncurrent liabilities	9,864		10,786
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	283,579	$	288,220

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)





STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	$	—	$	—
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,968 shares outstanding at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	23		23
Additional paid-in capital	157,796		157,770
Accumulated deficit	(153,675)		(160,790)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149 shares at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	(920)		(920)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	3,224		(3,917)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	$	286,803	$	284,303

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net sales (from related parties $197 and $1,097 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	$	95,240	$	116,469
Cost of sales (from related parties $153 and $825 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	69,484		93,000
Gross profit	25,756		23,469
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	5,197		4,604
Selling, general and administrative expenses	9,532		9,905

Amortization of intangible assets	365		436
Total operating expenses	15,094		14,945
Operating income	10,662		8,524

Interest expense (from related parties $2,222 and $1,816 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	3,346		4,665





Income before income taxes	7,316		3,859
Income tax expense	201		135
Net income	$	7,115	$	3,724



Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	22,969		22,951
Diluted	22,973		22,967
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.31	$	0.16
Diluted	$	0.31	$	0.16

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	23	$	157,770	$	(160,790)	$	(920)	$	(3,917)
Net income	—		—		7,115		—		7,115







Stock-based compensation expense	—		26		—		—		26








Balance at March 31, 2024	$	23	$	157,796	$	(153,675)	$	(920)	$	3,224

Balance at December 31, 2022	$	23	$	157,673	$	(187,096)	$	(972)	$	(30,372)
Net income	—		—		3,724		—		3,724
Stock-based compensation expense	—		69		—		—		69

Balance at March 31, 2023	$	23	$	157,742	$	(183,372)	$	(972)	$	(26,579)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash provided by operating activities
Net income	$	7,115	$	3,724
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	365		436
Depreciation	952		1,010

Stock-based compensation expense	26		69
Amortization of financing fees	244		449
Deferred income taxes	54		61




(Credit) provision for losses in accounts receivable	(499)		410
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	946		884

Other adjustments, net	—		3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	18,187		6,407
Inventories	(4,798)		(12,593)
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(6,198)		(578)
Accounts payable	5,345		3,439
Income taxes receivable	138		—
Accrued expenses	(3,528)		466
Other noncurrent liabilities	(2,719)		814
Net cash provided by operating activities	15,630		5,001
Cash used in investing activities
Capital expenditures	(815)		(612)





Net cash used in investing activities	(815)		(612)
Cash used in financing activities


Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(51)		(53)

Repayment of short-term financings	(5,000)		(594)



Payments of deferred financing costs	(130)		(986)



Net cash used in financing activities	(5,181)		(1,633)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	9,634		2,756
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	26,594		27,900
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	36,228	$	30,656


(in thousands)	As of March 31,
	2024		2023
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	33,063	$	26,934
Restricted cash	3,165		3,722
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	36,228	$	30,656

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Power Solutions International, Inc. (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a global producer and distributor of a broad range of high-performance, certified, low-emission power systems, including alternative-fueled power systems for original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of off-highway industrial equipment and certain on-road vehicles and large custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems.

The Company’s customers include large, industry-leading and multinational organizations. The Company’s products and services are sold predominantly to customers throughout North America as well as to customers located throughout the Pacific Rim and Europe. The Company’s power systems are highly engineered, comprehensive systems which, through the Company’s technologically sophisticated development and manufacturing processes, including its in-house design, prototyping, testing and engineering capabilities and its analysis and determination of the specific components to be integrated into a given power system (driven in large part by emission standards and cost considerations), allow the Company to provide its customers with power systems customized to meet specific OEM application requirements, other technical customers’ specifications and requirements imposed by environmental regulatory bodies.

The Company’s power system configurations range from a basic engine integrated with appropriate fuel system components to completely packaged power systems that include any combination of cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company purchases engines from third-party suppliers and produces internally designed engines, all of which are then integrated into its power systems.

Of the other components that the Company integrates into its power systems, a substantial portion consist of internally designed components and components for which it coordinates significant design efforts with third-party suppliers, with the remainder consisting largely of parts that are sourced off-the-shelf from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components (including purchased engines) embody proprietary intellectual property of the Company’s suppliers. As a result of its design and manufacturing capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with a power system that can be incorporated into a customer’s specified application. In addition to the certified products described above, the Company sells diesel, gasoline and non-certified power systems and aftermarket components.

Stock Ownership and Control

Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, SZ000338) (herein collectively referred to as “Weichai”) owns a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, Weichai is able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders’ approval, including the election of directors, amendment of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai.

Weichai also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) by and between the Company and Weichai. The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with representation on the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and management representation rights. Weichai currently has four representatives on the Board, which constitutes the majority of the directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e).

Going Concern Considerations

Uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Company’s debt arrangements. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Fourth Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), its $25 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$25 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement), its $50 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$50 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the third Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement), its $30 Million Second Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (“$30 Million Loan Agreement” historically referred to as the fourth Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement) and for finance leases and other debt were $140.2 million and $145.2 million in the

aggregate, respectively, and its cash and cash equivalents were $33.1 million and $22.8 million, respectively. See Note 6. Debt, for further information regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s debt agreements.

Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay amounts owed under its existing debt arrangements as they become due. In order to provide the Company with a more permanent source of liquidity, management plans to seek an extension and amendment and/or replacement of its existing debt agreements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024 and 2025. There can be no assurance that the Company’s management will be able to successfully complete an extension and amendment of its existing debt agreements or obtain new financing on acceptable terms, when required or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues.

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Macroeconomic volatility and uncertainties further increase the potential for continued supply chain disruptions, economic uncertainty, and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics which may continue to have a material adverse impact on the results of operations, financial position and liquidity of the Company.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to remain elevated. Although the Company’s interest expense has decreased because of reduced debt balances, it may be subject to future increases from these inflationary pressures. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

The Company’s management has concluded that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend and amend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, and extending and amending, refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under the Company’s existing debt arrangements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company is filing this Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, which contains unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. The condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X and include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S GAAP for interim financial reporting. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”). The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the aforementioned 2023 Annual Report. The accompanying interim financial information is unaudited; however, the Company believes the financial information reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of annual operating results.

Segments

The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of income to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Customer A	10	%	17	%
Customer B	**		13	%
Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable:


	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Customer A	16	%	12	%
Customer B	**		13	%

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Supplier A	**		11	%
Supplier B	**		10	%
Supplier C	13	%	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of allowances for credit losses, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, income tax valuation allowances and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had restricted cash of $3.2 million and $3.8 million, respectively, which includes $1.3 million restricted cash held in escrow which could be required to be refunded to the customer if conditions occur as defined in such certain agreement with such customer. The Company has not recognized revenue associated with the restricted cash. The deferred revenue is included within Noncurrent Contract Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Inventories

The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost, including estimated freight-in or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in

which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	75,672	$	68,273
Work in process	1,517		1,166
Finished goods	18,287		21,238
Total inventories	95,476		90,677
Inventory allowance	(6,676)		(5,730)
Inventories, net	$	88,800	$	84,947

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Inventory Allowance	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	5,730	$	3,904
Charged to expense	1,018		1,004
Write-offs	(72)		(120)
Balance at end of period	$	6,676	$	4,788

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Accrued product warranty	$	10,610	$	11,290
Accrued litigation *	3,787		3,929
Contract liabilities	2,766		2,741
Accrued compensation and benefits	5,425		8,469


Accrued interest expense	2,340		1,913

Other	3,866		3,657
Total	$	28,794	$	31,999

*As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 litigation reserves related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees. See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for further information regarding the various ongoing legal matters.

Warranty Costs

The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer.

Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available.

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Accrued Product Warranty	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	19,263	$	21,550
Current period provision *	1,704		1,411

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	144		3,850
Payments made during the period	(3,759)		(3,806)

Balance at end of period	17,352		23,005
Less: current portion	10,610		13,085
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	6,742	$	9,920

*Warranty costs, net of supplier recoveries, and other adjustments, were $1.5 million and $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Supplier recoveries were $0.3 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

**Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties reflect changes in the Company’s estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior periods. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historical and expected trends. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a cost for changes in estimates of preexisting warranties of $0.1 million, or $0.01 per diluted share. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a cost of $3.9 million, or $0.17 per diluted share.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard was effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures – Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments to this standard require public entities to disclose more detailed information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The amendments to this standard do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments to this standard apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280, Segment Reporting and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in its annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments to this standard enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information as well as effectiveness of overall income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, early adoption is permitted. The Company currently plans to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2025. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
End Market	2024		2023
Power Systems	$	61,962	$	44,634
Industrial	28,744		42,875
Transportation	4,534		28,960
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Geographic Area	2024		2023
United States	$	82,272	$	93,116
North America (outside of United States)	4,846		4,818
Pacific Rim	6,645		14,172
Europe	1,460		3,045
Other	17		1,318
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

Contract Balances

Most of the Company’s contracts are for a period of less than one year; however, extended warranty contracts extend beyond one year. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in contract assets, or contract liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance when the right to consideration is conditional. The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract assets and contract liabilities are recognized at the contract level.


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	21,528	$	15,554	$	3,620

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,766)		(2,741)		(2,256)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,185)		(2,401)		(3,199)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	16,577	$	10,412	$	(1,835)

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose remaining performance obligations that have expected original durations of one year or less. For performance obligations that extend beyond one year, the Company had $3.5 million of remaining performance obligations as of March 31, 2024, primarily related to extended warranties. The Company expects to recognize revenue related to these remaining performance obligations of approximately $1.1 million in 2024, $0.5 million in 2025, $0.2 million in 2026, $1.5 million in 2027, $0.2 million in 2028 and less than $0.1 million in 2029 and beyond.

Note 3. Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

The Company is party to three shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, including the $25 Million Loan Agreement, the $50 Million Loan Agreement, and the $30 Million Loan Agreement. See additional discussion of these debt agreements in Note 6. Debt.

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

The Company and Weichai executed a strategic collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) in March 2017 in order to achieve their respective strategic objectives and enhance the strategic cooperation alliance to share experiences, expertise and resources. Among other things, the Collaboration Agreement established a joint steering committee, permitted Weichai to select a limited number of certain technical, marketing, sales, procurement and finance personnel to work at the Company and established several collaborations related to stationary natural-gas applications and Weichai diesel engines. The Collaboration Agreement provided for the steering committee to create various sub-committees with operating roles and otherwise governs the treatment of intellectual property of parties prior to the collaboration and the intellectual property developed during the collaboration. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years.

The Company evaluates whether an arrangement is a collaborative arrangement at its inception based on the facts and circumstances specific to the arrangement. The Company also reevaluates whether an arrangement qualifies or continues to qualify as a collaborative arrangement whenever there is a change in either the roles of the participants or the participants’ exposure to significant risks and rewards dependent on the ultimate commercial success of the endeavor. For those collaborative arrangements where it is determined that the Company is the principal participant, costs incurred and revenue generated from third parties are recorded on a gross basis in the financial statements. Purchases of inventory from Weichai were $3.2 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

In January 2022, PSI and Baudouin (“Baudouin”), a subsidiary of Weichai, entered into an international distribution and sales agreement which enables Baudouin to bring PSI’s power systems line of products into the European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In addition to sales, Baudouin will manage service, support, warranty claims, and technical requests. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheet and Statements of Income for detailed related party information..

Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,921	$	6,987
Machinery and equipment	47,487		46,964
Construction in progress	1,025		1,654
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	56,433		55,605
Accumulated depreciation	(41,522)		(40,677)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	14,911	$	14,928

Note 5. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $29.8 million. Accumulated impairment losses at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $11.6 million.

Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,543)	$	3,397
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,548)		152
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,791)	$	3,549


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,195)	$	3,745
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,531)		169
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,426)	$	3,914

Note 6. Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024			As of December 31, 2023
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	45,000	8.78%	$	50,000	8.71%	March 21, 2025
$25 Million Loan Agreement	25,000		9.32%	25,000		9.44%	May 20, 2024
$50 Million Loan Agreement	50,000		9.38%	50,000		9.44%	November 30, 2024
$30 Million Loan Agreement	19,820		9.36%	19,820		9.41%	March 31, 2025

Total short-term debt	$	139,820		$	144,820

Long-term debt:



Finance leases and other debt	345		**	399		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	345			399
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	193			215
Long-term debt	$	152		$	184


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

On March 22, 2024, the Company amended and restated its $130.0 million Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement with Standard Chartered (the “Credit Agreement”). The amendment and restatement of the Credit Agreement reduces the borrowing capacity to $50.0 million and extends the maturity date of loans outstanding under its

previous credit facility to the earlier of March 21, 2025 or the demand of Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement is subject to customary events of default and covenants, including minimum consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio covenants for the second and third quarters of 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement incur interest at either the alternate base rate or the SOFR plus applicable rate of 3.45% per annum. In addition, the Company paid fees of $0.1 million related to the Credit Agreement which are deferred and amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement continues to be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and provides Standard Chartered the right to demand payment of any and all of the outstanding borrowings and other amounts owed under the Credit Agreement at any point in time prior to the maturity date at Standard Chartered’s discretion. The Company made payments totaling $5.0 million related to the Credit Agreement with no additional borrowings during the first quarter of 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $45.0 million outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

In connection with this Credit Agreement, on March 22, 2024, the Company also amended one of the four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, to among other things, extend the maturities thereof. The $30 Million Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $30.0 million subordinated loan at the discretion of Weichai and was amended to extend the maturity date to March 31, 2025. Borrowings under the $30 Million Loan Agreement bear interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable SOFR rate is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%. All of the amended shareholder loan agreements with Weichai are subject to customary events of default and covenants. The Company and Weichai also agreed not to renew the first Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, which expired on April 24, 2024 and provided the Company with a $130.0 million subordinated loan under which Weichai was obligated to advance funds solely for purposes of repaying outstanding borrowings under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement if the Company was unable to pay such borrowings.

On May 12, 2023, the Company amended and extended the maturity of its $25 Million Loan Agreement with Weichai to May 20, 2024. The $25 Million Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $25.0 million subordinated loan. Borrowings under the $25 Million Loan Agreement incur interest at the applicable SOFR rate, plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan under the $25 Million Loan Agreement is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%.

The Company is also party to a $50 Million Loan Agreement with Weichai, which was entered into on December 10, 2021. The $50 Million Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $50.0 million uncommitted facility that is subordinated to the Credit Agreement and any borrowing requests made under the $50 Million Loan Agreement are subject to Weichai’s discretionary approval. Borrowings under the third Shareholder’s Loan Agreement incur interest at the applicable SOFR, plus 4.65% per annum and can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.65% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1.0%. The $50 Million Loan Agreement was amended on November 29, 2023 and expires on November 30, 2024 with any outstanding principal and accrued interest due upon maturity.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, its $25 Million Loan Agreement, its $50 Million Loan Agreement, its $30 Million Loan Agreement, and for finance leases and other debt were $140.2 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $33.1 million. The Company's total accrued interest for the Credit Agreement and all shareholder loans was $2.3 million and $1.9 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Accrued interest is included within Other Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

Note 7. Leases

Leases

The Company has obligations under lease arrangements primarily for facilities, equipment and vehicles. These leases have original lease periods expiring between May 2024 and July 2034. The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statement of Income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	1,824	$	1,902
Research and development expenses	77		63
Selling, general and administrative expenses	129		19
Interest expense	3		18
Total	$	2,033	$	2,002

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense and income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	1,532	$	1,359
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	17		21
Interest expense	3		4
Short-term lease cost	199		17
Variable lease cost	282		601
Sublease income	—		(266)
Total lease cost, net	$	2,033	$	1,736

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	1,493	$	1,233
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	3		4
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	20		22
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	1,139		155

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 5.9 years and 6.2 years for operating leases and 2.0 years and 2.2 years for finance leases, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the weighted-average discount rate was 7.5% and 7.6% for operating leases, respectively, and for both periods 6.5% for finance leases.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	26,350	$	27,145

Operating lease liabilities, current	4,123		3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	24,095		25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	28,982

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	126	$	144

Finance lease liabilities, current	76		76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	75		94
Total finance lease liabilities	$	151	$	170

1.Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$	4,570	$	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222		160
Less: imputed interest	7,004		9
Total lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	151

Note 8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, the Company classifies each fair-value measurement as follows:

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Debt

The Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans. The Company measures its material debt obligations using Level 2 inputs as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—	$	45,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	50,000	$	—	$	50,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

In addition to the methods and assumptions used for the financial instruments discussed above, accounts receivable, net, income tax receivable, and accounts payable and certain accrued expenses are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value (Level 1) because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, the following:

•what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice;

•the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate;

•how the discovery process will affect the litigation;

•the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and

•any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation.

However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid.

Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations

In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted

documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information was required with respect to the administrative order.

Jerome Treadwell v. the Company

In October 2018, a punitive class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime” or “Plaintiff”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “Court”) under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the Court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the Court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the Court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The Court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed the answer to the amended complaint. Plaintiff and PSI have since reached a preliminary settlement of the case, and Plaintiff filed an Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement on February 23, 2024, which is currently pending with the Court. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $2.4 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.

Mast Powertrain v. the Company

In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it was owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement and had no recognized liability as of both March 31, 2024 and 2023. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court (“Court”), alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. The Company filed a motion to stay the lawsuit and compel it to arbitration, and that motion is currently pending. In the interim, the Court ordered the parties to participate in mediation, currently scheduled for May 29, 2024. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $0.9 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.

Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company

In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company is in active negotiations over the amount and payment terms of the reimbursement to Travelers.

Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation

In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demand against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company paid the settlement in full to both Ehlers and Lulloff.

Indemnification Agreements

The Company holds a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which is renewed annually and expires in July 2024. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

At March 31, 2024, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.4 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.2 million as of March 31, 2024, related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

Note 10. Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs.

The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was 2.7%, compared to an effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 of 3.5%. The effective tax rates for all periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance.

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	—	—



Balance as of March 31, 2024	23,117	149	22,968

Note 12. Earnings Per Share

The Company computes basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the year. Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding primarily reflect the additional shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the assumed vesting of unvested share awards. The treasury stock method has been used to compute diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company issued Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”) and Restricted Stock Awards (“RSAs”), all of which have been evaluated for their potentially dilutive effect under the treasury stock method. See Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for additional information on the SARs and the RSAs.

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$	7,115	$	3,724





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,969		22,951
Effect of dilutive securities	4		16
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	22,973		22,967

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.31	$	0.16
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.31	$	0.16

The aggregate number of shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculations, because they would have been anti-dilutive, were 0.1 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, SARs and RSAs were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculations as they would have been anti-dilutive because the Company’s average stock price was less than or equal to the exercise price of the SARs or the grant price of the RSAs.

Note 13. Related Party Transactions

Weichai Transactions

See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement.

Other Related Party Transactions

See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

Note 14. Subsequent Events

In April 2024, the Company made additional payments totaling $5.0 million related to the Credit Agreement. The outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement is $40.0 million as of May 7, 2024.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements about the Company’s business and consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, including discussions about management’s expectations for the Company’s business. These statements represent projections, beliefs and expectations based on current circumstances and conditions and are made in light of recent events and trends. These statements should not be construed either as assurances of performance or as promises of a given course of action. Instead, various known and unknown factors are likely to cause the Company’s actual performance and management’s actions to vary, and the results of these variances may be both material and adverse. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related Notes included in this Quarterly Report.

Executive Overview

The Company designs, engineers, manufactures, markets and sells a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems that run on a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets with primary manufacturing, assembly, engineering, research and development (“R&D”), sales and distribution facilities located in suburban Chicago, Illinois and Darien and Beloit, Wisconsin. The Company provides highly engineered, comprehensive solutions designed to meet specific customer application requirements and technical specifications, including those imposed by environmental regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (“EPA”), the California Air Resource Board (“CARB”) and the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment (“MEE”).

The Company’s products are primarily used by global original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and end-user customers across a wide range of applications and equipment that includes standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, arbor care, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, school and transit buses, and utility power. The Company manages the business as a single reporting segment.

Net sales by geographic area and by end market for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024				2023
Geographic Area			% of Total				% of Total
United States	$	82,272	86	%	$	93,116	80	%
North America (outside of United States)	4,846		5	%	4,818		4	%
Pacific Rim	6,645		7	%	14,172		12	%
Europe	1,460		2	%	3,045		3	%
Other	17		—	%	1,318		1	%
Total	$	95,240	100	%	$	116,469	100	%


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024				2023
End Market			% of Total				% of Total
Power Systems	$	61,962	65	%	$	44,634	38	%
Industrial	28,744		30	%	42,875		37	%
Transportation	4,534		5	%	28,960		25	%
Total	$	95,240	100	%	$	116,469	100	%

Recent Trends and Business Outlook

As of the date of this Quarterly Report, the Company prudently continues to manage its expenses, including the restriction of all non-essential travel and minimized discretionary expenses and consulting services. The Company continues to review operating expenses, including prioritizing certain R&D investments in support of the Company’s long-term growth objectives. Starting in 2021 and throughout 2023, the Company took rightsizing actions to align its staffing with current needs, while also streamlining certain roles.

Despite the recent recovery of the global economy, there continues to be challenges based on the current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years in 2022 but has steadily declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages at the end of the first quarter 2024. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets remain below historical levels as of the first quarter of 2024. Despite increasing rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in remains below historical levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below historic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to try to mitigate through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is trying to mitigate these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders and the Company’s future business operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Results of Operations

Results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared with the three months ended March 31, 2023:


(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024			2023			Change			% Change
Net sales (from related parties $197 and $1,097 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	$	95,240		$	116,469		$	(21,229)		(18)	%
Cost of sales (from related parties $153 and $825 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	69,484			93,000			(23,516)			(25)	%
Gross profit	25,756			23,469			2,287			10	%
Gross margin %	27.0		%	20.2		%	6.9		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	5,197			4,604			593			13	%
Research and development expenses as a % of sales	5.5		%	4.0		%	1.5		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	9,532			9,905			(373)			(4)	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a % of sales	10.0		%	8.5		%	1.5		%

Amortization of intangible assets	365			436			(71)			(16)	%
Total operating expenses	15,094			14,945			149			1	%
Operating income	10,662			8,524			2,138			25	%

Interest expense (from related parties $2,222 and $1,816 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	3,346			4,665			(1,319)			(28)	%




Income before income taxes	7,316			3,859			3,457			90	%
Income tax expense	201			135			66			49	%
Net income	$	7,115		$	3,724		$	3,391		91	%



Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.31		$	0.16		$	0.15		94	%
Diluted	$	0.31		$	0.16		$	0.15		94	%

Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Adjusted net income *	$	7,041		$	3,811		$	3,230		85	%
Adjusted net income per share – diluted*	$	0.31		$	0.16		0.15			94	%
EBITDA *	$	11,979		$	9,970		$	2,009		20	%
Adjusted EBITDA *	$	11,905		$	10,057		$	1,848		18	%

NM Not meaningful

* See reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP results below

Net Sales

Net sales decreased $21.2 million, or 18%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, as a result of sales decreases of $14.1 million and $24.4 million in the industrial and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by an increase of $17.3 million in the power systems end market. Higher power systems end market sales are primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the packaging market such as enclosures serving the fast-growing data center market, as well as oil and gas products and demand response products. The decreased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to lower sales in the truck and school bus market as customer products have evolved and new compliance and regulatory requirements have changed engine product offerings. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling and arbor care markets, as well as the direct effects of enforcement of the UFLPA, which limited the Company’s ability to import certain raw materials in early 2024.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased by $2.3 million, or 10%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Gross margin was 27.0% during the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of 6.8% compared to 20.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to improved mix, pricing actions, higher operating efficiencies, and lower warranty costs. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, warranty costs were $1.5 million net of supplier recoveries, and other adjustments, including $0.1 million of charges for adjustments to preexisting warranties, an improvement of $3.5 million compared to warranty costs of $5.1 million last year, largely due to lower adjustments to preexisting warranties during the first quarter of 2024. A majority of the preexisting warranty activity is attributable to products sold within the transportation end market.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $5.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively. The increase is primarily related to the testing of new products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2024 by $0.4 million, or 4%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to lower selling expenses associated with decreased sales in the transportation segment and lower professional fees, partially offset by an increase in incentive compensation expenses.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased $1.3 million to $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, largely due to lower average outstanding debt, partially offset by higher overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information.

Income Tax Expense

The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s pretax income was $7.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to a pretax income of $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. See Note 10. Income Taxes, included in Part 1, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information related to the Company’s income tax provision.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP above, this report also includes non-GAAP (adjusted) financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures provide insight into selected financial information and should be evaluated in the context in which they are presented. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP, and non-GAAP financial measures as reported by the Company may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report. Management does not use these non-GAAP financial measures for any purpose other than the reasons stated below.


Non-GAAP Financial Measure			Comparable GAAP Financial Measure
Adjusted net income			Net income
Adjusted net income per share – diluted			Net income per share – basic
EBITDA			Net income
Adjusted EBITDA			Net income

The Company believes that Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA provide relevant and useful information, which is widely used by analysts, investors and competitors in its industry as well as by the Company’s management in assessing the performance of the Company. Adjusted net income is defined as net income as adjusted for certain items that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income per share is a measure of the Company’s diluted earnings per common share adjusted for the impact of special items. EBITDA provides the Company with an understanding of earnings before the impact of investing and financing charges and income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes the effects of other non-cash charges and certain other items that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of the Company’s operations.

Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are used by management for various purposes, including as a measure of performance of the Company’s operations and as a basis for strategic planning and forecasting. Adjusted net income, Adjusted net income per share, and Adjusted EBITDA may be useful to an investor because these measures are widely used to evaluate companies’ operating performance without regard to items excluded from the calculation of such measures, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on the accounting methods, the book value of assets, the capital structure and the method by which the assets were acquired, among other factors. They are not, however, intended as alternative measures of operating results or cash flow from operations as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to Adjusted net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	7,115	$	3,724

Stock-based compensation 1	26		69







Other legal matters 2	(100)		18



Adjusted net income	$	7,041	$	3,811

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income per share – basic to Adjusted net income per share – diluted for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income per share – basic	$	0.31	$	0.16











Adjusted net income per share – diluted	$	0.31	$	0.16

Diluted shares (in thousands)	22,973		22,968

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	7,115	$	3,724
Interest expense	3,346		4,665
Income tax expense	201		135
Depreciation	952		1,010
Amortization of intangible assets	365		436
EBITDA	11,979		9,970

Stock-based compensation 1	26		69







Other legal matters 2	(100)		18

Adjusted EBITDA	$	11,905	$	10,057

1.Amounts reflect non-cash stock-based compensation expense and have no material impact on the Adjusted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

2.Amounts include legal settlements and have no material impact on the Adjusted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Cash Flows

Cash was impacted as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023		Change		% Change
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	15,630	$	5,001	$	10,629	*NM
Net cash used in investing activities	(815)		(612)		(203)		(33)	%
Net cash used in financing activities	(5,181)		(1,633)		(3,548)		*NM
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	9,634	$	2,756	$	6,878	*NM
Capital expenditures	$	(815)	$	(612)	$	(203)	(33)	%

*NMNot meaningful

Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $15.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, resulting in an increase of $10.6 million in cash provided by operating activities year-over-year. The increase in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from the $3.4 million increase in earnings, $8.5 million increase of cash provided by working capital accounts, offset by an increase of cash used for other accrued expenses, primarily associated with accrued compensation and benefits.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to cash used in investing activities of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, cash used in investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures associated with normal maintenance of the Company’s facilities.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

The Company used $5.2 million in cash from financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $1.6 million cash used by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The cash used by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was a result of repayment of existing debt during the quarter. See additional discussion below and in Note 6. Debt, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, which further describe the Company’s debt arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s sources of funds are cash flows from operations, borrowings made pursuant to its credit facilities, shareholder’s loan agreements, and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal interest on our debt facilities and shareholder’s loan agreements, capital expenditures, and working capital needs.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, the $25 Million Loan Agreement, the $50 Million Loan Agreement, the $30 Million Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $140.2 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $33.1 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 6. Debt, for additional information.

Significant uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future. Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s existing debt arrangements as they become due. Management currently plans to seek an extension and/or replacement of its existing debt arrangements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in 2024 and 2025. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully complete a refinancing on acceptable terms or repay this outstanding indebtedness when required or if at all.

Due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. If the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.4 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information related to the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and the outstanding letters of credit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company’s most critical accounting policies and estimates are those most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations and which require the Company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. Although management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based on information available when they are made and, therefore, may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are consistent with those discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, to the consolidated financial statements and the MD&A section of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “2023 Annual Report”). During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no significant changes in the application of critical accounting policies.

The Company has identified the following accounting policies as its most critical because they require the Company to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments and estimates:

▪Revenue Recognition

▪Goodwill Impairment

▪Warranty

Impact of New Accounting Standards

For information about recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Part 1, Item 1.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as “controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.” The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for a discussion of legal proceedings, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits.

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following documents listed below that have been previously filed with the SEC (1934 Act File No. 001-35944) are incorporated herein by reference:

Incorporated by Reference Herein

Exhibit No.

Exhibit Description

Form

Exhibit

Filing Date

File No.

10.1

Fourth Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2024, among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Standard Chartered Bank, as administrative agent.

8-K

10.1

03/28/2024

001-35944

10.2

$30 Million Second Amended and Restated Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2024, between the Company and Weichai America Corp.

8-K

10.2

03/28/2024

001-35944

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*Filed with this Report.

**This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 7th day of May 2024.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Dino Xykis, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Power Solutions International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 7, 2024

By:

/s/ Dino Xykis

Name:

Dino Xykis

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Xun Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Power Solutions International, Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 7, 2024

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Power Solutions International, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dino Xykis, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 7, 2024

By:

/s/ Dino Xykis

Name:

Dino Xykis

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

This certification accompanies each Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided by the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Power Solutions International, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Xun Li, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 7, 2024

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Cover Page - shares	3 Months Ended
Cover Page - shares	Mar. 31, 2024	Apr. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35944
Entity Registrant Name	POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	33-0963637
Entity Address, Address Line One	201 Mittel Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	Wood Dale
Entity Address, State or Province	IL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	60191
City Area Code	630
Local Phone Number	350-9400
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		22,969,234
Entity Central Index Key	0001137091
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 33,063	$ 22,758
Restricted cash	3,165	3,836
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $5,476 and $5,975 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; (from related parties $733 and $777 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	49,291	66,979
Income tax receivable	412	550
Inventories, net	88,800	84,947
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	34,338	26,312
Total current assets	209,069	205,382
Property, plant and equipment, net	14,911	14,928
Right-of-use assets, net	26,350	27,145
Intangible assets, net	3,549	3,914
Goodwill	29,835	29,835
Other noncurrent assets	3,089	3,099
TOTAL ASSETS	286,803	284,303
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $27,626 and $24,496 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	72,821	67,355
Current maturities of long-term debt	117	139
Revolving line of credit	45,000	50,000
Finance lease liability, current	76	76
Operating lease liability, current	4,123	3,912
Other short-term financing (from related parties $94,820 as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023)	94,820	94,820
Other accrued liabilities (to related parties $2,222 and $1,833 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	28,794	31,999
Total current liabilities	245,751	248,301
Deferred income taxes	1,532	1,478
Long-term debt, net of current maturities	77	90
Finance lease liability, long-term	75	94
Operating lease liability, long-term	24,095	25,070
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,185	2,401
Other noncurrent liabilities	9,864	10,786
TOTAL LIABILITIES	283,579	288,220
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	0	0
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,968 shares outstanding at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	23	23
Additional paid-in capital	157,796	157,770
Accumulated deficit	(153,675)	(160,790)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149 shares at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	(920)	(920)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	3,224	(3,917)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)	$ 286,803	$ 284,303

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Accounts receivable allowance	$ 5,476	$ 5,975
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	49,291	66,979
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable to related parties	72,821	67,355
Other short-term financing	94,820	94,820
Other accrued liabilities	$ 28,794	$ 31,999
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	23,117,000	23,117,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	22,968,000	22,968,000
Treasury stock (in shares)	149,000	149,000
Related Party
Current assets:
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	$ 733	$ 777
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable to related parties	27,626	24,496
Other short-term financing	94,820	94,820
Other accrued liabilities	$ 2,222	$ 1,833

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net sales (from related parties $197 and $1,097 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	$ 95,240	$ 116,469
Cost of sales (from related parties $153 and $825 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	69,484	93,000
Gross profit	25,756	23,469
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	5,197	4,604
Selling, general and administrative expenses	9,532	9,905
Amortization of intangible assets	365	436
Total operating expenses	15,094	14,945
Operating income	10,662	8,524
Interest expense (from related parties $2,222 and $1,816 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)	3,346	4,665
Income before income taxes	7,316	3,859
Income tax expense	201	135
Net income	$ 7,115	$ 3,724
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	22,969	22,951
Diluted (in shares)	22,973	22,967
Earnings per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.16
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.16

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Net sales from related party	$ 95,240	$ 116,469
Related parties amount in cost of sales	153	825
Interest expense	3,346	4,665
Related Party
Net sales from related party	197	1,097
Interest expense	$ 2,222	$ 1,816

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Treasury Stock
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ (30,372)	$ 23	$ 157,673	$ (187,096)	$ (972)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	3,724			3,724
Stock-based compensation expense	69		69
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	(26,579)	23	157,742	(183,372)	(972)
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	(3,917)	23	157,770	(160,790)	(920)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	7,115			7,115
Stock-based compensation expense	26		26
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 3,224	$ 23	$ 157,796	$ (153,675)	$ (920)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash provided by operating activities
Net income	$ 7,115	$ 3,724
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	365	436
Depreciation	952	1,010
Stock-based compensation expense	26	69
Amortization of financing fees	244	449
Deferred income taxes	54	61
(Credit) provision for losses in accounts receivable	(499)	410
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	946	884
Other adjustments, net	0	3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	18,187	6,407
Inventories	(4,798)	(12,593)
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(6,198)	(578)
Accounts payable	5,345	3,439
Income taxes receivable	138	0
Accrued expenses	(3,528)	466
Other noncurrent liabilities	(2,719)	814
Net cash provided by operating activities	15,630	5,001
Cash used in investing activities
Capital expenditures	(815)	(612)
Net cash used in investing activities	(815)	(612)
Cash used in financing activities
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(51)	(53)
Repayment of short-term financings	(5,000)	(594)
Payments of deferred financing costs	(130)	(986)
Net cash used in financing activities	(5,181)	(1,633)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	9,634	2,756
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	26,594	27,900
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	36,228	30,656
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	33,063	26,934
Restricted cash	3,165	3,722
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 36,228	$ 30,656

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Stock Ownership and Control

Going Concern Considerations

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Segments

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Customer A	10	%	17	%
Customer B	**		13	%
Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable:


	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Customer A	16	%	12	%
Customer B	**		13	%

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Supplier A	**		11	%
Supplier B	**		10	%
Supplier C	13	%	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

Restricted Cash

Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	75,672	$	68,273
Work in process	1,517		1,166
Finished goods	18,287		21,238
Total inventories	95,476		90,677
Inventory allowance	(6,676)		(5,730)
Inventories, net	$	88,800	$	84,947

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Inventory Allowance	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	5,730	$	3,904
Charged to expense	1,018		1,004
Write-offs	(72)		(120)
Balance at end of period	$	6,676	$	4,788

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Accrued product warranty	$	10,610	$	11,290
Accrued litigation *	3,787		3,929
Contract liabilities	2,766		2,741
Accrued compensation and benefits	5,425		8,469


Accrued interest expense	2,340		1,913

Other	3,866		3,657
Total	$	28,794	$	31,999

Warranty Costs

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Accrued Product Warranty	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	19,263	$	21,550
Current period provision *	1,704		1,411

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	144		3,850
Payments made during the period	(3,759)		(3,806)

Balance at end of period	17,352		23,005
Less: current portion	10,610		13,085
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	6,742	$	9,920

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted

Revenue

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
End Market	2024		2023
Power Systems	$	61,962	$	44,634
Industrial	28,744		42,875
Transportation	4,534		28,960
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Geographic Area	2024		2023
United States	$	82,272	$	93,116
North America (outside of United States)	4,846		4,818
Pacific Rim	6,645		14,172
Europe	1,460		3,045
Other	17		1,318
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

Contract Balances


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	21,528	$	15,554	$	3,620

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,766)		(2,741)		(2,256)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,185)		(2,401)		(3,199)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	16,577	$	10,412	$	(1,835)

Remaining Performance Obligations

Weichai Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	—	—



Balance as of March 31, 2024	23,117	149	22,968

Property, Plant and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,921	$	6,987
Machinery and equipment	47,487		46,964
Construction in progress	1,025		1,654
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	56,433		55,605
Accumulated depreciation	(41,522)		(40,677)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	14,911	$	14,928

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $29.8 million. Accumulated impairment losses at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $11.6 million.

Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,543)	$	3,397
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,548)		152
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,791)	$	3,549


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,195)	$	3,745
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,531)		169
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,426)	$	3,914

Debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024			As of December 31, 2023
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	45,000	8.78%	$	50,000	8.71%	March 21, 2025
$25 Million Loan Agreement	25,000		9.32%	25,000		9.44%	May 20, 2024
$50 Million Loan Agreement	50,000		9.38%	50,000		9.44%	November 30, 2024
$30 Million Loan Agreement	19,820		9.36%	19,820		9.41%	March 31, 2025

Total short-term debt	$	139,820		$	144,820

Long-term debt:



Finance leases and other debt	345		**	399		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	345			399
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	193			215
Long-term debt	$	152		$	184


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	1,824	$	1,902
Research and development expenses	77		63
Selling, general and administrative expenses	129		19
Interest expense	3		18
Total	$	2,033	$	2,002

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense and income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	1,532	$	1,359
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	17		21
Interest expense	3		4
Short-term lease cost	199		17
Variable lease cost	282		601
Sublease income	—		(266)
Total lease cost, net	$	2,033	$	1,736

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	1,493	$	1,233
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	3		4
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	20		22
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	1,139		155

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	26,350	$	27,145

Operating lease liabilities, current	4,123		3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	24,095		25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	28,982

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	126	$	144

Finance lease liabilities, current	76		76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	75		94
Total finance lease liabilities	$	151	$	170

1.Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$	4,570	$	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222		160
Less: imputed interest	7,004		9
Total lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	151

Leases


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	1,824	$	1,902
Research and development expenses	77		63
Selling, general and administrative expenses	129		19
Interest expense	3		18
Total	$	2,033	$	2,002

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense and income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	1,532	$	1,359
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	17		21
Interest expense	3		4
Short-term lease cost	199		17
Variable lease cost	282		601
Sublease income	—		(266)
Total lease cost, net	$	2,033	$	1,736

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	1,493	$	1,233
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	3		4
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	20		22
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	1,139		155

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	26,350	$	27,145

Operating lease liabilities, current	4,123		3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	24,095		25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	28,982

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	126	$	144

Finance lease liabilities, current	76		76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	75		94
Total finance lease liabilities	$	151	$	170

1.Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$	4,570	$	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222		160
Less: imputed interest	7,004		9
Total lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	151

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Debt


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—	$	45,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	50,000	$	—	$	50,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

Commitments and Contingencies	3 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Mar. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Legal Contingencies The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, the following: •what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice; •the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate; •how the discovery process will affect the litigation; •the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and •any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation. However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid. Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information was required with respect to the administrative order. Jerome Treadwell v. the Company In October 2018, a punitive class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime” or “Plaintiff”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “Court”) under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the Court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the Court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the Court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The Court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed the answer to the amended complaint. Plaintiff and PSI have since reached a preliminary settlement of the case, and Plaintiff filed an Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement on February 23, 2024, which is currently pending with the Court. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $2.4 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter. Mast Powertrain v. the Company In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it was owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement and had no recognized liability as of both March 31, 2024 and 2023. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court (“Court”), alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. The Company filed a motion to stay the lawsuit and compel it to arbitration, and that motion is currently pending. In the interim, the Court ordered the parties to participate in mediation, currently scheduled for May 29, 2024. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $0.9 million, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter. Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company is in active negotiations over the amount and payment terms of the reimbursement to Travelers. Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demand against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company paid the settlement in full to both Ehlers and Lulloff. Indemnification Agreements The Company holds a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which is renewed annually and expires in July 2024. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO. Other Commitments and Contingencies At March 31, 2024, the Company had four outstanding letters of credit totaling $1.4 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.2 million as of March 31, 2024, related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

Income Taxes	3 Months Ended
Income Taxes	Mar. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income Taxes On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs. The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was 2.7%, compared to an effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 of 3.5%. The effective tax rates for all periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance.

Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	—	—



Balance as of March 31, 2024	23,117	149	22,968

Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$	7,115	$	3,724





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,969		22,951
Effect of dilutive securities	4		16
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	22,973		22,967

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.31	$	0.16
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.31	$	0.16

Related Party Transactions	3 Months Ended
Related Party Transactions	Mar. 31, 2024
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Party Transactions	Related Party Transactions Weichai Transactions See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement. Other Related Party Transactions See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

Subsequent Events	3 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Mar. 31, 2024
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent EventsIn April 2024, the Company made additional payments totaling $5.0 million related to the Credit Agreement. The outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement is $40.0 million as of May 7, 2024.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 7,115	$ 3,724

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Mar. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information (Policies)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Consolidation	The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. The condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Basis of Presentation	Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X and include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S GAAP for interim financial reporting. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”). The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the aforementioned 2023 Annual Report. The accompanying interim financial information is unaudited; however, the Company believes the financial information reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of annual operating results.
Segments	Segments The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of income to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of allowances for credit losses, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, income tax valuation allowances and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
Restricted Cash	Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers.
Inventories	Inventories The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost, including estimated freight-in or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.
Warranty Costs	Warranty Costs The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer. Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted	Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard was effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures – Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments to this standard require public entities to disclose more detailed information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The amendments to this standard do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments to this standard apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280, Segment Reporting and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in its annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - Income Taxes (Topic 740). The amendments to this standard enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, primarily related to rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information as well as effectiveness of overall income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, early adoption is permitted. The Company currently plans to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2025. The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the amendment to this standard on its consolidated financial statements.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. Debt The Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Customer A	10	%	17	%
Customer B	**		13	%
Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable:


	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Customer A	16	%	12	%
Customer B	**		13	%

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Supplier A	**		11	%
Supplier B	**		10	%
Supplier C	13	%	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Schedule of Inventory, Current

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	75,672	$	68,273
Work in process	1,517		1,166
Finished goods	18,287		21,238
Total inventories	95,476		90,677
Inventory allowance	(6,676)		(5,730)
Inventories, net	$	88,800	$	84,947

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Inventory Allowance	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	5,730	$	3,904
Charged to expense	1,018		1,004
Write-offs	(72)		(120)
Balance at end of period	$	6,676	$	4,788

Schedule of Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Accrued product warranty	$	10,610	$	11,290
Accrued litigation *	3,787		3,929
Contract liabilities	2,766		2,741
Accrued compensation and benefits	5,425		8,469


Accrued interest expense	2,340		1,913

Other	3,866		3,657
Total	$	28,794	$	31,999

Schedule of Accrued Product Warranty

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Accrued Product Warranty	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	19,263	$	21,550
Current period provision *	1,704		1,411

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	144		3,850
Payments made during the period	(3,759)		(3,806)

Balance at end of period	17,352		23,005
Less: current portion	10,610		13,085
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	6,742	$	9,920

Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
End Market	2024		2023
Power Systems	$	61,962	$	44,634
Industrial	28,744		42,875
Transportation	4,534		28,960
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

Schedule of Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
Geographic Area	2024		2023
United States	$	82,272	$	93,116
North America (outside of United States)	4,846		4,818
Pacific Rim	6,645		14,172
Europe	1,460		3,045
Other	17		1,318
Total	$	95,240	$	116,469

Schedule of Contract Balances


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	21,528	$	15,554	$	3,620

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,766)		(2,741)		(2,256)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,185)		(2,401)		(3,199)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	16,577	$	10,412	$	(1,835)

Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,921	$	6,987
Machinery and equipment	47,487		46,964
Construction in progress	1,025		1,654
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	56,433		55,605
Accumulated depreciation	(41,522)		(40,677)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	14,911	$	14,928

Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,543)	$	3,397
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,548)		152
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,791)	$	3,549


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(31,195)	$	3,745
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,531)		169
Total	$	37,340	$	(33,426)	$	3,914

Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024			As of December 31, 2023
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	45,000	8.78%	$	50,000	8.71%	March 21, 2025
$25 Million Loan Agreement	25,000		9.32%	25,000		9.44%	May 20, 2024
$50 Million Loan Agreement	50,000		9.38%	50,000		9.44%	November 30, 2024
$30 Million Loan Agreement	19,820		9.36%	19,820		9.41%	March 31, 2025

Total short-term debt	$	139,820		$	144,820

Long-term debt:



Finance leases and other debt	345		**	399		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	345			399
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	193			215
Long-term debt	$	152		$	184


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.1 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Lease Expense and Cash Flow Information

The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statement of Income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cost of sales	$	1,824	$	1,902
Research and development expenses	77		63
Selling, general and administrative expenses	129		19
Interest expense	3		18
Total	$	2,033	$	2,002

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense and income:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	1,532	$	1,359
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	17		21
Interest expense	3		4
Short-term lease cost	199		17
Variable lease cost	282		601
Sublease income	—		(266)
Total lease cost, net	$	2,033	$	1,736

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	1,493	$	1,233
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	3		4
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	20		22
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	1,139		155

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease ROU assets, net	$	26,350	$	27,145

Operating lease liabilities, current	4,123		3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	24,095		25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	28,982

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	126	$	144

Finance lease liabilities, current	76		76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	75		94
Total finance lease liabilities	$	151	$	170

1.Included in Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Maturity Analysis of Operating Lease Liabilities

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$	4,570	$	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222		160
Less: imputed interest	7,004		9
Total lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	151

Maturity Analysis of Financing Lease Liabilities

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$	4,570	$	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000		—
Thereafter	3,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222		160
Less: imputed interest	7,004		9
Total lease liabilities	$	28,218	$	151

Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date

The Company measures its material debt obligations using Level 2 inputs as follows:


(in thousands)	As of March 31, 2024
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	45,000	$	—	$	45,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	50,000	$	—	$	50,000	$	—
Other financing	94,820		—		94,820		—

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Common Stock Outstanding Roll Forward

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance as of December 31, 2023	23,117	149	22,968
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	—	—



Balance as of March 31, 2024	23,117	149	22,968

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$	7,115	$	3,724





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,969		22,951
Effect of dilutive securities	4		16
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	22,973		22,967

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.31	$	0.16
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.31	$	0.16

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) segment boardMember	Mar. 22, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	May 12, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 10, 2021 USD ($)
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of board members \| boardMember	4
Debt, long-term and short-term, combined amount	$ 140,200,000		$ 145,200,000
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 33,063,000		22,758,000		$ 26,934,000
Number of operating segments \| segment	1
Restricted cash	$ 3,165,000		3,836,000		$ 3,722,000
$25 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount				$ 25,000,000
$50 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 50,000,000
$30 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 30,000,000
Contract With Customer
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Restricted cash	$ 1,300,000		$ 1,300,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor (Details)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Supplier Concentration Risk \| Supplier A \| Purchases
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		11.00%
Supplier Concentration Risk \| Supplier B \| Purchases
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		10.00%
Supplier Concentration Risk \| Supplier C \| Purchases
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	13.00%
Customer A \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Net Sales
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	10.00%	17.00%
Customer A \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Accounts Receivable
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	16.00%		12.00%
Customer B \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Net Sales
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		13.00%
Customer B \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Accounts Receivable
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			13.00%
Customer C \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Net Sales
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	12.00%

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Inventory, Current (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 75,672		$ 68,273
Work in process	1,517		1,166
Finished goods	18,287		21,238
Total inventories	95,476		90,677
Inventory allowance	(6,676)	$ (4,788)	(5,730)
Inventories, net	88,800		$ 84,947
Inventory Allowance
Balance at beginning of period	5,730	3,904
Charged to expense	1,018	1,004
Write-offs	(72)	(120)
Balance at end of period	$ 6,676	$ 4,788

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Other Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accrued product warranty	$ 10,610	$ 11,290	$ 13,085
Accrued litigation	3,787	3,929
Contract liabilities	2,766	2,741
Accrued compensation and benefits	5,425	8,469
Accrued interest expense	2,340	1,913
Other	3,866	3,657
Total	$ 28,794	$ 31,999

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Product Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Accrued Product Warranty
Balance at beginning of period	$ 19,263	$ 21,550
Current period provision	1,704	1,411
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties	144	3,850
Payments made during the period	(3,759)	(3,806)
Balance at end of period	17,352	23,005
Accrued Product Warranty	17,352	23,005	$ 19,263
Less: current portion	10,610	13,085	$ 11,290
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	6,742	9,920
Warranty costs, net of supplier recoveries	1,500	5,100
Supplier recoveries	300	100
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties	$ 144	$ 3,850
Diluted share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.17

Revenue - Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue and Schedule of Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	$ 95,240	$ 116,469
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	82,272	93,116
North America (outside of United States)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	4,846	4,818
Pacific Rim
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	6,645	14,172
Europe
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	1,460	3,045
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	17	1,318
Power Systems
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	61,962	44,634
Industrial
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	28,744	42,875
Transportation
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	$ 4,534	$ 28,960

Revenue - Schedule of Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$ 21,528	$ 15,554	$ 3,620
Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,766)	(2,741)	(2,256)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,185)	(2,401)	(3,199)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$ 16,577	$ 10,412	$ (1,835)

Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue recognized	$ 0.4	$ 0.7
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	3.5
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-04-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1.1
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	9 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.5
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.2
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1.5
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2028-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.2
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2029-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.1
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period

Weichai Transactions (Details)		3 Months Ended
Weichai Transactions (Details)	Mar. 22, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) agreement	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 22, 2024 USD ($)	May 12, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 10, 2021 USD ($)
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, number of loan agreements \| agreement		3
Term of collaborative arrangement	3 years
Related Party
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Purchased inventory		$ 3,200,000	$ 3,200,000
$25 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount					$ 25,000,000
$50 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 50,000,000
$30 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount				$ 30,000,000

Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 56,433	$ 55,605
Accumulated depreciation	(41,522)	(40,677)
Property, plant and equipment, net	14,911	14,928
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	7,921	6,987
Machinery and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	47,487	46,964
Construction in progress
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 1,025	$ 1,654

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill	$ 29,835	$ 29,835
Goodwill accumulated impairment loss	$ 11,600	$ 11,600

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	$ 37,340	$ 37,340
Accumulated Amortization	(33,791)	(33,426)
Net Book Value	3,549	3,914
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	34,940	34,940
Accumulated Amortization	(31,543)	(31,195)
Net Book Value	3,397	3,745
Developed technology
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	700	700
Accumulated Amortization	(700)	(700)
Net Book Value	0	0
Trade names and trademarks
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	1,700	1,700
Accumulated Amortization	(1,548)	(1,531)
Net Book Value	$ 152	$ 169

Debt - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 22, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	May 12, 2023	Dec. 10, 2021
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing	$ 139,820,000		$ 144,820,000
Long-term debt:
Finance leases and other debt	345,000		399,000
Total long-term debt and finance leases	345,000		399,000
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	193,000		215,000
Long-term debt	152,000		184,000
Debt issuance costs	100,000		200,000
Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing	$ 45,000,000		$ 50,000,000
Weighted average interest rate	8.78%		8.71%
Long-term debt:
Debt issuance costs		$ 100,000
$25 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Debt instrument, face amount				$ 25,000,000
Short-term financing	$ 25,000,000		$ 25,000,000
Weighted average interest rate	9.32%		9.44%
$50 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Debt instrument, face amount					$ 50,000,000
Short-term financing	$ 50,000,000		$ 50,000,000
Weighted average interest rate	9.38%		9.44%
$30 Million Loan Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 30,000,000
Short-term financing	$ 19,820,000		$ 19,820,000
Weighted average interest rate	9.36%		9.41%

Debt - Narrative (Details)			3 Months Ended
Debt - Narrative (Details)	Mar. 22, 2024 USD ($) agreement	May 12, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 10, 2021 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs			$ 100,000	$ 200,000
Short-term financing			139,820,000	144,820,000
Number of amended agreements \| agreement	1
Number of agreements \| agreement	4
Debt, long-term and short-term, combined amount			140,200,000	145,200,000
Cash and cash equivalents			33,063,000	22,758,000	$ 26,934,000
Accrued unpaid interest			2,300,000	1,900,000
$25 Million Loan Agreement \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		4.05%
Revolving Credit Facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs	$ 100,000
Paydown related to credit agreement			5,000,000.0
Proceeds related to credit agreement			0
Short-term financing			$ 45,000,000	50,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	3.45%
Revolving Credit Facility \| First Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 130,000,000.0
Revolving Credit Facility \| First Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai - Amendment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	50,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| $30 Million, $25 Million, and $50 Million Loan Agreements
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, incremental borrowing cost			1.00%
Revolving Credit Facility \| $30 Million Loan Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 30,000,000.0
Short-term financing			$ 19,820,000	19,820,000
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 30,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| $30 Million Loan Agreement \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate			4.05%
Revolving Credit Facility \| $25 Million Loan Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 25,000,000
Short-term financing			25,000,000	25,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount		$ 25,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| $50 Million Loan Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			50,000,000
Short-term financing			$ 50,000,000	$ 50,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 50,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| $50 Million Loan Agreement \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate			4.65%

Leases - Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
Leases - Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	$ 2,033	$ 2,002
Cost of sales
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	1,824	1,902
Research and development expenses
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	77	63
Selling, general and administrative expenses
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	129	19
Interest expense
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	$ 3	$ 18

Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 1,532	$ 1,359
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	17	21
Interest expense	3	4
Short-term lease cost	199	17
Variable lease cost	282	601
Sublease income	0	(266)
Total lease cost, net	$ 2,033	$ 1,736

Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$ 1,493	$ 1,233
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	3	4
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	20	22
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	$ 1,139	$ 155

Leases - Narrative (Details)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted-average remaining lease term, operating leases	5 years 10 months 24 days	6 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted-average remaining lease term, financing leases	2 years	2 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases	7.50%	7.60%
Weighted-average discount rate for financing leases	6.50%	6.50%

Leases - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Leases
Operating lease ROU assets, net	$ 26,350	$ 27,145
Operating lease liabilities, current	4,123	3,912
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	24,095	25,070
Total operating lease liabilities	28,218	28,982
Finance Leases
Finance lease ROU assets, net	126	144
Finance lease liabilities, current	76	76
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	75	94
Total finance lease liabilities	$ 151	$ 170
Finance ROU assets, net, statement of financial position, extensible list	Property, plant and equipment, net	Property, plant and equipment, net

Leases - Maturity Analysis of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	$ 4,570
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,250
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,946
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972
Year ending December 31, 2029	4,000
Thereafter	3,534
Total undiscounted lease payments	35,222
Less: imputed interest	7,004
Total lease liabilities	28,218	$ 28,982
Finance Leases
Nine months ending December 31, 2024	62
Year ending December 31, 2025	81
Year ending December 31, 2026	17
Year ending December 31, 2027	0
Year ending December 31, 2028	0
Year ending December 31, 2029	0
Thereafter	0
Total undiscounted lease payments	160
Less: imputed interest	9
Total lease liabilities	$ 151	$ 170

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Debt issuance costs	$ 0.1	$ 0.2

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Debt Instruments Measured at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 139,820	$ 144,820
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	94,820	94,820
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	94,820	94,820
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	0	0
Revolving credit facility \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	45,000	50,000
Revolving credit facility \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	0	0
Revolving credit facility \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	45,000	50,000
Revolving credit facility \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	$ 0	$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies (Details)		1 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies (Details)	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2020	Feb. 29, 2020 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) letterOfCredit	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrued penalties										$ 3,787,000	$ 3,929,000
Number of outstanding letters of credit \| letterOfCredit										4
Outstanding letters of credit amount										$ 1,400,000
Restricted cash										3,165,000	3,836,000	$ 3,722,000
Jerome Treadwell v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Recovery per negligent violation									$ 1,000
Recovery per intentional or reckless violation									$ 5,000
Stay case term							60 days
Estimated liability										2,400,000	2,400,000
Mast Powertrain v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Estimated liability										900,000	900,000
Damages sought	$ 4,500,000	$ 6,000,000						$ 9,000,000
Litigation settlement payment						$ 1,500,000
Accrued penalties										0		$ 0
Gary Winemaster v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought					$ 7,200,000
Legal settlement					$ 8,800,000
Accrued reimbursement										$ 8,800,000	$ 8,800,000
Jeffrey Ehlers Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought				$ 2,400,000
Litigation settlement payment			$ 800,000
Rick Lulloff Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought				$ 1,200,000
Litigation settlement payment			$ 500,000

Income Taxes (Details)	3 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details)	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective income tax rate	2.70%	3.50%

Stockholders' Equity (Details) shares in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2024 shares
Common Shares Issued
Beginning balance (in shares)	23,117
Ending balance (in shares)	23,117
Treasury Stock Shares
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	149
Balance at end of period (in shares)	149
Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	22,968
Balance at end of period (in shares)	22,968
Common Stock
Common Shares Issued
Beginning balance (in shares)	23,117
Ending balance (in shares)	23,117
Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	22,968
Balance at end of period (in shares)	22,968
Treasury Stock Shares
Treasury Stock Shares
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	149
Balance at end of period (in shares)	149

Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Numerator:
Net income – basic and diluted	$ 7,115	$ 3,724
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic (in shares)	22,969	22,951
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	4	16
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	22,973	22,967
Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.16
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.31	$ 0.16
Antidilutive shares (in shares)	100	100

Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Apr. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	May 07, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Short-term financing		$ 139,820		$ 144,820
Revolving credit facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Paydown related to credit agreement		5,000
Short-term financing		$ 45,000		$ 50,000
Revolving credit facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Paydown related to credit agreement	$ 5,000
Short-term financing			$ 40,000

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PSIX Power Solutions Intl Inc (PK)