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[lofuw] 03/7/2015 22:25

Synthetic oil


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For synthetic liquid hydrocarbons, see Synthetic fuel.





A sample of synthetic motor oil
Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made (synthesized). Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because, in general, it provides superior mechanical and chemical properties to those found in traditional mineral oils[citation needed]. Aircraft jet engines, for example, require the use of synthetic oils[citation needed], whereas aircraft piston engines do not. Synthetic lubricants are also used in metal stamping to provide environmental and other benefits[citation needed] when compared to conventional petroleum and animal fat based products. These products are also referred to as "non-oil" or "oil free"[citation needed].



Contents [hide]
1 Types 1.1 Synthetic Oil 1.1.1 PAO
1.1.2 Ester

1.2 Semi-synthetic oil
1.3 Other base stocks help semi-synthetic lubricants

2 Performance 2.1 Advantages
2.2 Disadvantages

3 See also
4 References


Types[edit]

Synthetic Oil[edit]

Synthetic base stock lubricant oils, as described above, are man-made and tailored to have a controlled molecular structure with predictable properties. They are composed of organic and inorganic base stock oils combined with polymer packages to produce synthesised oil compounds (API Groups III, IV & V).

PAO[edit]

API Group IV Polyalphaolefins, 100% Synthetic chemical compound. Specific type of olefin (organic) that is used as a base stock in some synthetic lubricants. poly-alpha-olefin (or poly-α-olefin, abbreviated as PAO), is a polymer made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. An alpha-olefin (or α-olefin) is an alkene where the carbon-carbon double bond starts at the α-carbon atom, i.e. the double bond is between the #1 and #2 carbons in the molecule.[1]

Ester[edit]

API Group V Esters are 100% Synthetic chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage. They are derived by reacting an oxoacid with a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol.

Many chemically different "esters" due to their usually excellent lubricity are used for various reasons as either "additives" or "base stocks" for lubricants. [1]

Semi-synthetic oil[edit]

Semi-synthetic oils (also called 'synthetic blends') are blends of mineral oil with no more than 30% synthetic oil designed to have many of the benefits of synthetic oil without matching the cost of pure synthetic oil. Motul introduced the first semi-synthetic motor oil in 1966.[2]

Lubricants that have synthetic base stocks even lower than 30% but with high-performance additive packs consisting of esters can also be considered synthetic lubricants. In general, ratio of the synthetic base stock is used to define commodity codes among the customs declarations of tax purposes.

Other base stocks help semi-synthetic lubricants[edit]

API Group II- and API Group III-type base stocks help to formulate more economic-type semi-synthetic lubricants. API Group I-, II-, II+-, and III-type mineral-base oil stocks are widely used in combination with additive packages, performance packages, and ester and/or API Group IV poly-alpha-olefins in order to formulate semi-synthetic-based lubricants. API Group III base oils are sometimes considered Fully synthetic, but they are still classified as highest-top-level mineral-base stocks. A Synthetic or Synthesized material is one that is produced by combining or building individual units into a unified entry. Synthetic base stocks as described above are man-made and tailored to have a controlled molecular structure with predictable properties, unlike mineral base oils, which are complex mixtures of naturally occurring hydrocarbons and paraffins.[3][4]

[fishermansfriend] 03/7/2015 14:04

They have issued a load of bonus warrants to existing (trapped) shareholders. They are clearly desperate for some mug punters to exercise those warrants as they have some major debts that are due to be repaid in Oct.

I would guess that the reason why the auditors have not signed off on the Annual Report is they are not happy to do so on a going concern basis unless the company can convince them it will not go bust in a few months time.

[fishermansfriend] 03/7/2015 06:26

Seriously late night spamming from the company stooge the desperation must be getting really bad.

[fishermansfriend] 03/7/2015 06:25

Seriously late night spamming from the company stooge the desperation must be getting really bad.

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 22:45

We think of oil as being a single substance, but there actually are many different kinds of oil. Oil types differ from each other in their viscosity, volatility, and toxicity. Viscosity refers to an oil's resistance to flow. Volatility refers to how quickly the oil evaporates into the air. Toxicity refers to how toxic, or poisonous, the oil is to either people or other organisms.

When spilled, the various types of oil can affect the environment differently. They also differ in how hard they are to clean up. Spill responders group oil into four basic types, which you can see here, along with a general summary of how each type can affect shorelines.

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 22:44

Oil remediation is the process used to clean up oil spills. Oil spills threaten the health of humans and are harmful to the environment and may be remedied in a variety of ways. The threat level and the exact type of oil remediation used depends on the size of the spill, the type of oil, the location of the spill and the climate where the spill occurs.

The most preferred method of oil remediation, especially in the water, is to leave it alone and let it naturally disintegrate. When there is no danger of spills affecting marine wildlife or coastal regions, the wind, sun, ocean currents and waves will effectively break up and evaporate most kinds of oil. The lighter the oil the easier it will break down naturally.

Containing the oil with booms and collecting it with skimmer equipment is another method of oil remediation for spills in the water, except for the high seas. Booms may be made of a wide array of materials and come in a large variety of shapes. Depending on the size of the spill, they may be placed in deep water, float evenly with the water line or sit above the water line up to three feet (one meter). Once the oil is contained, it is scooped or sucked out and placed in nearby containers or vessels. In some cases it may even be placed on shore for easier cleanup.

In cases where oil remediation takes place within the first few hours of the spill, and sea grass and deep-water coral are not in danger, dispersant products may be used. Dispersants work to break up the oil so it may biodegrade more quickly. When the oil is broken up it allows it to mix with the water, which promotes evaporation and consumption by bacteria.

When oil, petroleum and other hydrocarbons are spilled in large and small amounts, they may be cleaned up by using a PRP (petroleum remediation product). PRPs were developed by NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and come in different forms. PRPs consist of tiny balls of treated wax which have added nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, that fertilize the microorganisms which eat the oil. Powder PRP products are scattered over a spill to quicken the natural biodegradation process. The oil latches onto the balls when it comes in contact with the wax while the nutrients help promote the growth of bacteria which consume the oil.

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 22:42

We think of oil as being a single substance, but there actually are many different kinds of oil. Oil types differ from each other in their viscosity, volatility, and toxicity. Viscosity refers to an oil's resistance to flow. Volatility refers to how quickly the oil evaporates into the air. Toxicity refers to how toxic, or poisonous, the oil is to either people or other organisms.

When spilled, the various types of oil can affect the environment differently. They also differ in how hard they are to clean up. Spill responders group oil into four basic types, which you can see here, along with a general summary of how each type can affect shorelines.


Type 1: Very Light Oils (Jet Fuels, Gasoline)
• Highly volatile (should evaporate within 1-2 days).
• High concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds.
• Localized, severe impacts to water column and intertidal resources.
• No cleanup possible.

Type 2: Light Oils (Diesel, No. 2 Fuel Oil, Light Crudes)
• Moderately volatile; will leave residue (up to one-third of spill amount) after a few days.
• Moderate concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds.
• Will "oil" intertidal resources with long-term contamination potential.
• Cleanup can be very effective.

Type 3: Medium Oils (Most Crude Oils)
• About one-third will evaporate within 24 hours.
• Oil contamination of intertidal areas can be severe and long-term.
• Oil impacts to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals can be severe.
• Cleanup most effective if conducted quickly.

Type 4: Heavy Oils (Heavy Crude Oils, No. 6 Fuel Oil, Bunker C)
• Little or no evaporation or dissolution.
• Heavy contamination of intertidal areas likely.
• Severe impacts to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals (coating and ingestion).
• Long-term contamination of sediments possible.
• Weathers very slowly.
• Shoreline cleanup difficult under all conditions.






More Information about Oil Types






More technical information about the characteristics of different oils is available on these pages:

Alaska North Slope Crude Blends

No. 6 Fuel Oil (Bunker C) Spills

Small Diesel Spills (500-5,000 gallons)

Tarballs





Figure showing the weathering processes affecting oil spills.





Weathering Processes Affecting Spills






The figure at right shows the weathering processes affecting oil spills:

Adsorption (sedimentation): The process by which one substance is attracted to and adheres to the surface of another substance without actually penetrating its internal structure.

Biodegradation: The degradation of substances resulting from their use as food energy sources by certain micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts.

Dispersion: The distribution of spilled oil into the upper layers of the water column by natural wave action or application of chemical dispersants.

Dissolution: The act or process of dissolving one substance in another.

Emulsification: The process whereby one liquid is dispersed into another liquid in the form of small droplets.

Evaporation: The process whereby any substance is converted from a liquid state to become part of the surrounding atmosphere in the form of a vapor.

Photo Oxidation: Sunlight-promoted chemical reaction of oxygen in the air and oil.

The various types of oil differ in how they weather (chemically or physically change when exposed to the elements). Most crude oil blends will emulsify quickly when spilled, creating a stable mousse that presents a more persistent cleanup and removal challenge. Even in high winds, usually over 70% of a Fuel Oil No. 6 spill will persist as floating or beached oil for a week or longer. On the other hand, over 90% of the diesel in a small spill in the marine environment is either evaporated or naturally dispersed into the water column in time frames of a couple of hours to a couple of days.

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 22:42

We think of oil as being a single substance, but there actually are many different kinds of oil. Oil types differ from each other in their viscosity, volatility, and toxicity. Viscosity refers to an oil's resistance to flow. Volatility refers to how quickly the oil evaporates into the air. Toxicity refers to how toxic, or poisonous, the oil is to either people or other organisms.

When spilled, the various types of oil can affect the environment differently. They also differ in how hard they are to clean up. Spill responders group oil into four basic types, which you can see here, along with a general summary of how each type can affect shorelines.


Type 1: Very Light Oils (Jet Fuels, Gasoline)
• Highly volatile (should evaporate within 1-2 days).
• High concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds.
• Localized, severe impacts to water column and intertidal resources.
• No cleanup possible.

Type 2: Light Oils (Diesel, No. 2 Fuel Oil, Light Crudes)
• Moderately volatile; will leave residue (up to one-third of spill amount) after a few days.
• Moderate concentrations of toxic (soluble) compounds.
• Will "oil" intertidal resources with long-term contamination potential.
• Cleanup can be very effective.

Type 3: Medium Oils (Most Crude Oils)
• About one-third will evaporate within 24 hours.
• Oil contamination of intertidal areas can be severe and long-term.
• Oil impacts to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals can be severe.
• Cleanup most effective if conducted quickly.

Type 4: Heavy Oils (Heavy Crude Oils, No. 6 Fuel Oil, Bunker C)
• Little or no evaporation or dissolution.
• Heavy contamination of intertidal areas likely.
• Severe impacts to waterfowl and fur-bearing mammals (coating and ingestion).
• Long-term contamination of sediments possible.
• Weathers very slowly.
• Shoreline cleanup difficult under all conditions.






More Information about Oil Types






More technical information about the characteristics of different oils is available on these pages:

Alaska North Slope Crude Blends

No. 6 Fuel Oil (Bunker C) Spills

Small Diesel Spills (500-5,000 gallons)

Tarballs





Figure showing the weathering processes affecting oil spills.





Weathering Processes Affecting Spills






The figure at right shows the weathering processes affecting oil spills:

Adsorption (sedimentation): The process by which one substance is attracted to and adheres to the surface of another substance without actually penetrating its internal structure.

Biodegradation: The degradation of substances resulting from their use as food energy sources by certain micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts.

Dispersion: The distribution of spilled oil into the upper layers of the water column by natural wave action or application of chemical dispersants.

Dissolution: The act or process of dissolving one substance in another.

Emulsification: The process whereby one liquid is dispersed into another liquid in the form of small droplets.

Evaporation: The process whereby any substance is converted from a liquid state to become part of the surrounding atmosphere in the form of a vapor.

Photo Oxidation: Sunlight-promoted chemical reaction of oxygen in the air and oil.

The various types of oil differ in how they weather (chemically or physically change when exposed to the elements). Most crude oil blends will emulsify quickly when spilled, creating a stable mousse that presents a more persistent cleanup and removal challenge. Even in high winds, usually over 70% of a Fuel Oil No. 6 spill will persist as floating or beached oil for a week or longer. On the other hand, over 90% of the diesel in a small spill in the marine environment is either evaporated or naturally dispersed into the water column in time frames of a couple of hours to a couple of days.

[fishermansfriend] 02/7/2015 19:42

Not only is the paid company stooge spamming the boards he is also logging on with a different account to vote his posts up, how sad how desperate, how come no annual report?

[fishermansfriend] 02/7/2015 19:41

Not only is the paid company stooge spamming the boards he is also logging on with a different account to vote his posts up, how sad how desperate, how come no annual report?

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 16:45

THE Bahamas Reef Environmental Educational Foundation yesterday released a photo of a visitor’s legs partially covered in oil following a snorkelling trip off Clifton Bay, highlighting the persistent environmental threat oil spills are posing to the area.


#BREEF Executive Director Casuarina McKinney-Lambert said the oil spill has been “unbearable,” negatively impacting the “precious marine environment, human health, livelihoods and the reputation of The Bahamas around the world.”

#This comes despite the fact that the government pledged $10m towards the removal of oil from waters off Clifton Pier in January in response to the longstanding problem.

#Last year, there were complaints that significant amounts of oil washed ashore on the nearby Adelaide Beach.

#Mrs McKinney-Lambert said: “BREEF has been advocating for the clean-up of this environmental disaster for many years, and is hopeful that the clean-up will start soon. There is no time to wait.

#“Last year, BREEF installed the Coral Reef Sculpture Garden to draw attention to critical threats to the marine environment, particularly the use of fossil fuels that can contaminate the environment with spills, and whose combustion changes the global climate.

#“We were very pleased to hear that the prime minister has committed funds for the clean-up, and we are anxiously awaiting for it to result in remediation of the current situation, and on the ground measures to ensure that oil does not leak into the water in the future.

#“This is critically important. BREEF recognises that the oil spills at Clifton have been going on for many years, and that it will take a number of steps to effectively fix this problem.”

#She added: “The installation of BREEF’s Coral Reef Sculpture Garden generated tremendous positive publicity for The Bahamas around the world with print and online media reporting on the story, with over 100 stories in dozens of countries.”

#The Sculpture Garden is home to the world’s largest underwater sculpture – “Ocean Atlas” by Jason deCaires Taylor.

#“The media coverage has inspired many people to visit the country to enjoy our marine environment, and has raised the reputation of the Bahamian artists Andret John and Willicey Tynes who contributed important pieces to the sculpture garden,” she added.

#“The underwater sculptures are now turning into living reefs and BREEF is monitoring both the growth of new corals on this underwater art, as well as monitoring the oil that contaminates the area daily.

#“It is imperative that local and international visitors leave with a positive impression and an enthusiasm to visit again, rather than covered in oil.”

[lofuw] 02/7/2015 16:36

THE Bahamas Reef Environmental Educational Foundation yesterday released a photo of a visitor’s legs partially covered in oil following a snorkelling trip off Clifton Bay, highlighting the persistent environmental threat oil spills are posing to the area.


#BREEF Executive Director Casuarina McKinney-Lambert said the oil spill has been “unbearable,” negatively impacting the “precious marine environment, human health, livelihoods and the reputation of The Bahamas around the world.”

#This comes despite the fact that the government pledged $10m towards the removal of oil from waters off Clifton Pier in January in response to the longstanding problem.

#Last year, there were complaints that significant amounts of oil washed ashore on the nearby Adelaide Beach.

#Mrs McKinney-Lambert said: “BREEF has been advocating for the clean-up of this environmental disaster for many years, and is hopeful that the clean-up will start soon. There is no time to wait.

#“Last year, BREEF installed the Coral Reef Sculpture Garden to draw attention to critical threats to the marine environment, particularly the use of fossil fuels that can contaminate the environment with spills, and whose combustion changes the global climate.

#“We were very pleased to hear that the prime minister has committed funds for the clean-up, and we are anxiously awaiting for it to result in remediation of the current situation, and on the ground measures to ensure that oil does not leak into the water in the future.

#“This is critically important. BREEF recognises that the oil spills at Clifton have been going on for many years, and that it will take a number of steps to effectively fix this problem.”

#She added: “The installation of BREEF’s Coral Reef Sculpture Garden generated tremendous positive publicity for The Bahamas around the world with print and online media reporting on the story, with over 100 stories in dozens of countries.”

#The Sculpture Garden is home to the world’s largest underwater sculpture – “Ocean Atlas” by Jason deCaires Taylor.

#“The media coverage has inspired many people to visit the country to enjoy our marine environment, and has raised the reputation of the Bahamian artists Andret John and Willicey Tynes who contributed important pieces to the sculpture garden,” she added.

#“The underwater sculptures are now turning into living reefs and BREEF is monitoring both the growth of new corals on this underwater art, as well as monitoring the oil that contaminates the area daily.

#“It is imperative that local and international visitors leave with a positive impression and an enthusiasm to visit again, rather than covered in oil.”

[daniel levi bmd] 02/7/2015 09:15

FYI



Dan

x

[fishermansfriend] 02/7/2015 09:14

lofuw - 06 Jan 2014 - 17:45:19 - 5126 of 7552
DRUNKEN SAILOR - ACTION TAKEN AGAINST DS RE THE PERVERSION OF THE COURSE OF JUSTICE. ALSO BELIEVE HE IS BEING INVESTIGATED FOR OTHER OFFENCES.

Dear Counsel and Mr. Smith (ALIAS DRUNKEN SAILOR AND OTHERS),

I write concerning a series of e-mails sent either directly to Judge Oing or on which Judge Oing is copied regarding this case. Mr. Smith, please cease contacting Judge Oing directly and including him in your e-mail correspondence with the parties in this matter, as he has not given you permission to do so.

Regards,


Samuel Yaggy, Esq.
Assistant Law Clerk to Hon. Jeffrey K. Oing, J.S.C.
New York County Supreme Court, Commercial Division
60 Centre Street
New York, NY 10007
[phone]
[e-mail]

lofuw - 06 Jan 2014 - 19:56:27 - 5128 of 7552
Hello Yarsan. I'm a recent investor and i'm intrigued with the US legal case. I have noticed that most days you have been constantly attacking the company. So i guess you are not a shareholder but paid to write bad press on the company !

I'm just learning, but are you the same as Drunken Sailor (Adrian Smith) or just an affiliate of the same organisation ? You pretend you know what you are talking about. I'm surprised you don't know the answers to your own questions. Not sure what it all your questions mean anyway. They look like some form of splitting hairs.

I can't help you with the other points you have. I suggest you ask the company or their brokers, so you can write with better credibility on the blogs.

lofuw - 07 Jan 2014 - 19:06:41 - 5194 of 7552
teb

Whilst I agree with your threads. Unfortunately there is a good reason why they aren't disclosing who they are or whom pays for their services.

I'm familiar with US securities law's and i can assure you it is a potential criminal offense if someone, in exchange for an undisclosed fee (that is, a bribe) touts a share or denigrates it in an effort to manipulate the price. I'm aware of a number of years ago, a man with a syndicated radio show, was criminally convicted for touting stock on air without disclosing that he had been paid to do so and went to jail for a number of years. Also, there was the case fifteen years ago in which a columnist for the Wall Street Journal was convicted for doing the same thing.

When you add in to their libel and defamatory issues, the tortuous business interference legislation you have in the U.S. then it all begins to add up.

lofuw 2 Jul'15 - 09:49 - 7551 of 7551 1 0

TXO, the AIM-quoted [not anymore] energy resource and clean technology investment company

Company stooge being paid to Spam TXO boards in the hope that some mug punter will be foolish enough to exercise warrants.

Nobody has ever investigated me, but TB had a few awkward questions to answer from several authorities during his scamming career.