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| Share Name | Share Symbol | Market | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spectrum Group International Inc (CE) | USOTC:SPGZ | OTCMarkets | Common Stock |
| Price Change | % Change | Share Price | Bid Price | Offer Price | High Price | Low Price | Open Price | Shares Traded | Last Trade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 0.00% | 21,500.00 | 0.00 | 01:00:00 |
| Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund |
| Prospectus |
| February 26, 2014 |
| Investor Shares |
| Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund Investor Shares (VDEQX) |
| This prospectus contains financial data for the Fund through the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 . |
| The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or |
| passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. |
Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation and dividend income.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
| Annual Fund Operating Expenses | |
| (Expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | |
| Management Fees | None |
| 12b-1 Distribution Fee | None |
| Other Expenses | None |
| Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses | 0.40% |
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 0.40% |
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Example
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund (based on the fees and expenses of the acquired funds) with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses of the Fund and its underlying funds remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $41 | $128 | $224 | $505 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund may pay transaction costs, such as purchase fees, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 5 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
As a “fund of funds,” the Diversified Equity Fund invests in a diversified group of other Vanguard equity mutual funds, rather than in individual securities. The underlying funds’ holdings mainly consist of large-, mid-, and small-capitalization equity securities of domestic companies.
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Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of the overall stock market. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection will cause one or more of the Fund’s actively managed underlying funds—and, thus, the Fund itself—to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown. The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of a relevant market index, which has investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
Annual Total Returns — Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 17.56% (quarter ended June 30, 2009), and the lowest return for a quarter was –22.78% (quarter ended December 31, 2008).
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Actual after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown in the preceding table. When after-tax returns are calculated, it is assumed that the shareholder was in the highest individual federal marginal income tax bracket at the time of each distribution of income or capital gains or upon redemption. State and local income taxes are not reflected in the calculations. Please note that after-tax returns are not relevant for a shareholder who holds fund shares in a tax-deferred account, such as an individual retirement account or a 401(k) plan. Also, figures captioned Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares may be higher than other figures for the same period if a capital loss occurs upon redemption and results in an assumed tax deduction for the shareholder.
Investment Advisor
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (
Vanguard
)
Portfolio Managers
Michael H. Buek, CFA, Principal of Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
William Coleman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
Walter Nejman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
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Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
You may purchase or redeem shares online through our website ( vanguard.com) , by mail (The Vanguard Group, P.O. Box 1110, Valley Forge, PA 19482-1110), or by telephone (800-662-2739). The following table provides the Fund’s minimum initial and subsequent investment requirements.
| Account Minimums | Investor Shares |
| To open and maintain an account | $3,000 |
| To add to an existing account | Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment |
| Plan, which has no established minimum) |
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions may be taxable as ordinary income or capital gain. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisor do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
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More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance
for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this
symbol throughout the
prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund’s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. As a “fund of funds,” the Diversified Equity Fund achieves its investment objective by investing in other Vanguard mutual funds. Through its investments in underlying funds, the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly owns a diversified portfolio of stocks. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote.
| Plain Talk About Fund of Funds |
| The term “fund of funds” is used to describe a mutual fund that pursues its |
| objective by investing in other mutual funds. A fund of funds may charge for its |
| own direct expenses, in addition to bearing a proportionate share of the expenses |
| charged by the underlying funds in which it invests. A fund of funds is best suited |
| for long-term investors. |
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Market Exposure
Through eight underlying Vanguard funds, the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly invests its assets in equity securities. These investments are designed to provide long-term capital appreciation and some income. The underlying equity funds are described later in this section under “Security Selection.” Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its assets in equity securities. The Fund’s policy of investing at least 80% of its assets in equity securities may only be changed upon 60 days’ notice to shareholders.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices.
To illustrate the volatility of stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for the U.S. stock market over various periods as measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index, a widely used barometer of U.S. market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
| U.S. Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1926– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 54.2% | 28.6% | 19.9% | 17.8% |
| Worst | –43.1 | –12.4 | –1.4 | 3.1 |
| Average | 12.0 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 11.1 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1926 through 2013 . You can see, for example, that although the average annual return on common stocks for all of the 5-year periods was 9.9% , average annual returns for individual 5-year periods ranged from –12.4% (from 1928 through 1932) to 28.6% (from 1995 through 1999). These average annual returns reflect past performance of common stocks; you should not regard them as an indication of future performance of either the stock market as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Stocks of publicly traded companies and funds that invest in stocks are often classified according to market value, or market capitalization. These classifications typically include small-cap, mid-cap, and large-cap. It is important to understand that, for both companies and stock funds, market-capitalization ranges change over time. Also, interpretations of size vary, and there are no “official” definitions of small-, mid-, and large-cap, even among Vanguard fund advisors. The asset-weighted median
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market capitalization of the Fund’s stock holdings as of October 31, 2013 , was $38.9 billion.
By owning shares of the underlying funds, the Fund indirectly owns a diversified mixture of common stocks. Although its indirect stock holdings are predominantly mid- and large-cap, the Fund consists of stocks across the capitalization spectrum, including small-cap. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks. This volatility is the result of several factors, including the fact that smaller companies often have fewer customers and financial resources than larger firms. These characteristics can make small and mid-size companies more sensitive to economic conditions, leading to less certain growth and dividend prospects.
Security Selection
The Fund seeks to achieve its objective by investing in a combination of other mutual funds rather than in individual securities.
The underlying Vanguard funds are managed according to traditional methods of active investment management. This means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisors’ judgments about companies and their financial prospects.
The Diversified Equity Fund invests in the following funds, in approximately the percentages indicated:
Vanguard Growth and Income Fund, made up of both value- and growth-oriented stocks that are mainly large-cap, is included primarily for its potential for a total return greater than that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.
• Vanguard Growth and Income Fund uses computer models to select a broadly diversified group of stocks that, as a whole, have investment characteristics similar to those of the S&P 500 Index but are expected to provide a higher total return than that of the Index.
Vanguard Windsor Fund, Vanguard Windsor II Fund, and Vanguard Capital Value Fund are value-oriented stock funds. Vanguard Windsor Fund and Vanguard Windsor II Fund are included primarily for their potential for long-term capital appreciation, as well as for their
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secondary objective of providing some dividend income. Vanguard Capital Value Fund is included primarily for its potential to provide long-term maximum total return.
• Vanguard Windsor Fund and Vanguard Windsor II Fund invest in mid- and large-cap companies, and Vanguard Capital Value Fund invests in companies across the capitalization spectrum. These funds invest in companies whose stocks are considered undervalued by the advisors. These stocks typically have below-average prices in relation to such measures as earnings and book value.
Vanguard Explorer Fund, Vanguard Morgan Growth Fund, Vanguard U.S. Growth Fund, and Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund are growth-oriented funds. These funds are included primarily to provide long-term capital appreciation. They work in different ways to achieve this goal.
• Vanguard Explorer Fund invests mainly in the stocks of small companies. These companies tend to be unseasoned but are considered by the fund’s advisors to have superior growth potential. These companies often provide little or no dividend income.
• Vanguard Morgan Growth Fund invests mainly in the stocks of mid- and large-cap U.S. companies whose revenues and/or earnings are expected to grow faster than those of the average company in the market.
• Vanguard U.S. Growth Fund invests mainly in large-cap stocks of U.S. companies considered to have above-average earnings growth potential and reasonable stock prices in comparison with expected earnings.
• Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund invests mainly in the stocks of mid-size companies.
In selecting stocks, the fund’s advisors choose companies considered to have the best prospects for future growth.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selectio n will cause one or more of the Fund’s actively managed underlying funds—and, thus, the Fund itself—to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective.
| Plain Talk About Growth Funds and Value Funds |
| Growth investing and value investing are two styles employed by stock-fund |
| managers. Growth funds generally focus on stocks of companies believed to |
| have above-average potential for growth in revenue, earnings, cash flow, or other |
| similar criteria. These stocks typically have low dividend yields and above-average |
| prices in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. Value funds |
| typically emphasize stocks whose prices are below average in relation to those |
| measures; these stocks often have above-average dividend yields. Growth and |
| value stocks have historically produced similar long-term returns, though each |
| style has periods when it outperforms the other. |
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Other Investment Policies and Risks
Through its investment in the underlying funds, Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund is proportionately exposed to certain investment style risks, each of which is described in detail in the underlying funds’ prospectuses. For example, through its investment in Vanguard Explorer Fund and Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund, the Fund is subject to the risk that small-cap growth stocks and mid-cap growth stocks, respectively, will trail returns from the overall market. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than the large-cap stocks that dominate the overall market, and they often perform quite differently. Because the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly invests in growth and value stocks, and across all capitalization ranges, the Fund in the aggregate is not subject to any particular primary investment style risk.
To the extent that the underlying funds own foreign securities, the Fund is subject to country risk and currency risk . Country risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries. In addition, the prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates.
Each underlying fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index ), or a reference rate (such as LIBOR). Investments in derivatives may subject the funds to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those o f investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The funds will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
Each underlying fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the underlying fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail
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to achieve its investment objective, which in turn may prevent the Diversified Equity Fund from achieving its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
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See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell shares of the underlying funds regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced shares of underlying funds valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period.
The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more than 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
According to an agreement applicable to Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund and Vanguard, the Fund’s direct expenses will be offset b y Vanguard for (1) the Fund’s contributions to the costs of operating the underlying Vanguard funds in which the Fund invests and (2) certain savings in administrative and marketing costs that Vanguard expects to derive from the Fund’s operation.
The Fund’s trustees believe that the offsets should be sufficient to cover most, if not all, of the direct expenses incurred by the Fund. As a result, the Fund is expected to operate at a very low or zero direct expense ratio. Since its inception, the Fund, in fact, has incurred no direct net expenses. Although the Diversified Equity Fund is not expected to incur any net expenses directly, the Fund’s shareholders indirectly bear the expenses of the underlying Vanguard funds.
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| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisor
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), P.O. Box 2600, Valley Forge, PA 19482, which began operations in 1975, serves as advisor to the Fund through its Equity Investment Group. As of October 31, 2013 , Vanguard served as advisor for approximately $2 trillion in assets. Vanguard provides investment advisory services to the Fund on an at-cost basis, subject to the supervision and oversight of the trustees and officers of the Fund.
The underlying Vanguard funds employ multiple advisors, none of which is paid a management fee for performing investment management services for Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund. However, the advisors receive management fees for managing the underlying Vanguard funds. For additional information on the investment advisors, please refer to each underlying fund’s prospectus.
For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory arrangement, see the most recent semiannual report to shareholders covering the fiscal period ended April 30.
Vanguard’s Equity Investment Group is overseen by:
Mortimer J. Buckley , Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director of Vanguard. As Chief Investment Officer, he is responsible for the oversight of Vanguard’s Equity Investment and Fixed Income Groups. The investments managed by these two groups include active quantitative equity funds, equity index funds, active bond funds, index bond funds, stable value portfolios, and money market funds. Mr. Buckley joined Vanguard in 1991 and has held various senior leadership positions with Vanguard. He received his A.B. in economics from Harvard and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
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Joseph Brennan , CFA, Principal of Vanguard and head of Vanguard’s Equity Index Group. He has oversight responsibility for all equity index funds managed by the Equity Investment Group. He first joined Vanguard in 1991. He received his B.A. in economics from Fairfield University and an M.S. in finance from Drexel University.
John Ameriks , Ph.D., Principal of Vanguard and head of Vanguard’s Active Equity Group. He has oversight responsibility for all active quantitative equity funds managed by the Equity Investment Group. He joined Vanguard in 2003. He received his A.B. in economics from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
Michael H. Buek , CFA, Principal of Vanguard. He has been with Vanguard since 1987, has managed investment portfolios since 1991, and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.S., University of Vermont; M.B.A., Villanova University.
William Coleman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has worked in investment management since joining Vanguard in 2006 and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.S., King’s College; M.S., Saint Joseph’s University.
Walter Nejman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has been with Vanguard since 2005, has worked in investment management since 2008, and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.A., Arcadia University; M.B.A., Villanova University.
The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
Fund Distributions
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings or received as capital gains distributions from the underlying funds. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December. You can receive distributions of income or capital gains in cash, or you can have them automatically reinvested in more shares of the Fund.
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| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
Basic Tax Points
Vanguard will send you a statement each year showing the tax status of all your distributions. In addition, investors in taxable accounts should be aware of the following basic federal income tax points:
• Distributions are taxable to you whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional Fund shares.
• Distributions declared in December—if paid to you by the end of January—are taxable as if received in December.
• Any dividend or short-term capital gains distributions that you receive are taxable to you as ordinary income. If you are an individual and meet certain holding-period requirements with respect to your Fund shares, you may be eligible for reduced tax rates on “qualified dividend income,”if any, distributed by the Fu nd.
• Any distributions of net long-term capital gains are taxable to you as long-term capital gains, no matter how long you have owned shares in the Fund.
• Capital gains distributions may vary considerably from year to year as a result of the Fund‘s normal investment activities and cash flows.
• A sale or exchange of Fund shares is a taxable event. This means that you may have a capital gain to report as income, or a capital loss to report as a deduction, when you complete your tax return.
Individuals, trusts, and estates whose income exceeds certain threshold amounts are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on “net investment income.” Net investment income takes into account distributions paid by the Fund and capital gains from any sale or exchange of Fund shares.
Dividend and capital gains distributions that you receive, as well as your gains or losses from any sale or exchange of Fund shares, may be subject to state and local income taxes.
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This prospectus provides general tax information only. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply. Please consult your tax advisor for detailed information about any tax consequences for you.
| Plain Talk About Buying a Dividend |
| Unless you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account (such as an |
| IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the |
| fund makes a distribution, because doing so can cost you money in taxes. This is |
| known as “buying a dividend.” For example: On December 15, you invest $5,000, |
| buying 250 shares for $20 each. If the fund pays a distribution of $1 per share on |
| December 16, its share price will drop to $19 (not counting market change). You |
| still have only $5,000 (250 shares x $19 = $4,750 in share value, plus 250 shares |
| x $1 = $250 in distributions), but you owe tax on the $250 distribution you |
| received—even if you reinvest it in more shares. To avoid buying a dividend, check |
| a fund’s distribution schedule before you invest. |
General Information
Backup withholding. By law, Vanguard must withhold 28% of any taxable distributions or redemptions from your account if you do not:
• Provide us with your correct taxpayer identification number.
• Certify that the taxpayer identification number is correct.
• Confirm that you are not subject to backup withholding.
Similarly, Vanguard must withhold taxes from your account if the IRS instructs us to do so.
Foreign investors. Vanguard funds offered for sale in the United States (Vanguard U.S. funds), including the Fund offered in this prospectus, generally are not sold outside the United States, except to certain qualified investors. Non-U.S. investors should be aware that U.S. withholding and estate taxes and certain U.S. tax reporting requirements may apply to any investments in Vanguard U.S. funds. Foreign investors should visit the Non-U.S. Investors page on our website at vanguard.com for information on Vanguard’s non-U.S. products.
Invalid addresses. If a dividend or capital gains distribution check mailed to your address of record is returned as undeliverable, Vanguard will automatically reinvest the distribution and all future distributions until you provide us with a valid mailing address. Reinvestments will receive the net asset value calculated on the date of the reinvestment.
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Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. The NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . The underlying Vanguard funds in which the Fund invests also do not calculate their NAV on days when the Exchange is closed, but the value of their assets may be affected to the extent that they hold foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
The Fund’s NAV is calculated based upon the values of the underlying mutual funds in which the Fund invests. The values of the mutual fund shares held by the Fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF shares held by the Fund are based on the market value of the shares. The prospectuses for the underlying funds explain the circumstances under which those funds will use fair-value pricing and the effects of doing so.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
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Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $22.70 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $0.332 per share from investment |
| income, $0.131 per share in capital gain distributions received, and $6.626 per |
| share from investments that had appreciated in value or that were sold for higher |
| prices than the Fund paid for them. |
| Shareholders received $0.359 per share in the form of dividend and capital gains |
| distributions. A portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior |
| year’s income or capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $29.43, reflecting earnings of $7.089 |
| per share and distributions of $0.359 per share. This was an increase of $6.73 per |
| share (from $22.70 at the beginning of the year to $29.43 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 31.70% for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $1.4 billion in net assets. For |
| the year, its acquired fund fees and expenses were 0.40% , and its net |
| investment income amounted to 1.27% of its average net assets. The Fund sold |
| and replaced securities valued at 5% of its net assets. |
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| Diversified Equity Fund | |||||
| For a Share Outstanding | Year Ended October 31, | ||||
| Throughout Each Period | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 |
| Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $22.70 | $20.34 | $19.13 | $16.43 | $15.30 |
| Investment Operations | |||||
| Net Investment Income | .332 | .262 | .228 | .206 | .268 |
| Capital Gain Distributions Received | .131 | .034 | — | — | — |
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | |||||
| on Investments | 6.626 | 2.310 | 1.192 | 2.686 | 1.856 |
| Total from Investment Operations | 7.089 | 2.606 | 1.420 | 2.892 | 2.124 |
| Distributions | |||||
| Dividends from Net Investment Income | (.344) | (.246) | (.210) | (.192) | (.286) |
| Distributions from Realized Capital Gains | (.015) | — | — | — | (.708) |
| Total Distributions | (.359) | (.246) | (.210) | (.192) | (.994) |
| Net Asset Value, End of Period | $29.43 | $22.70 | $20.34 | $19.13 | $16.43 |
| Total Return 1 | 31.70% | 12.97% | 7.42% | 17.68% | 15.48% |
| Ratios/Supplemental Data | |||||
| Net Assets, End of Period (Millions) | $1,420 | $1,173 | $1,183 | $1,250 | $1,211 |
| Ratio of Total Expenses to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | — | — | — | — | — |
| Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.41% | 0.40% | 0.43% |
| Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | 1.27% | 1.18% | 1.09% | 1.13% | 1.71% |
| Portfolio Turnover Rate | 5% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 5% |
1 Total returns do not include account service fees that may have applied in the periods shown.
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Investing With Vanguard
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of doing business with Vanguard. Vanguard fund shares can be held directly with Vanguard or indirectly through an intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor . If you hold Vanguard fund shares directly with Vanguard, you should carefully read each topic within this section that pertains to your relationship with Vanguard. If you hold Vanguard fund shares indirectly through an intermediary (including shares held through a Vanguard brokerage account) , please see Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms , and also refer to your account agreement with the intermediary for information about transacting in that account. Vanguard reserves the right to change the following policies without notice. Please call or check online for current information. See
Contacting Vanguard.
For Vanguard fund shares held directly with Vanguard, each fund you hold in an account is a separate “fund account.” For example, if you hold three funds in a nonretirement account titled in your own name, two funds in a nonretirement account titled jointly with your spouse, and one fund in an individual retirement account, you have six fund accounts—and this is true even if you hold the same fund in multiple accounts. Note that each reference to “you” in this prospectus applies to any one or more registered account owners or persons authorized to transact on your account.
Purchasing Shares
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to increase or decrease the minimum amount required to open or maintain a fund account or to add to an existing fund account.
Investment minimums may differ for certain categories of investors.
Account Minimums
To open and maintain an account. $3,000.
To a dd to an existing account. Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment Plan, which has no established minimum).
How to Initiate a Purchase Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations, and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your purchase request.
Online. You may open certain types of accounts, request a purchase of shares, and request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
By telephone. You may call Vanguard to begin the account registration process or request that the account-opening forms be sent to you. You may also call Vanguard to
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request a purchase of shares in your account or to request an exchange. See
Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send Vanguard your account registration form and check to open a new fund account. To add to an existing fund account, you may send your check with an Invest-by-Mail form (from a transaction confirmation or your account statement), with a deposit slip (available online), or with a written request. You may also send a written request to Vanguard to make an exchange. For a list of Vanguard addresses, see Contacting Vanguard .
How to Pay for a Purchase
By electronic bank transfer. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund through an electronic transfer of money from a bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate the bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can purchase shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Investment Plan) or upon request . Your purchase request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. Wiring instructions vary for different types of purchases. Please call Vanguard for instructions and policies on purchasing shares by wire. See Contacting Vanguard.
By check. You may make initial or additional purchases to your fund account by sending a check or by utilizing our mobile application if you are registered for online access. Also see How to Initiate a Purchase Request . M ake your check payable to Vanguard and include the appropriate fund number (Vanguard—608).
By exchange. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
Trade Date
The trade date for any purchase request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request, the manner in which you are paying, and the type of fund you are purchasing. Your purchase will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open for trading (a business day).
For purchases by check into all funds other than money market funds and for purchases by exchange , wire , or electronic bank transfer (not using an Automatic Investment Plan) into all funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m.,
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Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the same day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day.
For purchases by check into money market funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the second business day following the day Vanguard receives the purchase request. Because money market instruments must be purchased with federal funds and it takes a money market mutual fund one business day to convert check proceeds into federal funds, the trade date for the purchase will be one business day later than for other funds.
For purchases by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Investment Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account. Your bank account generally will be debited on the business day after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
If your purchase request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about purchase transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Purchase Rules You Should Know
Check purchases. All purchase checks must be written in U.S. dollars and must be drawn on a U.S. bank. Vanguard does not accept cash, traveler’s checks, or money orders. In addition, Vanguard may refuse “starter checks” and checks that are not made payable to Vanguard.
New accounts. We are required by law to obtain from you certain personal information that we will use to verify your identity. If you do not provide the information, we may not be able to open your account. If we are unable to verify your identity, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to close your account or take such other steps as we deem reasonable. Certain types of accounts may require additional documentation.
Refused or rejected purchase requests. Vanguard reserves the right to stop selling fund shares or to reject any purchase request at any time and without notice, including, but not limited to, purchases requested by exchange from another Vanguard fund. This also includes the right to reject any purchase request because the investor has a
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history of frequent trading or because the purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
Large purchases. Please call Vanguard before attempting to invest a large dollar amount.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any purchase request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a purchase request.
Redeeming Shares
How to Initiate a Redemption Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations , and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your redemption request.
Online. You may request a redemption of shares or request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
By telephone. You may call Vanguard to request a redemption of shares or an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send a written request to Vanguard to redeem from a fund account or to make an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
How to Receive Redemption Proceeds
By electronic bank transfer. You may have the proceeds of a fund redemption sent directly to a designated bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can redeem shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Withdrawal Plan) or upon request . Your redemption request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. To receive your proceeds by wire, you may instruct Vanguard to wire your redemption proceeds ($100 minimum) to a previously designated bank account. To establish the wire redemption service , you generally must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form.
By exchange. You may have the proceeds of a Vanguard fund redemption invested directly in shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
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By check. If you have not chosen another redemption method, Vanguard will mail you a redemption check, generally payable to all registered account owners, normally within two business days of your trade date, and generally to the address of record.
Trade Date
The trade date for any redemption request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request and the manner in which you are redeeming. Your redemption will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the NYSE is open for trading (a business day).
For redemptions by check , exchange , or wire : If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from money market funds: For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day before 10:45 a.m., Eastern time (2 p.m., Eastern time, for Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business the same day. For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day after those cut-off times, or on a nonbusiness day, and for all requests other than by telephone, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from all other funds: For requests received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day. For requests received by Vanguard on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the second business day after Vanguard receives the request.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds (redemption of shares) from your Vanguard account. Proceeds of redeemed shares generally will be credited to your designated bank account two business days after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your Vanguard account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer not using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan: If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the
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close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
If your redemption request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. If we are unable to send your redemption proceeds by wire or electronic bank transfer because the receiving institution rejects the transfer, Vanguard will make additional efforts to complete your transaction. If Vanguard is still unable to complete the transaction, we may send the proceeds of the redemption to you by check, generally payable to all registered account owners, or use your proceeds to purchase new shares of the fund from which you sold shares for the purpose of the wire or electronic bank transfer transaction. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about redemption transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Redemption Rules You Should Know
Documentation for certain accounts. Special documentation may be required to redeem from certain types of accounts, such as trust, corporate, nonprofit, or retirement accounts. Please call us before attempting to redeem from these types of accounts.
Potentially disruptive redemptions. Vanguard reserves the right to pay all or part of a redemption in kind—that is, in the form of securities—if we reasonably believe that a cash redemption would negatively affect the fund’s operation or performance or that the shareholder may be engaged in market-timing or frequent trading. Under these circumstances, Vanguard also reserves the right to delay payment of the redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. By calling us before you attempt to redeem a large dollar amount, you may avoid in-kind or delayed payment of your redemption. Please see Frequent-Trading Limitations for information about Vanguard’s policies to limit frequent trading.
Recently purchased shares. Although you can redeem shares at any time, proceeds may not be made available to you until the fund collects payment for your purchase. This may take up to seven calendar days for shares purchased by check or by electronic bank transfer. If you have written a check on a fund with checkwriting privileges, that check may be rejected if your fund account does not have a sufficient available balance.
Address change. If you change your address online or by telephone, there may be up to a 14-day restriction on your ability to request check redemptions online and by telephone. You can request a redemption in writing at any time. Confirmations of address changes are sent to both the old and new addresses.
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Payment to a different person or address. At your request, we can make your redemption check payable, or wire your redemption proceeds, to a different person or send it to a different address. However, this generally requires the written consent of all registered account owners and may require a signature guarantee or a notarized signature. You may obtain a signature guarantee from some commercial or savings banks, credit unions, trust companies, or member firms of a U.S. stock exchange.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any redemption request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a redemption request.
Emergency circumstances. Vanguard funds can postpone payment of redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. In addition, Vanguard funds can suspend redemptions and/or postpone payments of redemption proceeds beyond seven calendar days at times when the NYSE is closed or during emergency circumstances, as determined by the SEC.
Exchanging Shares
An exchange occurs when you use the proceeds from the redemption of shares of one Vanguard fund to simultaneously purchase shares of a different Vanguard fund. You can make exchange requests online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Purchasing Shares and Redeeming Shares .
If the NYSE is open for regular trading (generally until 4 p.m., Eastern time, on a business day) at the time an exchange request is received in good order, the trade date generally will be the same day. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order for additional information on all transaction requests.
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any exchange request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing an exchange request.
Please note that Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount of any exchange, or reject an exchange, at any time, for any reason. See Frequent-Trading Limitations for additional restrictions on exchanges.
Frequent-Trading Limitations
Because excessive transactions can disrupt management of a fund and increase the fund’s costs for all shareholders, the board of trustees of each Vanguard fund places certain limits on frequent trading in the funds. Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) limits an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a
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fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account. ETF Shares are not subject to these frequent-trading limits.
For Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, the limitations apply to exchanges made online or by telephone .
These frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following:
Service, Direct Deposit Service, Automatic Withdrawal Plan, Required Minimum Distribution Service, and Vanguard Small Business Online ® .
types of retirement accounts (including, but not limited to, IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans).
• Transaction requests submitted by mail to Vanguard from shareholders who hold their accounts directly with Vanguard or through a Vanguard brokerage account . (Transaction requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
trades made by Vanguard funds that invest in other Vanguard funds. (Please note that shareholders of Vanguard’s funds of funds are subject to the limitations.)
For participants in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans,* the frequent-trading limitations do not apply to:
• Purchases of shares with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments.
enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
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submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
* The following Vanguard fund accounts are subject to the frequent-trading limitations: SEP-IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Accounts Held by Institutions (Other Than Defined Contribution Plans)
Vanguard will systematically monitor for frequent trading in institutional clients’ accounts. If we detect suspicious trading activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action, which may include applying to a client’s accounts the 60-day policy previously described, prohibiting a client’s purchases of fund shares, and/or revoking the client’s exchange privilege.
Accounts Held by Intermediaries
When intermediaries establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of their clients, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of the individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor their clients’ trading activities with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries will be asked to assess these fees on client accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If you invest with Vanguard through an intermediary, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
Other Rules You Should Know
Prospectus and Shareholder Report Mailings
Vanguard attempts to eliminate the unnecessary expense of duplicate mailings by sending just one summary prospectus (or prospectus) and/or shareholder report when two or more shareholders have the same last name and address. You may
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request individual prospectuses and reports by contacting our Client Services Department in writing, by telephone, or online. See Contacting Vanguard .
Vanguard.com
Registration. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com, you can review your account holdings; buy, sell, or exchange shares of most Vanguard funds; and perform most other transactions through our website. You must register for this service online.
Electronic delivery. Vanguard can deliver your account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com , you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging on and changing your mailing preferences under “Account Maintenance.” You can revoke your electronic consent at any time through our website, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within 30 days of receiving your revocation.
Telephone Transactions
Automatic. When we set up your account, we will automatically enable you to do business with us by telephone, unless you instruct us otherwise in writing.
Tele-Account ® . To obtain fund and account information through Vanguard’s automated telephone service, you must first establish a Personal Identification Number (PIN) by calling Tele-Account at 800-662-6273.
Proof of a caller’s authority. We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
Good Order
We reserve the right to reject any transaction instructions that are not in “good order.” Good order generally means that your instructions:
• Are provided by the person(s) authorized in accordance with Vanguard’s policies and procedures to access the account and request transactions.
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Written instructions also must include:
• Signature guarantees or notarized signatures, if required for the type of transaction.
(Call Vanguard for specific requirements.)
• Any supporting documentation that may be required.
The requirements vary among types of accounts and transactions. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise the requirements for good order.
Future Trade-Date Requests
Vanguard does not accept requests to hold a purchase, redemption, or exchange transaction for a future date. All such requests will receive trade dates as previously described in Purchasing Shares, Redeeming Shares, and Exchanging Shares . Vanguard reserves the right to return future-dated purchase checks.
Accounts With More Than One Owner
If an account has more than one owner or authorized person, Vanguard generally will accept instructions from any one owner or authorized person.
Responsibility for Fraud
Vanguard will not be responsible for any account losses because of fraud if we reasonably believe that the person transacting business on an account is authorized to do so. Please take precautions to protect yourself from fraud. Keep your account information private, and immediately review any account statements or other information that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately about any transactions or changes to your account that you believe to be unauthorized.
Uncashed Checks
Please cash your distribution or redemption checks promptly. Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
Dormant Accounts
If your account has no activity in it for a period of time, Vanguard may be required to transfer it to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
Unusual Circumstances
If you experience difficulty contacting Vanguard online or by telephone, you can send us your transaction request by regular or express mail. See Contacting Vanguard for addresses.
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Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
Please see Frequent - Trading Limitations — Accounts Held by Intermediaries for information about the assessment of any purchase or redemption fees and the monitoring of frequent trading for accounts held by intermediaries.
Account Service Fee
Vanguard charges a $20 account service fee on fund accounts that have a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation. The account service fee applies to both retirement and nonretirement fund accounts and will be assessed on fund accounts in all Vanguard funds, regardless of the account minimum . The fee, which will be collected by redeeming fund shares in the amount of $20, will be deducted from a fund account only once per calendar year.
If you register on vanguard.com and elect to receive electronic delivery of statements, reports, and other materials for all of your fund accounts, the account service fee for balances below $10,000 will not be charged, so long as that election remains in effect.
The account service fee also does not apply to the following:
• Money market sweep accounts owned in connection with a Vanguard Brokerage Services ® account.
on total household assets held at Vanguard, with a minimum of $50,000 to qualify for Vanguard Voyager Services ® , $500,000 for Vanguard Voyager Select Services ® , and $1 million for Vanguard Flagship Services ® . Vanguard determines eligibility by aggregating assets of all qualifying accounts held by the investor and immediate family members who reside at the same address. Aggregate assets include investments in Vanguard mutual funds, Vanguard ETFs ® , certain annuities through Vanguard, the Vanguard 529 Plan, and certain small-business accounts. Assets in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which Vanguard provides recordkeeping services may be included in determining eligibility if the investor also has a personal account holding Vanguard mutual funds. Note that assets held in a Vanguard Brokerage Services account (other than Vanguard funds, including Vanguard ETFs) are not included when determining a household’s eligibility.
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• Participant accounts in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans.* Please consult your enrollment materials for the rules that apply to your account.
certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Low-Balance Accounts
The Fund reserves the right to liquidate a fund account whose balance falls below the account minimum f or any reason, including market fluctuation. This policy applies to nonretirement fund accounts and accounts that are held through intermediaries.
Right to Change Policies
In addition to the rights expressly stated elsewhere in this prospectus, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to (1) alter, add, or discontinue any conditions of purchase (including eligibility requirements), redemption, exchange, service, or privilege at any time; (2) accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) freeze any account and/or suspend account services if Vanguard has received reasonable notice of a dispute regarding the assets in an account, including notice of a dispute between the registered or beneficial account owners, or if Vanguard reasonably believes a fraudulent transaction may occur or has occurred; (4) temporarily freeze any account and/or suspend account services upon initial notification to Vanguard of the death of the shareholder until Vanguard receives required documentation in good order; (5) alter, impose, discontinue, or waive any purchase fee, redemption fee, account service fee, or other fees charged to a group of shareholders; and (6) redeem an account or suspend account privileges, without the owner’s permission to do so, in cases of threatening conduct or activity Vanguard believes to be suspicious, fraudulent, or illegal. Changes may affect any or all investors. These actions will be taken when, at the sole discretion of Vanguard management, Vanguard reasonably believes they are deemed to be in the best interest of a fund.
Fund and Account Updates
Confirmation Statements
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) a confirmation of your trade date and the amount of your transaction when you buy, sell, or exchange shares. However, we will not send confirmations reflecting only checkwriting redemptions or the reinvestment of dividend or capital gains distributions. For any month in which you had a checkwriting redemption, a Checkwriting Activity Statement will be sent to you itemizing the checkwriting redemptions for that month.
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Promptly review each confirmation statement that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on a confirmation statement, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Portfolio Summaries
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) quarterly portfolio summaries to help you keep track of your accounts throughout the year. If you prefer, you may request to receive monthly portfolio summaries. Each summary shows the market value of your account at the close of the statement period, as well as all distributions, purchases, redemptions, exchanges, and transfers for the current calendar quarter (or month) . Promptly review each summary that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on the summary, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Tax Information Statements
For most accounts, we are required to provide annual tax forms to assist you in preparing your income tax returns. We will generally send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) annual tax forms in January. T hese forms will report the previous year’s dividends, capital gains distributions, proceeds from the sale of shares from taxable accounts, and distributions from IRAs and other retirement plans. Registered users of vanguard.com can also view these forms through our website. Vanguard may also provide you with additional tax-related documentation. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Annual and Semiannual Reports
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) reports about Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund twice a year, in June and December. These reports include overviews of the financial markets and provide the following specific Fund information:
Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com, in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest
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of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month.
P lease consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
| Contacting Vanguard | |
| Web | |
| Vanguard.com | For the most complete source of Vanguard news |
| For fund, account, and service information | |
| For most account transactions | |
| For literature requests | |
| 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Phone | |
| Vanguard Tele-Account ® 800-662- 6273 | For automated fund and account information |
| Toll-free, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Investor Information 800-662- 7447 | For fund and service information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For literature requests |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Client Services 800-662- 2739 | For account information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For most account transactions |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Institutional Division | For information and services for large institutional investors |
| 888-809-8102 | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 9 p.m., |
| Eastern time | |
| Financial Advisor and Intermediary | For information and services for financial intermediaries |
| Sales Support 800-997-2798 | including financial advisors, broker-dealers, trust institutions, |
| and insurance companies | |
| Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., | |
| Eastern time | |
34
Vanguard Addresses
Please be sure to use the correct address. Use of an incorrect address could delay the processing of your transaction.
CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute.
35
Glossary of Investment Terms
Acquired Fund. Any mutual fund, business development company, closed-end investment company, or other pooled investment vehicle whose shares are owned by a fund.
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
Fund of Funds. A mutual fund that pursues its objective by investing in other mutual funds.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
Median Market Capitalization. An indicator of the size of companies in which a fund invests; the midpoint of market capitalization (market price x shares outstanding) of a fund’s stocks, weighted by the proportion of the fund’s assets invested in each stock. Stocks representing half of the fund’s assets have market capitalizations above the median, and the rest are below it.
MSCI US Broad Market Index. An index that tracks virtually all stocks that trade in the U.S. stock market.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
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Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
| Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund |
| Prospectus |
| February 26, 2014 |
| Investor Shares for Participants |
| Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund Investor Shares (VDEQX) |
| This prospectus contains financial data for the Fund through the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 . |
| The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or |
| passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. |
Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation and dividend income.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
| Shareholder Fees | |
| (Fees paid directly from your investment) | |
| Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases | None |
| Purchase Fee | None |
| Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends | None |
| Redemption Fee | None |
| Annual Fund Operating Expenses | |
| (Expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | |
| Management Fees | None |
| 12b-1 Distribution Fee | None |
| Other Expenses | None |
| Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses | 0.40% |
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 0.40% |
1
Example
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund (based on the fees and expenses of the acquired funds) with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses of the Fund and its underlying funds remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $41 | $128 | $224 | $505 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund may pay transaction costs, such as purchase fees, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 5 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
As a “fund of funds,” the Diversified Equity Fund invests in a diversified group of other Vanguard equity mutual funds, rather than in individual securities. The underlying funds’ holdings mainly consist of large-, mid-, and small-capitalization equity securities of domestic companies.
2
Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of the overall stock market. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection will cause one or more of the Fund’s actively managed underlying funds—and, thus, the Fund itself—to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown. The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of a relevant market index, which has investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
Annual Total Returns — Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 17.56% (quarter ended June 30, 2009), and the lowest return for a quarter was –22.78% (quarter ended December 31, 2008).
3
Investment Advisor
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (
Vanguard)
Portfolio Managers
Michael H. Buek, CFA, Principal of Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
William Coleman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
Walter Nejman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has co-managed the Fund since 2013.
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisor do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
4
More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this symbol throughout the prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
This prospectus is intended for participants in employer-sponsored retirement or savings plans. Another version—for investors who would like to open a personal investment account—can be obtained by visiting our website at vanguard.com or by calling Vanguard at 800-662-7447.
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund’s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. As a “fund of funds,” the Diversified Equity Fund achieves its investment objective by investing in other Vanguard mutual funds. Through its investments in underlying funds, the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly owns a diversified portfolio of stocks. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote.
5
| Plain Talk About Fund of Funds |
| The term “fund of funds” is used to describe a mutual fund that pursues its |
| objective by investing in other mutual funds. A fund of funds may charge for its |
| own direct expenses, in addition to bearing a proportionate share of the expenses |
| charged by the underlying funds in which it invests. A fund of funds is best suited |
| for long-term investors. |
Market Exposure
Through eight underlying Vanguard funds, the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly invests its assets in equity securities. These investments are designed to provide long-term capital appreciation and some income. The underlying equity funds are described later in this section under “Security Selection.” Under normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its assets in equity securities. The Fund’s policy of investing at least 80% of its assets in equity securities may only be changed upon 60 days’ notice to shareholders.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices.
To illustrate the volatility of stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for the U.S. stock market over various periods as measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index, a widely used barometer of U.S. market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
| U.S. Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1926– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 54.2% | 28.6% | 19.9% | 17.8% |
| Worst | –43.1 | –12.4 | –1.4 | 3.1 |
| Average | 12.0 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 11.1 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1926 through 2013 . You can see, for example, that although the average annual return on common stocks for all of the 5-year periods was 9.9% , average annual returns for individual 5-year periods ranged from –12.4% (from 1928 through 1932) to 28.6% (from 1995 through 1999). These average annual returns reflect past performance of common stocks; you
6
should not regard them as an indication of future performance of either the stock market as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Stocks of publicly traded companies and funds that invest in stocks are often classified according to market value, or market capitalization. These classifications typically include small-cap, mid-cap, and large-cap. It is important to understand that, for both companies and stock funds, market-capitalization ranges change over time. Also, interpretations of size vary, and there are no “official” definitions of small-, mid-, and large-cap, even among Vanguard fund advisors. The asset-weighted median market capitalization of the Fund’s stock holdings as of October 31, 2013 , was $38.9 billion.
By owning shares of the underlying funds, the Fund indirectly owns a diversified mixture of common stocks. Although its indirect stock holdings are predominantly mid- and large-cap, the Fund consists of stocks across the capitalization spectrum, including small-cap. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks. This volatility is the result of several factors, including the fact that smaller companies often have fewer customers and financial resources than larger firms. These characteristics can make small and mid-size companies more sensitive to economic conditions, leading to less certain growth and dividend prospects.
Security Selection
The Fund seeks to achieve its objective by investing in a combination of other mutual funds rather than in individual securities.
The underlying Vanguard funds are managed according to traditional methods of active investment management. This means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisors’ judgments about companies and their financial prospects.
The Diversified Equity Fund invests in the following funds, in approximately the percentages indicated:
7
Vanguard Growth and Income Fund, made up of both value- and growth-oriented stocks that are mainly large-cap, is included primarily for its potential for a total return greater than that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.
• Vanguard Growth and Income Fund uses computer models to select a broadly diversified group of stocks that, as a whole, have investment characteristics similar to those of the S&P 500 Index but are expected to provide a higher total return than that of the Index.
Vanguard Windsor Fund, Vanguard Windsor II Fund, and Vanguard Capital Value Fund are value-oriented stock funds. Vanguard Windsor Fund and Vanguard Windsor II Fund are included primarily for their potential for long-term capital appreciation, as well as for their secondary objective of providing some dividend income. Vanguard Capital Value Fund is included primarily for its potential to provide long-term maximum total return.
• Vanguard Windsor Fund and Vanguard Windsor II Fund invest in mid- and large-cap companies, and Vanguard Capital Value Fund invests in companies across the capitalization spectrum. These funds invest in companies whose stocks are considered undervalued by the advisors. These stocks typically have below-average prices in relation to such measures as earnings and book value.
Vanguard Explorer Fund, Vanguard Morgan Growth Fund, Vanguard U.S. Growth Fund, and Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund are growth-oriented funds. These funds are included primarily to provide long-term capital appreciation. They work in different ways to achieve this goal.
• Vanguard Explorer Fund invests mainly in the stocks of small companies. These companies tend to be unseasoned but are considered by the fund’s advisors to have superior growth potential. These companies often provide little or no dividend income.
those of the average company in the market.
• Vanguard U.S. Growth Fund invests mainly in large-cap stocks of U.S. companies considered to have above-average earnings growth potential and reasonable stock prices in comparison with expected earnings.
• Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund invests mainly in the stocks of mid-size companies.
In selecting stocks, the fund’s advisors choose companies considered to have the best prospects for future growth.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selectio n will cause one or more of the Fund’s actively managed underlying funds—and, thus, the Fund itself—to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective.
8
| Plain Talk About Growth Funds and Value Funds |
| Growth investing and value investing are two styles employed by stock-fund |
| managers. Growth funds generally focus on stocks of companies believed to |
| have above-average potential for growth in revenue, earnings, cash flow, or other |
| similar criteria. These stocks typically have low dividend yields and above-average |
| prices in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. Value funds |
| typically emphasize stocks whose prices are below average in relation to those |
| measures; these stocks often have above-average dividend yields. Growth and |
| value stocks have historically produced similar long-term returns, though each |
| style has periods when it outperforms the other. |
Other Investment Policies and Risks
Through its investment in the underlying funds, Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund is proportionately exposed to certain investment style risks, each of which is described in detail in the underlying funds’ prospectuses. For example, through its investment in Vanguard Explorer Fund and Vanguard Mid-Cap Growth Fund, the Fund is subject to the risk that small-cap growth stocks and mid-cap growth stocks, respectively, will trail returns from the overall market. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than the large-cap stocks that dominate the overall market, and they often perform quite differently. Because the Diversified Equity Fund indirectly invests in growth and value stocks, and across all capitalization ranges, the Fund in the aggregate is not subject to any particular primary investment style risk.
To the extent that the underlying funds own foreign securities, the Fund is subject to country risk and currency risk . Country risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries. In addition, the prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates.
Each underlying fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index ), or a reference rate (such as LIBOR). Investments in derivatives may subject the funds to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those o f investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The funds will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
9
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
Each underlying fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the underlying fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail to achieve its investment objective, which in turn may prevent the Diversified Equity Fund from achieving its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term I nflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For
10
example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, a participant from exchanging into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the participant has exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell shares of the underlying funds regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced shares of underlying funds valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period.
The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more than 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
According to an agreement applicable to Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund and Vanguard, the Fund’s direct expenses will be offset b y Vanguard for (1) the Fund’s contributions to the costs of operating the underlying Vanguard funds in which the
11
Fund invests and (2) certain savings in administrative and marketing costs that Vanguard expects to derive from the Fund’s operation.
The Fund’s trustees believe that the offsets should be sufficient to cover most, if not all, of the direct expenses incurred by the Fund. As a result, the Fund is expected to operate at a very low or zero direct expense ratio. Since its inception, the Fund, in fact, has incurred no direct net expenses. Although the Diversified Equity Fund is not expected to incur any net expenses directly, the Fund’s shareholders indirectly bear the expenses of the underlying Vanguard funds.
| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisor
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), P.O. Box 2600, Valley Forge, PA 19482, which began operations in 1975, serves as advisor to the Fund through its Equity Investment Group. As of October 31, 2013 , Vanguard served as advisor for approximately $2 trillion in assets. Vanguard provides investment advisory services to the Fund on an at-cost basis, subject to the supervision and oversight of the trustees and officers of the Fund.
The underlying Vanguard funds employ multiple advisors, none of which is paid a management fee for performing investment management services for Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund. However, the advisors receive management fees for managing the underlying Vanguard funds. For additional information on the investment advisors, please refer to each underlying fund’s prospectus.
For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory arrangement, see the most recent semiannual report to shareholders covering the fiscal period ended April 30.
12
Vanguard’s Equity Investment Group is overseen by:
Mortimer J. Buckley , Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director of Vanguard. As Chief Investment Officer, he is responsible for the oversight of Vanguard’s Equity Investment and Fixed Income Groups. The investments managed by these two groups include active quantitative equity funds, equity index funds, active bond funds, index bond funds, stable value portfolios, and money market funds. Mr. Buckley joined Vanguard in 1991 and has held various senior leadership positions with Vanguard. He received his A.B. in economics from Harvard and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Joseph Brennan , CFA, Principal of Vanguard and head of Vanguard’s Equity Index Group. He has oversight responsibility for all equity index funds managed by the Equity Investment Group. He first joined Vanguard in 1991. He received his B.A. in economics from Fairfield University and an M.S. in finance from Drexel University.
John Ameriks , Ph.D., Principal of Vanguard and head of Vanguard’s Active Equity Group. He has oversight responsibility for all active quantitative equity funds managed by the Equity Investment Group. He joined Vanguard in 2003. He received his A.B. in economics from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
Michael H. Buek , CFA, Principal of Vanguard. He has been with Vanguard since 1987, has managed investment portfolios since 1991, and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.S., University of Vermont; M.B.A., Villanova University.
William Coleman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has worked in investment management since joining Vanguard in 2006 and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.S., King’s College; M.S., Saint Joseph’s University.
Walter Nejman, Portfolio Manager at Vanguard. He has been with Vanguard since 2005, has worked in investment management since 2008, and has co-managed the Fund since 2013. Education: B.A., Arcadia University; M.B.A., Villanova University.
The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
13
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings or received as capital gains distributions from the underlying funds. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December.
Your distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. The NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . The underlying Vanguard funds in which the Fund invests also do not calculate their NAV on days when the Exchange is closed, but the value of their assets may be affected to the extent that they hold foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
The Fund’s NAV is calculated based upon the values of the underlying mutual funds in which the Fund invests. The values of the mutual fund shares held by the Fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF shares held by the Fund are based on the market value of the shares. The prospectuses for the underlying funds explain the circumstances under which those funds will use fair-value pricing and the effects of doing so.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
14
Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $22.70 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $0.332 per share from investment |
| income, $0.131 per share in capital gain distributions received, and $6.626 per |
| share from investments that had appreciated in value or that were sold for higher |
| prices than the Fund paid for them. |
| Shareholders received $0.359 per share in the form of dividend and capital gains |
| distributions. A portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior |
| year’s income or capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $29.43, reflecting earnings of $7.089 |
| per share and distributions of $0.359 per share. This was an increase of $6.73 per |
| share (from $22.70 at the beginning of the year to $29.43 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 31.70% for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $1.4 billion in net assets. For |
| the year, its acquired fund fees and expenses were 0.40%, and its net |
| investment income amounted to 1.27% of its average net assets. The Fund sold |
| and replaced securities valued at 5% of its net assets. |
15
| Diversified Equity Fund | |||||
| Year Ended October 31, | |||||
| For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 |
| Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $22.70 | $20.34 | $19.13 | $16.43 | $15.30 |
| Investment Operations | |||||
| Net Investment Income | .332 | .262 | .228 | .206 | .268 |
| Capital Gain Distributions Received | .131 | .034 | — | — | — |
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | |||||
| on Investments | 6.626 | 2.310 | 1.192 | 2.686 | 1.856 |
| Total from Investment Operations | 7.089 | 2.606 | 1.420 | 2.892 | 2.124 |
| Distributions | |||||
| Dividends from Net Investment Income | (.344) | (.246) | (.210) | (.192) | (.286) |
| Distributions from Realized Capital Gains | (.015) | — | — | — | (.708) |
| Total Distributions | (.359) | (.246) | (.210) | (.192) | (.994) |
| Net Asset Value, End of Period | $29.43 | $22.70 | $20.34 | $19.13 | $16.43 |
| Total Return | 31.70% | 12.97% | 7.42% | 17.68% | 15.48% |
| Ratios/Supplemental Data | |||||
| Net Assets, End of Period (Millions) | $1,420 | $1,173 | $1,183 | $1,250 | $1,211 |
| Ratio of Total Expenses to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | — | — | — | — | — |
| Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.41% | 0.40% | 0.43% |
| Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | 1.27% | 1.18% | 1.09% | 1.13% | 1.71% |
| Portfolio Turnover Rate | 5% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 5% |
16
Investing With Vanguard
The Fund is an investment option in your retirement or savings plan. Your plan administrator or your employee benefits office can provide you with detailed information on how to participate in your plan and how to elect the Fund as an investment option.
• If you have any questions about the Fund or Vanguard, including those about the Fund’s investment objective, strategies, or risks, contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
• If you have questions about your account, contact your plan administrator or the organization that provides recordkeeping services for your plan.
• Be sure to carefully read each topic that pertains to your transactions with Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right to change its policies without notice to shareholders.
Investment Options and Allocations
Your plan’s specific provisions may allow you to change your investment selections, the amount of your contributions, or the allocation of your contributions among the investment choices available to you . Contact your plan administrator or employee benefits office for more details.
Transactions
Transaction requests (e.g., a contribution, an exchange, or a redemption) must be in good order. Good order means that Vanguard has determined that (1) your transaction request includes complete information and (2) appropriate assets are already in your account or new assets have been received.
Processing times for your transaction requests may differ among recordkeepers or among transaction types. Your plan’s recordkeeper (which may also be Vanguard) will determine the necessary processing time frames for your transaction requests prior to submission to the Fund. Consult your recordkeeper or plan administrator for more information.
Your transaction will then be based on the next-determined NAV of the Fund. If your transaction request was received in good order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), you will receive that day’s NAV and trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days the NYSE is open for trading.
If Vanguard is serving as your plan recordkeeper and if your transaction involves one or more investments with an early cut-off time for processing or another trading restriction, your entire transaction will be subject to the restriction when the trade date for your transaction is determined.
17
Frequent-Trading Limitations
The exchange privilege (your ability to purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another fund) may be available to you through your plan. Although we make every effort to maintain the exchange privilege, Vanguard reserves the right to revise or terminate this privilege, limit the amount of an exchange, or reject any exchange, at any time, without notice. Because excessive exchanges can disrupt the management of the Vanguard funds and increase their transaction costs, Vanguard places certain limits on the exchange privilege.
If you are exchanging out of any Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) , you must wait 60 days before exchanging back into the fund. This policy applies, regardless of the dollar amount . Please note that the 60-day clock restarts after every exchange out of the fund.
The frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following: exchange requests submitted by mail to Vanguard (exchange requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations); exchanges of shares purchased with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments; exchanges of shares purchased with reinvested dividend or capital gains distributions; distributions, loans, and in-service withdrawals from a plan; redemptions of shares as part of a plan termination or at the direction of the plan; redemptions of shares to pay fund or account fees; share or asset transfers or rollovers; reregistrations of shares within the same fund; conversions of shares from one share class to another in the same fund; and automated transactions executed during the first six months of a participant’s enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
Before making an exchange to or from another fund available in your plan, consider the following:
• Certain investment options, particularly funds made up of company stock or investment contracts, may be subject to unique restrictions.
• Vanguard can accept exchanges only as permitted by your plan. Contact your plan administrator for details on other exchange policies that apply to your plan.
Before making an exchange into another fund, it is important to read that fund’s prospectus. To obtain a copy, please contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
Plans for which Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper: If Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper for your plan, your plan’s recordkeeper will establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of its clients. In such accounts, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional
18
purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor participants’ trading activity with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries that establish accounts in the Vanguard funds will be asked to assess these fees on participant accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If a firm other than Vanguard serves as recordkeeper for your plan, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
No Cancellations
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any transaction request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a transaction request.
Proof of a Caller’s Authority
We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
Uncashed Checks
Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
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Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com, in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month.
P lease consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
| Additional Information | ||||
| Newspaper | Vanguard | CUSIP | ||
| Inception Date | Abbreviation | Fund Number | Number | |
| Diversified Equity Fund | 6/10/2005 | DivEqInv | 608 | 921939401 |
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Accessing Fund Information Online
Vanguard Online at Vanguard.com
Visit Vanguard’s education-oriented website for access to timely news and information about Vanguard funds and services and easy-to-use, interactive tools to help you create your own investment and retirement strategies.
CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute.
21
Glossary of Investment Terms
Acquired Fund. Any mutual fund, business development company, closed-end investment company, or other pooled investment vehicle whose shares are owned by a fund.
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
Fund of Funds. A mutual fund that pursues its objective by investing in other mutual funds.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
Median Market Capitalization. An indicator of the size of companies in which a fund invests; the midpoint of market capitalization (market price x shares outstanding) of a fund’s stocks, weighted by the proportion of the fund’s assets invested in each stock. Stocks representing half of the fund’s assets have market capitalizations above the median, and the rest are below it.
MSCI US Broad Market Index. An index that tracks virtually all stocks that trade in the U.S. stock market.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
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Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
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| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund |
| Prospectus |
| February 26, 2014 |
| Investor Shares |
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares (VMMSX) |
| This prospectus contains financial data for the Fund through the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 . |
| The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or |
| passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. |
Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $96 | $300 | $520 | $1155 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 54 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
The Fund invests mainly in equity securities of companies located in emerging markets. The Fund invests in small-, mid-, and large-capitalization companies and is expected to diversify its assets among companies located in emerging markets around the world. Under normal circumstances, at least 80% of the Fund’s assets will be invested in common stocks of companies located in emerging markets. A company is considered to be located in an emerging market if it is organized under the laws of, or has a principal office in, an emerging country; has a class of securities whose principal securities market is in an emerging country; derives 50% or more of its total revenue from goods produced, sales made, or services provided in one or more emerging countries; or maintains 50% or more of its assets in one or more emerging countries . The Fund uses multiple investment advisors.
Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of global stock markets. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
• Emerging markets risk , which is the chance that the stocks of companies located in emerging markets will be substantially more volatile, and substantially less liquid, than the stocks of companies located in more developed foreign markets because, among other factors, emerging markets can have greater custodial and operational risks; less developed legal, regulatory, and accounting systems; and greater political, social, and economic instability than developed markets.
2
• Country/regional risk, which is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Country/regional risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Currency risk , which is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Currency risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Investment style risk , which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection will cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown . The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of the Fund‘s benchmark index and another comparative index, which have investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund . Effective August 1, 2013, the Fund began using the FTSE Emerging Index as its benchmark index. FTSE Emerging Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes applicable to U.S.-based mutual funds organized as Delaware statutory trusts. MSCI Emerging Markets Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
3
Annual Total Returns — Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 15.92% (quarter ended March 31, 2012), and the lowest return for a quarter was –8.75% (quarter ended June 30, 2012).
| Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2013 | ||
| Since | ||
| Inception | ||
| (Jun. 27, | ||
| 1 Year | 2011) | |
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares | ||
| Return Before Taxes | 0.99% | 0.81% |
| Return After Taxes on Distributions | 0.67 | 0.63 |
| Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares | 0.81 | 0.68 |
| Comparative Indexes | ||
| (reflect no deduction for fees or expenses) | ||
| FTSE Emerging Index | –3.85% | –2.06% |
| MSCI Emerging Markets Index | –2.60 | –3.98 |
Actual after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown in the preceding table. When after-tax returns are calculated, it is assumed that the shareholder was in the highest individual federal marginal income tax bracket at the time of each distribution of income or capital gains or upon redemption. State and local income taxes are not reflected in the calculations. Please note that after-tax returns are not relevant for a shareholder who holds fund shares in a tax-deferred account, such as an individual retirement account or a 401(k) plan. Also, figures captioned Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares may be higher than other figures for the same period if a capital loss occurs upon redemption and results in an assumed tax deduction for the shareholder.
4
Investment Advisors
M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G) Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree ) Pzena Investment Management, LLC ( Pzena )
Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management )
Portfolio Managers
Matthew Vaight, UKSIP, Portfolio Manager at M&G. He has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Frank J. Carroll III, Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Timothy D. Jensen, Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Caroline Cai, CFA, Principal of Pzena. She has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Allison Fisch, Principal of Pzena. She has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
John P. Goetz, Managing Principal and co-Chief Investment Officer of Pzena. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Cheryl M. Duckworth, CFA, Senior Vice President and Associate Director, Global Industry Research of Wellington Management. She has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
5
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The Fund is available for purchase by retail investors who invest directly with Vanguard, or who invest through a Vanguard brokerage account, and by institutional investors who invest directly with Vanguard, as well as by retirement plans for which Vanguard provides recordkeeping services. The Fund is generally not available to financial intermediaries, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor or to Section 529 plans. Eligible investors may purchase or redeem shares online through our website ( vanguard.com) , by mail (The Vanguard Group, P.O. Box 1110, Valley Forge, PA 19482-1110), or by telephone (800-662-2739 for investors in nonretirement accounts and IRAs, 800-523-1188 for participants in employer-sponsored plans, or 888-809-8102 for institutional clients who invest directly with Vanguard). The following table provides the Fund’s minimum initial and subsequent investment requirements.
| Account Minimums | Investor Shares |
| To open and maintain an account | $3,000 |
| To add to an existing account | Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment |
| Plan, which has no established minimum) |
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions may be taxable as ordinary income or capital gain. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisors do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
6
More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance
for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this
symbol throughout the
prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
| Plain Talk About Fund Expenses |
| All mutual funds have operating expenses. These expenses, which are deducted |
| from a fund’s gross income, are expressed as a percentage of the net assets of |
| the fund. Assuming that operating expenses remain as stated in the Fees and |
| Expenses section, Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund’s expense |
| ratio would be 0.94% , or $9.40 per $1,000 of average net assets. The average |
| expense ratio for emerging markets funds in 2012 was 1.54%, or $15.40 per |
| $1,000 of average net assets (derived from data provided by Lipper, a Thomson |
| Reuters Company , which reports on the mutual fund industry). |
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund‘s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote. The Fund may change its 80% policy only upon 60 days‘ notice to shareholders.
7
Market Exposure
The Fund invests primarily in the common stocks of companies located in emerging markets throughout the world, without regard for the size (capitalization) of the companies.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
The Fund is subject to emerging markets risk, which is the chance that the stocks of companies located in emerging markets will be substantially more volatile, and substantially less liquid, than the stocks of companies located in more developed foreign markets because, among other factors, emerging markets can have greater custodial and operational risks; less developed legal, regulatory, and accounting systems; and greater political, social, and economic instability than developed markets.
| Plain Talk About International Investing |
| U.S. investors who invest abroad will encounter risks not typically associated |
| with U.S. companies because foreign stock and bond markets operate differently |
| from the U.S. markets. For instance, foreign companies are not subject to the |
| same accounting, auditing, and financial-reporting standards and practices as |
| U.S. companies, and their stocks may not be as liquid as those of similar U.S. |
| firms. In addition, foreign stock exchanges, brokers, and companies may be |
| subject to less government supervision and regulation than their counterparts in |
| the United States. These factors, among others, could negatively affect the |
| returns U.S. investors receive from foreign investments. |
To illustrate the volatility of foreign stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for foreign stock markets over various periods as measured by the MSCI EAFE Index, a widely used barometer of foreign market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
8
| Foreign Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1970– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 69.4% | 36.1% | 22.0% | 15.5% |
| Worst | –43.4 | –4.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Average | 11.7 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.5 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1970 through 2013. These average annual returns reflect past performance of foreign stocks; you should not regard them as an indication of future performance of either foreign markets as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Note that the MSCI EAFE Index does not take into account returns for emerging markets, which can be substantially more volatile and substantially less liquid than the more developed markets included in the Index. In addition, because the MSCI EAFE Index tracks the European and Pacific developed markets collectively, the returns in the preceding table do not reflect the variability of returns for these markets individually. To illustrate this variability, the following table shows returns for different foreign markets—as well as for the U.S. market for comparison—from 2004 through 2013 , as measured by their respective indexes.
1 European market returns are measured by the MSCI Europe Index, Pacific market returns are measured by the MSCI Pacific Index, emerging markets returns are measured by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and U.S. market returns are measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index.
2 MSCI Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes.
9
Keep in mind that these returns reflect past performance of the various indexes; you should not consider them as an indication of future performance of the indexes or of the Fund in particular.
The Fund is subject to country/regional risk and currency risk. Country/regional risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Country/regional risk and currency risk are especially high in emerging markets.
The Fund is subject to investment style risk, which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
Security Selection
The Fund uses multiple investment advisors. Each advisor independently selects and maintains a portfolio of equity securities for the Fund. The advisors may consider emerging countries to be those included in the Fund’s benchmark index, the FTSE Emergin g I ndex; countries classified as emerging economies by the World Bank; and other countries or markets with similar emerging characteristics. Each advisor will consider, among other things, a country’s political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets when determining what constitutes an emerging market country. A company is considered to be located in an emerging market if it is organized under the laws of, or has a principal office in, an emerging country; has a class of securities whose principal securities market is in an emerging country ; derives 50% or more of its total revenue from goods produced, sales made, or services provided in one or more emerging countries; or maintains 50% or more of its assets in one or more emerging countries. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock, depositary receipts, convertible securities, and rights to purchase common stock.
Each advisor employs active investment management methods, which means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisor’s evaluations of companies and their financial prospects, the prices of the securities, and the stock market and the
10
economy in general. Each advisor uses a different process to select securities for its portion of the Fund’s assets. The equity securities selected for the Fund will typically be from those emerging markets countries included in the FTSE Emergin g I ndex.
Each advisor will sell a security when, in the view of the advisor, it is no longer as attractive as an alternative investment.
M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G) uses a long-term, bottom-up approach to portfolio management that seeks to identify companies that are disciplined with capital, can generate returns above the cost of capital, and are focused on creating value. M&G’s long-term view attempts to take advantage of pricing anomalies created by short-term investors.
M&G’s company selection analysis focuses on individual companies’ assets, industry dynamics, constructive discussions with management, and corporate governance. The advisor seeks diversification across four areas in which investors tend to misprice returns: external change, internal change, asset growth, and quality.
Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree), s eeks to capture misevaluation of securities caused by investor behavior, while placing a priority on limiting losses. Oaktree’s investment process is driven by bottom-up research, which includes extensive travel to meet company management and maintenance of in-house models focused on deriving reliable cash flow projections. Stocks are selected based on a combination of valuation, investment thesis, portfolio construction, and risk management.
Oaktree’s investment process results in a diversified portfolio and limits exposure by country and industry in order to avoid concentrated positions that could expose the portfolio to heightened risk. The portfolio will hold companies across all market capitalizations; less liquid companies will only be included in the portfolio if the advisor concludes that there is significant upside potential.
Pzena Investment Management, LLC (Pzena), u tilizes a deep-value approach to portfolio management that focuses on the most undervalued companies based on five-year price-to-normalized earnings. Pzena believes that this value philosophy works well in emerging markets because most investors ignore the cost side of the equation and focus only on growth. Because the companies that the advisor targets may be underperforming their historical earnings power, each undergoes intensive fundamental research to determine whether the problems are temporary or permanent.
Stocks are considered for purchase after meeting three criteria: (1) the company’s identified problems, if any, are temporary; (2) the company’s management has a viable strategy to generate a recovery in earnings; and (3) there is meaningful downside protection in case the earnings recovery does not materialize. Pzena’s portfolio will be diversified among sectors and countries.
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Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management), allocates assets to a team of Wellington Management’s investment professionals, who are primarily Global Industry Analysts (GIAs). The relative size of each analyst’s subportfolio of assets is roughly proportional to the relative weight of the analyst’s coverage universe in the Fund’s benchmark, the FTSE Emerging Index . Wellington Management employs a bottom-up approach that seeks to add value through in-depth fundamental research and understanding of its industries. The advisor believes that the experience of covering the same companies over a period of many years provides the GIAs with unusually in-depth knowledge, which in turn leads to better and more timely decisions and increases their potential to produce superior results. The strategy combines a blend of investment disciplines, which diversifies investment style risk, as individual analysts have developed valuation methodologies that have proven most relevant to their particular industries. The country weights are determined by the stock selection process. The Wellington Management analysts communicate on a regular basis to discuss risk arising from overall portfolio-level country exposures.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selection w ill cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
Other Investment Policies and Risks
In addition to investing in equity securities of companies located in emerging markets, the Fund may make other kinds of investments to achieve its objective.
The Fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index) , or a reference rate (such as LIBOR) . Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those of investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The Fund will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
The Fund may enter into foreign currency exchange forward contracts, which are a type of derivative. A foreign currency exchange forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a country’s currency at a specific price on a specific date, usually 30, 60, or 90 days in the future. In other words, the contract guarantees an exchange rate on a given date. Advisors of funds that invest in foreign securities can use these contracts to guard against unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. These contracts, however, would not prevent the Fund’s securities from falling in value as a result of risks other
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than unfavorable currency exchange movements . The Fund may also invest in stock futures, stock index futures, and options contracts, which are all types of derivatives.
| Plain Talk About Derivatives |
| Derivatives can take many forms. Some forms of derivatives—such as exchange- |
| traded futures and options on securities, commodities, or indexes—have been |
| trading on regulated exchanges for decades. These types of derivatives are |
| standardized contracts that can easily be bought and sold and whose market |
| values are determined and published daily. Non-exchange-traded derivatives (such |
| as certain swap agreements and foreign currency exchange forward contracts), |
| on the other hand, tend to be more specialized or complex and may be harder |
| to value. |
To facilitate cash flows to and from the Fund’s advisors, The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), typically invests a small portion of the Fund’s assets in stock index futures, which are a type of derivative, and/or shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), including ETF Shares issued by Vanguard stock funds. These stock index futures and ETFs typically provide returns similar to those of common stocks. Vanguard may also purchase futures or ETFs when doing so will reduce the Fund’s transaction costs or add value because the instruments are favorably priced. Vanguard receives no additional revenue from Fund assets invested in ETF Shares of other Vanguard funds. Fund assets invested in ETF Shares are excluded when allocating to the Fund its share of the costs of Vanguard operations.
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
The Fund may temporarily depart from its normal investment policies and strategies when an advisor believes that doing so is in the Fund’s best interest, so long as the alternative is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective. For instance, the Fund may invest beyond its normal limits in derivatives or exchange-traded funds that are consistent with the Fund’s objective when those instruments are more favorably priced or provide needed liquidity, as might be the case if the Fund is transitioning assets from one advisor to another or receives large cash flows that it cannot prudently invest immediately.
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In addition, the Fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the Fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail to achieve its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
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• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell securities regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period. The average turnover rate for diversified emerging markets funds was approximately 73% , as reported by Morningstar, Inc., on October 31, 2013 . The Fund experienced a higher turnover rate in the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, as a result of market conditions and scaling of the Fund’s operations. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2011, the Fund’s turnover rate was lower as a result of a shorter period of operations.
| Plain Talk About Turnover Rate |
| Before investing in a mutual fund, you should review its turnover rate. This gives |
| an indication of how transaction costs, which are not included in the fund’s |
| expense ratio, could affect the fund’s future returns. In general, the greater the |
| volume of buying and selling by the fund, the greater the impact that brokerage |
| commissions and other transaction costs will have on its return. Also, funds with |
| high turnover rates may be more likely to generate capital gains that must be |
| distributed to shareholders as taxable income. |
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The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more t han 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisors
The Fund uses a multimanager approach. Each advisor independently manages its assigned portion of the Fund’s assets, subject to the supervision and oversight of Vanguard and the Fund’s board of trustees. The board of trustees designates the proportion of Fund assets to be managed by each advisor and may change these proportions at any time.
• M&G Investment Management Limited, Laurence Pountney Hill, London, EC4R
0HH, England, is an advisory firm and wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential plc. M&G is a company incorporated in the United Kingdom, based in London, England, and is not affiliated in any manner with Prudential Financial, Inc., a company whose principal place of business is in the United States. M&G, a separate business unit within the Prudential group, launched Great Britain’s first unit trust (mutual fund) in 1931. As of October 31, 2013 , M&G managed approximately $391 billion in assets.
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• Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., 333 South Grand Avenue, 28th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90071, is an investment advisory firm founded in 1995. Oaktree focuses on certain specialized investment areas, including emerging markets. As of October 31, 2013 , Oaktree managed approximately $80 billion in assets.
• Pzena Investment Management, LLC, 120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10036, is a global investment management firm founded in 1995. Pzena focuses exclusively on a deep value investment approach. The members of the firm’s executive committee and other employees collectively own a majority of the firm . As of October 31, 2013 , Pzena managed approximately $22.3 billion in assets.
• Wellington Management Company, LLP , 280 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210, a Massachusetts limited liability partnership, is an investment counseling firm that provides investment services to investment companies, employee benefit plans, endowments, foundations, and other institutions. Wellington Management and its predecessor organizations have provided investment advisory services for over 80 years. As of October 31, 2013 , Wellington Management had investment management authority with respect to approximately $799 billion in assets.
The Fund pays each of its investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index through July 31, 2012, and the FTSE Emerging Index thereafter over the preceding 36-month period. When the performance adjustment is positive, the Fund’s expenses increase; when it is negative, expenses decrease. The Fund’s performance adjustment will not be fully operable until the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2014.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 , the aggregate advisory fee represented an effective annual rate of 0.52% before a performance-based increase of 0.02% .
Under the terms of an SEC exemption, the Fund’s board of trustees may, without prior approval from shareholders, change the terms of an advisory agreement or hire a new investment advisor—either as a replacement for an existing advisor or as an additional advisor. Any significant change in the Fund’s advisory arrangements will be communicated to shareholders in writing. In addition, as the Fund’s sponsor and overall manager, Vanguard may provide investment advisory services to the Fund, on an at-cost basis, at any time. Vanguard may also recommend to the board of trustees that an advisor be hired, terminated, or replaced or that the terms of an existing advisory agreement be revised.
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For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory agreements, see the most recent annual report to shareholders covering the fiscal year ended October 31.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
Matthew Vaight , UKSIP, Portfolio Manager at M&G. He has worked in investment management for M&G since 1996, has managed investment portfolios since 2007, and has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Oxford University.
Frank J. Carroll III , Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has worked in investment management since 1990, has been with Oaktree since 1999, has managed investment portfolios since 2005, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Fairfield University.
Timothy D. Jensen , Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has worked in investment management since 1990, has managed investment portfolios since 1998, has been with Oaktree since 2000, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Harvard College; M.B.A., University of California, Los Angeles.
Caroline Cai , CFA, Principal of Pzena. She has worked in investment management since 1998, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 2004, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Bryn Mawr College.
Allison Fisch , Principal of Pzena. She has worked in investment management since 2001, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 2006, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Dartmouth College.
John P. Goetz , Managing Principal and co-Chief Investment Officer of Pzena. He has worked in investment management since 1979, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 1996, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Wheaton College; M.B.A., the Kellogg School at Northwestern University.
Cheryl M. Duckworth , CFA, Senior Vice President and Associate Director, Global Industry Research of Wellington Management. She has worked in investment management since 1988, has been with Wellington Management since 1994, has managed investment portfolios since 2003, and has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Duke University; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
Fund Distributions
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income (interest and dividends, less expenses) as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December. You can receive distributions of income or capital gains in cash, or you can have them automatically reinvested in more shares of the Fund.
| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
Basic Tax Points
Vanguard will send you a statement each year showing the tax status of all your distributions. In addition, investors in taxable accounts should be aware of the following basic federal income tax points:
• Distributions are taxable to you whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional Fund shares.
• Distributions declared in December—if paid to you by the end of January—are taxable as if received in December.
• Any dividend or short-term capital gains distributions that you receive are taxable to you as ordinary income. If you are an individual and meet certain holding-period requirements with respect to your Fund shares, you may be eligible for reduced tax rates on “qualified dividend income,”if any, distributed by the Fund.
• Any distributions of net long-term capital gains are taxable to you as long-term capital gains, no matter how long you have owned shares in the Fund.
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• Capital gains distributions may vary considerably from year to year as a result of the Fund‘s normal investment activities and cash flows.
• A sale or exchange of Fund shares is a taxable event. This means that you may have a capital gain to report as income, or a capital loss to report as a deduction, when you complete your tax return.
Individuals, trusts, and estates whose income exceeds certain threshold amounts are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on “net investment income.” Net investment income takes into account distributions paid by the Fund and capital gains from any sale or exchange of Fund shares.
Dividend and capital gains distributions that you receive, as well as your gains or losses from any sale or exchange of Fund shares, may be subject to state and local income taxes.
The Fund may be subject to foreign taxes or foreign tax withholding on dividends, interest, and some capital gains that it receives on foreign securities. You may qualify for an offsetting credit or deduction under U.S. tax laws for any amount designated as your portion of the Fund’s foreign tax obligations, provided that you meet certain requirements. See your tax advisor or IRS publications for more information.
This prospectus provides general tax information only. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply. Please consult your tax advisor for detailed information about any tax consequences for you.
| Plain Talk About Buying a Dividend |
| Unless you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account (such as an |
| IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the |
| fund makes a distribution, because doing so can cost you money in taxes. This is |
| known as “buying a dividend.” For example: On December 15, you invest $5,000, |
| buying 250 shares for $20 each. If the fund pays a distribution of $1 per share on |
| December 16, its share price will drop to $19 (not counting market change). You |
| still have only $5,000 (250 shares x $19 = $4,750 in share value, plus 250 shares |
| x $1 = $250 in distributions), but you owe tax on the $250 distribution you |
| received—even if you reinvest it in more shares. To avoid buying a dividend, check |
| a fund’s distribution schedule before you invest. |
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General Information
Backup withholding. By law, Vanguard must withhold 28% of any taxable distributions or redemptions from your account if you do not:
Similarly, Vanguard must withhold taxes from your account if the IRS instructs us to do so.
Foreign investors. Vanguard funds offered for sale in the United States (Vanguard U.S. funds), including the Fund offered in this prospectus, generally are not sold outside the United States, except to certain qualified investors. Non-U.S. investors should be aware that U.S. withholding and estate taxes and certain U.S. tax reporting requirements may apply to any investments in Vanguard U.S. funds. Foreign investors should visit the Non-U.S. Investors page on our website at vanguard.com for information on Vanguard’s non-U.S. products.
Invalid addresses. If a dividend or capital gains distribution check mailed to your address of record is returned as undeliverable, Vanguard will automatically reinvest the distribution and all future distributions until you provide us with a valid mailing address. Reinvestments will receive the net asset value calculated on the date of the reinvestment.
Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . However, on those days the value of the Fund’s assets may be affected to the extent that the Fund holds foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
Stocks held by a Vanguard fund are valued at their market value when reliable market quotations are readily available. Certain short-term debt instruments used to manage a fund’s cash are valued on the basis of amortized cost. The values of any foreign securities held by a fund are converted into U.S. dollars using an exchange rate obtained from an independent third party. The values of any mutual fund shares held by a fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF or closed-end fund shares held by a fund are based on the market value of the shares.
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When a fund determines that market quotations either are not readily available or do not accurately reflect the value of a security, the security is priced at its fair value (the amount that the owner might reasonably expect to receive upon the current sale of the security). A fund also will use fair-value pricing if the value of a security it holds has been materially affected by events occurring before the fund’s pricing time but after the close of the primary markets or exchanges on which the security is traded. This most commonly occurs with foreign securities, which may trade on foreign exchanges that close many hours before the fund’s pricing time. Intervening events might be company-specific (e.g., earnings report, merger announcement) or country-specific or regional/global (e.g., natural disaster, economic or political news, act of terrorism, interest rate change). Intervening events include price movements in U.S. markets that are deemed to affect the value of foreign securities.
Fair-value prices are determined by Vanguard according to procedures adopted by the board of trustees. When fair-value pricing is employed, the prices of securities used by a fund to calculate the NAV may differ from quoted or published prices for the same securities.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
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Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund‘s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $18.73 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $0.303 per share from investment |
| income (interest and dividends) and $1.567 per share from investments that |
| had appreciated in value or that were sold for higher prices than the Fund paid |
| for them. |
| Shareholders received $0.23 per share in the form of dividend distributions. A |
| portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior year’s income or |
| capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $20.37, reflecting earnings of $1.87 per |
| share and distributions of $0.23 per share. This was an increase of $1.64 per |
| share (from $18.73 at the beginning of the year to $20.37 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 10.04% for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $223 million in net assets. |
| For the year, its expense ratio was 0.94% ($9.40 per $1,000 of net assets), and |
| its net investment income amounted to 1.55% o f its a verage net assets. The |
| Fund sold and replaced securities valued at 54% of its net assets. |
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Investing With Vanguard
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of doing business with Vanguard. Vanguard fund shares can be held directly with Vanguard or indirectly through an intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. If you hold Vanguard fund shares directly with Vanguard, you should carefully read each topic within this section that pertains to your relationship with Vanguard. If you hold Vanguard fund shares indirectly through an intermediary (including shares held through a Vanguard brokerage account), please see Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms , and also refer to your account agreement with the intermediary for information about transacting in that account. Vanguard reserves the right to change the following policies without notice. Please call or check online for current information. See
Contacting Vanguard.
For Vanguard fund shares held directly with Vanguard, each fund you hold in an account is a separate “fund account.” For example, if you hold three funds in a nonretirement account titled in your own name, two funds in a nonretirement account titled jointly with your spouse, and one fund in an individual retirement account, you have six fund accounts—and this is true even if you hold the same fund in multiple accounts. Note that each reference to “you” in this prospectus applies to any one or more registered account owners or persons authorized to transact on your account.
Purchasing Shares
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to increase or decrease the minimum amount required to open or maintain a fund account or to add to an existing fund account.
Investment minimums may differ for certain categories of investors.
Account Minimums
To open and maintain an account. $3,000.
To a dd to an existing account. Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment Plan, which has no established minimum).
How to Initiate a Purchase Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations, and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your purchase request.
Online. You may open certain types of accounts, request a purchase of shares, and request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
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By telephone. You may call Vanguard to begin the account registration process or request that the account-opening forms be sent to you. You may also call Vanguard to request a purchase of shares in your account or to request an exchange. See
Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send Vanguard your account registration form and check to open a new fund account. To add to an existing fund account, you may send your check with an Invest-by-Mail form (from a transaction confirmation or your account statement), with a deposit slip (available online), or with a written request. You may also send a written request to Vanguard to make an exchange. For a list of Vanguard addresses, see Contacting Vanguard .
How to Pay for a Purchase
By electronic bank transfer. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund through an electronic transfer of money from a bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate the bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can purchase shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Investment Plan) or upon request . Your purchase request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. Wiring instructions vary for different types of purchases. Please call Vanguard for instructions and policies on purchasing shares by wire. See Contacting Vanguard.
By check. You may make initial or additional purchases to your fund account by sending a check or by utilizing our mobile application if you are registered for online access. Also see How to Initiate a Purchase Request. Make your check payable to Vanguard and include the appropriate fund number (Vanguard—752).
By exchange. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
Trade Date
The trade date for any purchase request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request, the manner in which you are paying, and the type of fund you are purchasing. Your purchase will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open for trading (a business day).
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For purchases by check into all funds other than money market funds and for purchases by exchange , wire , or electronic bank transfer (not using an Automatic Investment Plan) into all funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the same day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day.
For purchases by check into money market funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the second business day following the day Vanguard receives the purchase request. Because money market instruments must be purchased with federal funds and it takes a money market mutual fund one business day to convert check proceeds into federal funds, the trade date for the purchase will be one business day later than for other funds.
For purchases by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Investment Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account. Your bank account generally will be debited on the business day after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
If your purchase request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about purchase transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Purchase Rules You Should Know
Check purchases. All purchase checks must be written in U.S. dollars and must be drawn on a U.S. bank. Vanguard does not accept cash, traveler’s checks, or money orders. In addition, Vanguard may refuse “starter checks” and checks that are not made payable to Vanguard.
New accounts. We are required by law to obtain from you certain personal information that we will use to verify your identity. If you do not provide the information, we may not be able to open your account. If we are unable to verify your identity, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to close your account or take such other steps as we deem reasonable. Certain types of accounts may require additional documentation.
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Refused or rejected purchase requests. Vanguard reserves the right to stop selling fund shares or to reject any purchase request at any time and without notice, including, but not limited to, purchases requested by exchange from another Vanguard fund. This also includes the right to reject any purchase request because the investor has a history of frequent trading or because the purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
Large purchases. Please call Vanguard before attempting to invest a large dollar amount.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any purchase request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a purchase request.
Redeeming Shares
How to Initiate a Redemption Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations , and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your redemption request.
Online. You may request a redemption of shares or request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
By telephone. You may call Vanguard to request a redemption of shares or an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send a written request to Vanguard to redeem from a fund account or to make an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
How to Receive Redemption Proceeds
By electronic bank transfer. You may have the proceeds of a fund redemption sent directly to a designated bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can redeem shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Withdrawal Plan) or upon request . Your redemption request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. To receive your proceeds by wire, you may instruct Vanguard to wire your redemption proceeds ($100 minimum) to a previously designated bank account. To establish the wire redemption service , you generally must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form.
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By exchange. You may have the proceeds of a Vanguard fund redemption invested directly in shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
By check. If you have not chosen another redemption method, Vanguard will mail you a redemption check, generally payable to all registered account owners, normally within two business days of your trade date, and generally to the address of record.
Trade Date
The trade date for any redemption request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request and the manner in which you are redeeming. Your redemption will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the NYSE is open for trading (a business day).
For redemptions by check , exchange , or wire : If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from money market funds: For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day before 10:45 a.m., Eastern time (2 p.m., Eastern time, for Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business the same day. For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day after those cut-off times, or on a nonbusiness day, and for all requests other than by telephone, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from all other funds: For requests received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day. For requests received by Vanguard on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the second business day after Vanguard receives the request.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds (redemption of shares) from your Vanguard account. Proceeds of redeemed shares generally will be credited to your designated bank account two business days after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your
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Vanguard account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer not using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan: If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
If your redemption request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. If we are unable to send your redemption proceeds by wire or electronic bank transfer because the receiving institution rejects the transfer, Vanguard will make additional efforts to complete your transaction. If Vanguard is still unable to complete the transaction, we may send the proceeds of the redemption to you by check, generally payable to all registered account owners, or use your proceeds to purchase new shares of the fund from which you sold shares for the purpose of the wire or electronic bank transfer transaction. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about redemption transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Redemption Rules You Should Know
Documentation for certain accounts. Special documentation may be required to redeem from certain types of accounts, such as trust, corporate, nonprofit, or retirement accounts. Please call us before attempting to redeem from these types of accounts.
Potentially disruptive redemptions. Vanguard reserves the right to pay all or part of a redemption in kind—that is, in the form of securities—if we reasonably believe that a cash redemption would negatively affect the fund’s operation or performance or that the shareholder may be engaged in market-timing or frequent trading. Under these circumstances, Vanguard also reserves the right to delay payment of the redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. By calling us before you attempt to redeem a large dollar amount, you may avoid in-kind or delayed payment of your redemption. Please see Frequent-Trading Limitations for information about Vanguard’s policies to limit frequent trading.
Recently purchased shares. Although you can redeem shares at any time, proceeds may not be made available to you until the fund collects payment for your purchase. This may take up to seven calendar days for shares purchased by check or by electronic bank transfer. If you have written a check on a fund with checkwriting privileges, that check may be rejected if your fund account does not have a sufficient available balance.
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Address change. If you change your address online or by telephone, there may be up to a 14-day restriction on your ability to request check redemptions online and by telephone. You can request a redemption in writing at any time. Confirmations of address changes are sent to both the old and new addresses.
Payment to a different person or address. At your request, we can make your redemption check payable, or wire your redemption proceeds, to a different person or send it to a different address. However, this generally requires the written consent of all registered account owners and may require a signature guarantee or a notarized signature. You may obtain a signature guarantee from some commercial or savings banks, credit unions, trust companies, or member firms of a U.S. stock exchange.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any redemption request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a redemption request.
Emergency circumstances. Vanguard funds can postpone payment of redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. In addition, Vanguard funds can suspend redemptions and/or postpone payments of redemption proceeds beyond seven calendar days at times when the NYSE is closed or during emergency circumstances, as determined by the SEC.
Exchanging Shares
An exchange occurs when you use the proceeds from the redemption of shares of one Vanguard fund to simultaneously purchase shares of a different Vanguard fund. You can make exchange requests online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Purchasing Shares and Redeeming Shares .
If the NYSE is open for regular trading (generally until 4 p.m., Eastern time, on a business day) at the time an exchange request is received in good order, the trade date generally will be the same day. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order for additional information on all transaction requests.
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any exchange request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing an exchange request.
Please note that Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount of any exchange, or reject an exchange, at any time, for any reason. See Frequent-Trading Limitations for additional restrictions on exchanges.
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Frequent-Trading Limitations
Because excessive transactions can disrupt management of a fund and increase the fund’s costs for all shareholders, the board of trustees of each Vanguard fund places certain limits on frequent trading in the funds. Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) limits an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account. ETF Shares are not subject to these frequent-trading limits.
For Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, the limitations apply to exchanges made online or by telephone.
These frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following:
• Purchases of shares with reinvested dividend or capital gains distributions.
• Transactions through Vanguard’s Automatic Investment Plan, Automatic Exchange Service, Direct Deposit Service, Automatic Withdrawal Plan, Required Minimum Distribution Service, and Vanguard Small Business Online ® .
• Redemptions of shares to pay fund or account fees.
• Redemptions of shares to remove excess shareholder contributions to certain types of retirement accounts (including, but not limited to, IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans).
• Transaction requests submitted by mail to Vanguard from shareholders who hold their accounts directly with Vanguard or through a Vanguard brokerage account. (Transaction requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
• Transfers and reregistrations of shares within the same fund.
• Purchases of shares by asset transfer or direct rollover.
• Conversions of shares from one share class to another in the same fund.
• Checkwriting redemptions.
• Section 529 college savings plans.
• Certain approved institutional portfolios and asset allocation programs, as well as trades made by Vanguard funds that invest in other Vanguard funds. (Please note that shareholders of Vanguard’s funds of funds are subject to the limitations.)
For participants in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans,* the frequent-trading limitations do not apply to:
• Purchases of shares with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments.
• Purchases of shares with reinvested dividend or capital gains distributions.
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• Distributions, loans, and in-service withdrawals from a plan.
• Redemptions of shares as part of a plan termination or at the direction of the plan.
• Automated transactions executed during the first six months of a participant’s enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
• Redemptions of shares to pay fund or account fees.
• Share or asset transfers or rollovers.
• Reregistrations of shares.
• Conversions of shares from one share class to another in the same fund.
• Exchange requests submitted by written request to Vanguard. (Exchange requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
* The following Vanguard fund accounts are subject to the frequent-trading limitations: SEP-IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Accounts Held by Institutions (Other Than Defined Contribution Plans)
Vanguard will systematically monitor for frequent trading in institutional clients’ accounts. If we detect suspicious trading activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action, which may include applying to a client’s accounts the 60-day policy previously described, prohibiting a client’s purchases of fund shares, and/or revoking the client’s exchange privilege.
Accounts Held by Intermediaries
When intermediaries establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of their clients, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of the individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor their clients’ trading activities with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries will be asked to assess these fees on client accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If you invest with Vanguard through an intermediary, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
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Other Rules You Should Know
Prospectus and Shareholder Report Mailings
Vanguard attempts to eliminate the unnecessary expense of duplicate mailings by sending just one summary prospectus (or prospectus) and/or shareholder report when two or more shareholders have the same last name and address. You may request individual prospectuses and reports by contacting our Client Services Department in writing, by telephone, or online. See Contacting Vanguard .
Vanguard.com
Registration. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com, you can review your account holdings; buy, sell, or exchange shares of most Vanguard funds; and perform most other transactions through our website. You must register for this service online.
Electronic delivery. Vanguard can deliver your account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com , you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging on and changing your mailing preferences under “Account Maintenance.” You can revoke your electronic consent at any time through our website, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within 30 days of receiving your revocation.
Telephone Transactions
Automatic. When we set up your account, we will automatically enable you to do business with us by telephone, unless you instruct us otherwise in writing.
Tele-Account ® . To obtain fund and account information through Vanguard’s automated telephone service, you must first establish a Personal Identification Number (PIN) by calling Tele-Account at 800-662-6273.
Proof of a caller’s authority. We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
• Account registration and address.
• Fund name and account number, if applicable.
• Other information relating to the caller, the account owner, or the account.
Good Order
We reserve the right to reject any transaction instructions that are not in “good order.” Good order generally means that your instructions:
• Are provided by the person(s) authorized in accordance with Vanguard’s policies and procedures to access the account and request transactions.
• Include the fund name and account number.
• Include the amount of the transaction (stated in dollars, shares, or percentage).
Written instructions also must include:
• Signature guarantees or notarized signatures, if required for the type of transaction.
(Call Vanguard for specific requirements.)
• Any supporting documentation that may be required.
The requirements vary among types of accounts and transactions. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise the requirements for good order.
Future Trade-Date Requests
Vanguard does not accept requests to hold a purchase, redemption, or exchange transaction for a future date. All such requests will receive trade dates as previously described in Purchasing Shares, Redeeming Shares, and Exchanging Shares . Vanguard reserves the right to return future-dated purchase checks.
Accounts With More Than One Owner
If an account has more than one owner or authorized person, Vanguard generally will accept instructions from any one owner or authorized person.
Responsibility for Fraud
Vanguard will not be responsible for any account losses because of fraud if we reasonably believe that the person transacting business on an account is authorized to do so. Please take precautions to protect yourself from fraud. Keep your account information private, and immediately review any account statements or other information that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately about any transactions or changes to your account that you believe to be unauthorized.
Uncashed Checks
Please cash your distribution or redemption checks promptly. Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
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Dormant Accounts
If your account has no activity in it for a period of time, Vanguard may be required to transfer it to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
Unusual Circumstances
If you experience difficulty contacting Vanguard online or by telephone, you can send us your transaction request by regular or express mail. See Contacting Vanguard for addresses.
Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
Please see Frequent - Trading Limitations — Accounts Held by Intermediaries for information about the assessment of any purchase or redemption fees and the monitoring of frequent trading for accounts held by intermediaries.
Account Service Fee
Vanguard charges a $20 account service fee on fund accounts that have a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation. The account service fee applies to both retirement and nonretirement fund accounts and will be assessed on fund accounts in all Vanguard funds, regardless of the account minimum . The fee, which will be collected by redeeming fund shares in the amount of $20, will be deducted from a fund account only once per calendar year.
If you register on vanguard.com and elect to receive electronic delivery of statements, reports, and other materials for all of your fund accounts, the account service fee for balances below $10,000 will not be charged, so long as that election remains in effect.
The account service fee also does not apply to the following:
• Money market sweep accounts owned in connection with a Vanguard Brokerage Services ® account.
• Accounts held through intermediaries.
• Accounts held by institutional clients.
• Accounts held by Voyager, Voyager Select, and Flagship clients. Eligibility is based on total household assets held at Vanguard, with a minimum of $50,000 to qualify for Vanguard Voyager Services ® , $500,000 for Vanguard Voyager Select Services ® , and $1 million for Vanguard Flagship Services ® . Vanguard determines eligibility by aggregating assets of all qualifying accounts held by the investor and immediate family members who reside at the same address. Aggregate assets include
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investments in Vanguard mutual funds, Vanguard ETFs ® , certain annuities through Vanguard, the Vanguard 529 Plan, and certain small-business accounts. Assets in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which Vanguard provides recordkeeping services may be included in determining eligibility if the investor also has a personal account holding Vanguard mutual funds. Note that assets held in a Vanguard Brokerage Services account (other than Vanguard funds, including Vanguard ETFs) are not included when determining a household’s eligibility.
• Participant accounts in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans.* Please consult your enrollment materials for the rules that apply to your account.
• Section 529 college savings plans.
* The following Vanguard fund accounts have alternative fee structures: SIMPLE IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Low-Balance Accounts
The Fund reserves the right to liquidate a fund account whose balance falls below the account minimum f or any reason, including market fluctuation. This policy applies to nonretirement fund accounts and accounts that are held through intermediaries.
Right to Change Policies
In addition to the rights expressly stated elsewhere in this prospectus, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to (1) alter, add, or discontinue any conditions of purchase (including eligibility requirements), redemption, exchange, service, or privilege at any time; (2) accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) freeze any account and/or suspend account services if Vanguard has received reasonable notice of a dispute regarding the assets in an account, including notice of a dispute between the registered or beneficial account owners, or if Vanguard reasonably believes a fraudulent transaction may occur or has occurred; (4) temporarily freeze any account and/or suspend account services upon initial notification to Vanguard of the death of the shareholder until Vanguard receives required documentation in good order; (5) alter, impose, discontinue, or waive any purchase fee, redemption fee, account service fee, or other fees charged to a group of shareholders; and (6) redeem an account or suspend account privileges, without the owner’s permission to do so, in cases of threatening conduct or activity Vanguard believes to be suspicious, fraudulent, or illegal. Changes may affect any or all investors. These actions will be taken when, at the sole discretion of Vanguard management, Vanguard reasonably believes they are deemed to be in the best interest of a fund.
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Fund and Account Updates
Confirmation Statements
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) a confirmation of your trade date and the amount of your transaction when you buy, sell, or exchange shares. However, we will not send confirmations reflecting only checkwriting redemptions or the reinvestment of dividend or capital gains distributions. For any month in which you had a checkwriting redemption, a Checkwriting Activity Statement will be sent to you itemizing the checkwriting redemptions for that month. Promptly review each confirmation statement that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on a confirmation statement, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Portfolio Summaries
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) quarterly portfolio summaries to help you keep track of your accounts throughout the year. If you prefer, you may request to receive monthly portfolio summaries. Each summary shows the market value of your account at the close of the statement period, as well as all distributions, purchases, redemptions, exchanges, and transfers for the current calendar quarter (or month) . Promptly review each summary that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on the summary, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Tax Information Statements
For most accounts, we are required to provide annual tax forms to assist you in preparing your income tax returns. We will generally send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) annual tax forms in January. T hese forms will report the previous year’s dividends, capital gains distributions, proceeds from the sale of shares from taxable accounts, and distributions from IRAs and other retirement plans. Registered users of vanguard.com can also view these forms through our website. Vanguard may also provide you with additional tax-related documentation. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
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Annual and Semiannual Reports
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) reports about Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund twice a year, in June and December. These reports include overviews of the financial markets and provide the following specific Fund information:
Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com , in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month. Please consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
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| Contacting Vanguard | |
| Web | |
| Vanguard.com | For the most complete source of Vanguard news |
| For fund, account, and service information | |
| For most account transactions | |
| For literature requests | |
| 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Phone | |
| Vanguard Tele-Account ® 800-662-6273 | For automated fund and account information |
| Toll-free, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Investor Information 800-662- 7447 | For fund and service information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For literature requests |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Client Services 800-662- 2739 | For account information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For most account transactions |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Institutional Division | For information and services for large institutional investors |
| 888-809-8102 | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 9 p.m., |
| Eastern time | |
| Financial Advisor and Intermediary | For information and services for financial intermediaries |
| Sales Support 800-997-2798 | including financial advisors, broker-dealers, trust institutions, |
| and insurance companies | |
| Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., | |
| Eastern time | |
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| Additional Information | |||||
| Vanguard | |||||
| Inception | Suitable | Newspaper | Fund | CUSIP | |
| Date | for IRAs | Abbreviation | Number | Number | |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | 6/27/2011 | Yes EmgMktSelStk | 752 | 921939500 | |
CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute.
Morningstar data © 2014 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
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Glossary of Investment Terms
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
FTSE Emerging Index. A market-capitalization-weighted index representing large- and mid-cap stocks of companies located in emerging markets around the world.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
MSCI Emerging Markets Index. An index that tracks stocks in more than 20 emerging markets of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
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| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund |
| Prospectus |
| February 26, 2014 |
| Investor Shares for Participants |
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares (VMMSX) |
| This prospectus contains financial data for the Fund through the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 . |
| The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or |
| passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. |
Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $96 | $300 | $520 | $1155 |
1
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 54 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
The Fund invests mainly in equity securities of companies located in emerging markets. The Fund invests in small-, mid-, and large-capitalization companies and is expected to diversify its assets among companies located in emerging markets around the world. Under normal circumstances, at least 80% of the Fund’s assets will be invested in common stocks of companies located in emerging markets. A company is considered to be located in an emerging market if it is organized under the laws of, or has a principal office in, an emerging country; has a class of securities whose principal securities market is in an emerging country; derives 50% or more of its total revenue from goods produced, sales made, or services provided in one or more emerging countries; or maintains 50% or more of its assets in one or more emerging countries . The Fund uses multiple investment advisors.
Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of global stock markets. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
• Emerging markets risk , which is the chance that the stocks of companies located in emerging markets will be substantially more volatile, and substantially less liquid, than the stocks of companies located in more developed foreign markets because, among other factors, emerging markets can have greater custodial and operational risks; less developed legal, regulatory, and accounting systems; and greater political, social, and economic instability than developed markets.
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• Country/regional risk, which is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Country/regional risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Currency risk , which is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Currency risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Investment style risk , which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection will cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown . The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of the Fund‘s benchmark index and another comparative index, which have investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund. Effective August 1, 2013, the Fund began using the FTSE Emerging Index as its benchmark index. FTSE Emerging Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes applicable to U.S.-based mutual funds organized as Delaware statutory trusts. MSCI Emerging Markets Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
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Annual Total Returns — Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 15.92% (quarter ended March 31, 2012), and the lowest return for a quarter was –8.75% (quarter ended June 30, 2012).
| Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2013 | ||
| Since | ||
| Inception | ||
| (Jun. 27, | ||
| 1 Year | 2011) | |
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Investor Shares | 0.99% | 0.81% |
| Comparative Indexes | ||
| (reflect no deduction for fees or expenses) | ||
| FTSE Emerging Index | –3.85% | –2.06% |
| MSCI Emerging Markets Index | –2.60 | –3.98 |
Investment Advisors
M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G) Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree ) Pzena Investment Management, LLC ( Pzena )
Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management )
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Portfolio Managers
Matthew Vaight, UKSIP, Portfolio Manager at M&G. He has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Frank J. Carroll III, Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Timothy D. Jensen, Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Caroline Cai, CFA, Principal of Pzena. She has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Allison Fisch, Principal of Pzena. She has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
John P. Goetz, Managing Principal and co-Chief Investment Officer of Pzena. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Cheryl M. Duckworth, CFA, Senior Vice President and Associate Director, Global Industry Research of Wellington Management. She has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011.
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisors do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
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More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance
for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this
symbol throughout the
prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
This prospectus is intended for participants in employer-sponsored retirement or savings plans. Another version—for investors who would like to open a personal investment account—can be obtained by visiting our website at vanguard.com or by calling Vanguard at 800-662-7447.
| Plain Talk About Fund Expenses |
| All mutual funds have operating expenses. These expenses, which are deducted |
| from a fund’s gross income, are expressed as a percentage of the net assets of |
| the fund. Assuming that operating expenses remain as stated in the Fees and |
| Expenses section, Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund’s expense |
| ratio would be 0.94% , or $9.40 per $1,000 of average net assets. The average |
| expense ratio for emerging markets funds in 2012 was 1.54%, or $15.40 per |
| $1,000 of average net assets (derived from data provided by Lipper, a Thomson |
| Reuters Company , which reports on the mutual fund industry). |
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
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The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund‘s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote. The Fund may change its 80% policy only upon 60 days‘ notice to shareholders.
Market Exposure
The Fund invests primarily in the common stocks of companies located in emerging markets throughout the world, without regard for the size (capitalization) of the companies.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
The Fund is subject to emerging markets risk, which is the chance that the stocks of companies located in emerging markets will be substantially more volatile, and substantially less liquid, than the stocks of companies located in more developed foreign markets because, among other factors, emerging markets can have greater custodial and operational risks; less developed legal, regulatory, and accounting systems; and greater political, social, and economic instability than developed markets.
| Plain Talk About International Investing |
| U.S. investors who invest abroad will encounter risks not typically associated |
| with U.S. companies because foreign stock and bond markets operate differently |
| from the U.S. markets. For instance, foreign companies are not subject to the |
| same accounting, auditing, and financial-reporting standards and practices as |
| U.S. companies, and their stocks may not be as liquid as those of similar U.S. |
| firms. In addition, foreign stock exchanges, brokers, and companies may be |
| subject to less government supervision and regulation than their counterparts in |
| the United States. These factors, among others, could negatively affect the |
| returns U.S. investors receive from foreign investments. |
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To illustrate the volatility of foreign stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for foreign stock markets over various periods as measured by the MSCI EAFE Index, a widely used barometer of foreign market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
| Foreign Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1970– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 69.4% | 36.1% | 22.0% | 15.5% |
| Worst | –43.4 | –4.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Average | 11.7 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.5 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1970 through 2013 . These average annual returns reflect past performance of foreign stocks; you should not regard them as an indication of future performance of either foreign markets as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Note that the MSCI EAFE Index does not take into account returns for emerging markets, which can be substantially more volatile and substantially less liquid than the more developed markets included in the Index. In addition, because the MSCI EAFE Index tracks the European and Pacific developed markets collectively, the returns in the preceding table do not reflect the variability of returns for these markets individually. To illustrate this variability, the following table shows returns for different foreign markets—as well as for the U.S. market for comparison—from 2004 through 2013 , as measured by their respective indexes.
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1 European market returns are measured by the MSCI Europe Index, Pacific market returns are measured by the MSCI Pacific Index, emerging markets returns are measured by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and U.S. market returns are measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index.
2 MSCI Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes.
Keep in mind that these returns reflect past performance of the various indexes; you should not consider them as an indication of future performance of the indexes or of the Fund in particular.
The Fund is subject to country/regional risk and currency risk. Country/regional risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Country/regional risk and currency risk are especially high in emerging markets.
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The Fund is subject to investment style risk, which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
Security Selection
The Fund uses multiple investment advisors. Each advisor independently selects and maintains a portfolio of equity securities for the Fund. The advisors may consider emerging countries to be those included in the Fund’s benchmark index, the FTSE Emergin g I ndex; countries classified as emerging economies by the World Bank; and other countries or markets with similar emerging characteristics. Each advisor will consider, among other things, a country’s political and economic stability and the development of its financial and capital markets when determining what constitutes an emerging market country. A company is considered to be located in an emerging market if it is organized under the laws of, or has a principal office in, an emerging country; has a class of securities whose principal securities market is in an emerging country ; derives 50% or more of its total revenue from goods produced, sales made, or services provided in one or more emerging countries; or maintains 50% or more of its assets in one or more emerging countries. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock, depositary receipts, convertible securities, and rights to purchase common stock.
Each advisor employs active investment management methods, which means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisor’s evaluations of companies and their financial prospects, the prices of the securities, and the stock market and the economy in general. Each advisor uses a different process to select securities for its portion of the Fund’s assets. The equity securities selected for the Fund will typically be from those emerging markets countries included in the FTSE Emergin g I ndex.
Each advisor will sell a security when, in the view of the advisor, it is no longer as attractive as an alternative investment.
M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G) uses a long-term, bottom-up approach to portfolio management that seeks to identify companies that are disciplined with capital, can generate returns above the cost of capital, and are focused on creating value. M&G’s long-term view attempts to take advantage of pricing anomalies created by short-term investors.
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M&G’s company selection analysis focuses on individual companies’ assets, industry dynamics, constructive discussions with management, and corporate governance. The advisor seeks diversification across four areas in which investors tend to misprice returns: external change, internal change, asset growth, and quality.
Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree), s eeks to capture misevaluation of securities caused by investor behavior, while placing a priority on limiting losses. Oaktree’s investment process is driven by bottom-up research, which includes extensive travel to meet company management and maintenance of in-house models focused on deriving reliable cash flow projections. Stocks are selected based on a combination of valuation, investment thesis, portfolio construction, and risk management.
Oaktree’s investment process results in a diversified portfolio and limits exposure by country and industry in order to avoid concentrated positions that could expose the portfolio to heightened risk. The portfolio will hold companies across all market capitalizations; less liquid companies will only be included in the portfolio if the advisor concludes that there is significant upside potential.
Pzena Investment Management, LLC (Pzena), u tilizes a deep-value approach to portfolio management that focuses on the most undervalued companies based on five-year price-to-normalized earnings. Pzena believes that this value philosophy works well in emerging markets because most investors ignore the cost side of the equation and focus only on growth. Because the companies that the advisor targets may be underperforming their historical earnings power, each undergoes intensive fundamental research to determine whether the problems are temporary or permanent.
Stocks are considered for purchase after meeting three criteria: (1) the company’s identified problems, if any, are temporary; (2) the company’s management has a viable strategy to generate a recovery in earnings; and (3) there is meaningful downside protection in case the earnings recovery does not materialize. Pzena’s portfolio will be diversified among sectors and countries.
Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management), allocates assets to a team of Wellington Management’s investment professionals, who are primarily Global Industry Analysts (GIAs). The relative size of each analyst’s subportfolio of assets is roughly proportional to the relative weight of the analyst’s coverage universe in the Fund’s benchmark, the FTSE Emerging Index . Wellington Management employs a bottom-up approach that seeks to add value through in-depth fundamental research and understanding of its industries. The advisor believes that the experience of covering the same companies over a period of many years provides the GIAs with unusually in-depth knowledge, which in turn leads to better and more timely decisions and increases their potential to produce superior results. The strategy combines a blend of investment disciplines, which diversifies investment style risk, as individual analysts have developed valuation methodologies that have proven most relevant to their particular industries.
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The country weights are determined by the stock selection process. The Wellington Management analysts communicate on a regular basis to discuss risk arising from overall portfolio-level country exposures.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selection w ill cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
Other Investment Policies and Risks
In addition to investing in equity securities of companies located in emerging markets, the Fund may make other kinds of investments to achieve its objective.
The Fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index) , or a reference rate (such as LIBOR) . Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those of investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The Fund will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
The Fund may enter into foreign currency exchange forward contracts, which are a type of derivative. A foreign currency exchange forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a country’s currency at a specific price on a specific date, usually 30, 60, or 90 days in the future. In other words, the contract guarantees an exchange rate on a given date. Advisors of funds that invest in foreign securities can use these contracts to guard against unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. These contracts, however, would not prevent the Fund’s securities from falling in value as a result of risks other than unfavorable currency exchange movements . The Fund may also invest in stock futures, stock index futures, and options contracts, which are all types of derivatives.
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| Plain Talk About Derivatives |
| Derivatives can take many forms. Some forms of derivatives—such as exchange- |
| traded futures and options on securities, commodities, or indexes—have been |
| trading on regulated exchanges for decades. These types of derivatives are |
| standardized contracts that can easily be bought and sold and whose market |
| values are determined and published daily. Non-exchange-traded derivatives (such |
| as certain swap agreements and foreign currency exchange forward contracts), |
| on the other hand, tend to be more specialized or complex and may be harder |
| to value. |
To facilitate cash flows to and from the Fund’s advisors, The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), typically invests a small portion of the Fund’s assets in stock index futures, which are a type of derivative, and/or shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), including ETF Shares issued by Vanguard stock funds. These stock index futures and ETFs typically provide returns similar to those of common stocks. Vanguard may also purchase futures or ETFs when doing so will reduce the Fund’s transaction costs or add value because the instruments are favorably priced. Vanguard receives no additional revenue from Fund assets invested in ETF Shares of other Vanguard funds. Fund assets invested in ETF Shares are excluded when allocating to the Fund its share of the costs of Vanguard operations.
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
The Fund may temporarily depart from its normal investment policies and strategies when an advisor believes that doing so is in the Fund’s best interest, so long as the alternative is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective. For instance, the Fund may invest beyond its normal limits in derivatives or exchange-traded funds that are consistent with the Fund’s objective when those instruments are more favorably priced or provide needed liquidity, as might be the case if the Fund is transitioning assets from one advisor to another or receives large cash flows that it cannot prudently invest immediately.
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In addition, the Fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the Fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail to achieve its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term I nflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
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• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, a participant from exchanging into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the participant has exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell securities regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period. The average turnover rate for diversified emerging markets funds was approximately 73% , as reported by Morningstar, Inc., on October 31, 2013 . The Fund experienced a higher turnover rate in the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, as a result of market conditions and scaling of the Fund’s operations. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2011, the Fund’s turnover rate was lower as a result of a shorter period of operations.
| Plain Talk About Turnover Rate |
| Before investing in a mutual fund, you should review its turnover rate. This gives |
| an indication of how transaction costs, which are not included in the fund’s |
| expense ratio, could affect the fund’s future returns. In general, the greater the |
| volume of buying and selling by the fund, the greater the impact that brokerage |
| commissions and other transaction costs will have on its return. Also, funds with |
| high turnover rates may be more likely to generate capital gains that must be |
| distributed to shareholders. |
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The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more t han 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisors
The Fund uses a multimanager approach. Each advisor independently manages its assigned portion of the Fund’s assets, subject to the supervision and oversight of Vanguard and the Fund’s board of trustees. The board of trustees designates the proportion of Fund assets to be managed by each advisor and may change these proportions at any time.
• M&G Investment Management Limited, Laurence Pountney Hill, London, EC4R
0HH, England, is an advisory firm and wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential plc. M&G is a company incorporated in the United Kingdom, based in London, England, and is not affiliated in any manner with Prudential Financial, Inc., a company whose principal place of business is in the United States. M&G, a separate business unit within the Prudential group, launched Great Britain’s first unit trust (mutual fund) in 1931. As of October 31, 2013 , M&G managed approximately $ 391 billion in assets.
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• Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., 333 South Grand Avenue, 28th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90071, is an investment advisory firm founded in 1995. Oaktree focuses on certain specialized investment areas, including emerging markets. As of October 31, 2013 , Oaktree managed approximately $ 80 billion in assets.
• Pzena Investment Management, LLC, 120 West 45th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10036, is a global investment management firm founded in 1995. Pzena focuses exclusively on a deep value investment approach. The members of the firm’s executive committee and other employees collectively own a majority of the firm . As of October 31, 2013 , Pzena managed approximately $ 22.3 billion in assets.
• Wellington Management Company, LLP , 280 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210, a Massachusetts limited liability partnership, is an investment counseling firm that provides investment services to investment companies, employee benefit plans, endowments, foundations, and other institutions. Wellington Management and its predecessor organizations have provided investment advisory services for over 80 years. As of October 31, 2013 , Wellington Management had investment management authority with respect to approximately $ 799 billion in assets.
The Fund pays each of its investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index through July 31, 2012, and the FTSE Emerging Index thereafter over the preceding 36-month period. When the performance adjustment is positive, the Fund’s expenses increase; when it is negative, expenses decrease. The Fund’s performance adjustment will not be fully operable until the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2014.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 , the aggregate advisory fee represented an effective annual rate of 0.52% before a performance-based increase of 0.02% .
Under the terms of an SEC exemption, the Fund’s board of trustees may, without prior approval from shareholders, change the terms of an advisory agreement or hire a new investment advisor—either as a replacement for an existing advisor or as an additional advisor. Any significant change in the Fund’s advisory arrangements will be communicated to shareholders in writing. In addition, as the Fund’s sponsor and overall manager, Vanguard may provide investment advisory services to the Fund, on an at-cost basis, at any time. Vanguard may also recommend to the board of trustees that an advisor be hired, terminated, or replaced or that the terms of an existing advisory agreement be revised.
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For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory agreements, see the most recent annual report to shareholders covering the fiscal year ended October 31.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
Matthew Vaight , UKSIP, Portfolio Manager at M&G. He has worked in investment management for M&G since 1996, has managed investment portfolios since 2007, and has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Oxford University.
Frank J. Carroll III , Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has worked in investment management since 1990, has been with Oaktree since 1999, has managed investment portfolios since 2005, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Fairfield University.
Timothy D. Jensen , Managing Director and co-head of Emerging Markets Equities at Oaktree. He has worked in investment management since 1990, has managed investment portfolios since 1998, has been with Oaktree since 2000, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Harvard College; M.B.A., University of California, Los Angeles.
Caroline Cai , CFA, Principal of Pzena. She has worked in investment management since 1998, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 2004, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Bryn Mawr College.
Allison Fisch , Principal of Pzena. She has worked in investment management since 2001, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 2006, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Dartmouth College.
John P. Goetz , Managing Principal and co-Chief Investment Officer of Pzena. He has worked in investment management since 1979, has managed investment portfolios for Pzena since 1996, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Wheaton College; M.B.A., the Kellogg School at Northwestern University.
Cheryl M. Duckworth , CFA, Senior Vice President and Associate Director, Global Industry Research of Wellington Management. She has worked in investment management since 1988, has been with Wellington Management since 1994, has managed investment portfolios since 2003, and has managed a portion of the Fund since its inception in 2011. Education: B.A., Duke University; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income (interest and dividends, less expenses) as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December.
Your distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . However, on those days the value of the Fund’s assets may be affected to the extent that the Fund holds foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
Stocks held by a Vanguard fund are valued at their market value when reliable market quotations are readily available. Certain short-term debt instruments used to manage a fund’s cash are valued on the basis of amortized cost. The values of any foreign securities held by a fund are converted into U.S. dollars using an exchange rate obtained from an independent third party. The values of any mutual fund shares held
19
by a fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF or closed-end fund shares held by a fund are based on the market value of the shares.
When a fund determines that market quotations either are not readily available or do not accurately reflect the value of a security, the security is priced at its fair value (the amount that the owner might reasonably expect to receive upon the current sale of the security). A fund also will use fair-value pricing if the value of a security it holds has been materially affected by events occurring before the fund’s pricing time but after the close of the primary markets or exchanges on which the security is traded. This most commonly occurs with foreign securities, which may trade on foreign exchanges that close many hours before the fund’s pricing time. Intervening events might be company-specific (e.g., earnings report, merger announcement) or country-specific or regional/global (e.g., natural disaster, economic or political news, act of terrorism, interest rate change). Intervening events include price movements in U.S. markets that are deemed to affect the value of foreign securities.
Fair-value prices are determined by Vanguard according to procedures adopted by the board of trustees. When fair-value pricing is employed, the prices of securities used by a fund to calculate the NAV may differ from quoted or published prices for the same securities.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
20
Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund‘s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $18.73 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $0.303 per share from investment |
| income (interest and dividends) and $1.567 per share from investments that had |
| appreciated in value or that were sold for higher prices than the Fund paid |
| for them. |
| Shareholders received $0.23 per share in the form of dividend distributions. A |
| portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior year’s income or |
| capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $20.37, reflecting earnings of $1.87 per |
| share and distributions of $0.23 per share. This was an increase of $1.64 per |
| share (from $18.73 at the beginning of the year to $20.37 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 10.04% for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $223 million in net assets. |
| For the year, its expense ratio was 0.94% ($9.40 per $1,000 of net assets), and |
| its net investment income amounted to 1.55% o f its a verage net assets. The |
| Fund sold and replaced securities valued at 54% of its net assets. |
21
22
Investing With Vanguard
The Fund is an investment option in your retirement or savings plan. Your plan administrator or your employee benefits office can provide you with detailed information on how to participate in your plan and how to elect the Fund as an investment option.
• If you have any questions about the Fund or Vanguard, including those about the Fund’s investment objective, strategies, or risks, contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
• If you have questions about your account, contact your plan administrator or the organization that provides recordkeeping services for your plan.
• Be sure to carefully read each topic that pertains to your transactions with Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right to change its policies without notice to shareholders.
Investment Options and Allocations
Your plan’s specific provisions may allow you to change your investment selections, the amount of your contributions, or the allocation of your contributions among the investment choices available to you . Contact your plan administrator or employee benefits office for more details.
Transactions
Transaction requests (e.g., a contribution, an exchange, or a redemption) must be in good order. Good order means that Vanguard has determined that (1) your transaction request includes complete information and (2) appropriate assets are already in your account or new assets have been received.
Processing times for your transaction requests may differ among recordkeepers or among transaction types. Your plan’s recordkeeper (which may also be Vanguard) will determine the necessary processing time frames for your transaction requests prior to submission to the Fund. Consult your recordkeeper or plan administrator for more information.
Your transaction will then be based on the next-determined NAV of the Fund. If your transaction request was received in good order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), you will receive that day’s NAV and trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days the NYSE is open for trading.
If Vanguard is serving as your plan recordkeeper and if your transaction involves one or more investments with an early cut-off time for processing or another trading restriction, your entire transaction will be subject to the restriction when the trade date for your transaction is determined.
23
Frequent-Trading Limitations
The exchange privilege (your ability to purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another fund) may be available to you through your plan. Although we make every effort to maintain the exchange privilege, Vanguard reserves the right to revise or terminate this privilege, limit the amount of an exchange, or reject any exchange, at any time, without notice. Because excessive exchanges can disrupt the management of the Vanguard funds and increase their transaction costs, Vanguard places certain limits on the exchange privilege.
If you are exchanging out of any Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) , you must wait 60 days before exchanging back into the fund. This policy applies, regardless of the dollar amount . Please note that the 60-day clock restarts after every exchange out of the fund.
The frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following: exchange requests submitted by mail to Vanguard (exchange requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations); exchanges of shares purchased with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments; exchanges of shares purchased with reinvested dividend or capital gains distributions; distributions, loans, and in-service withdrawals from a plan; redemptions of shares as part of a plan termination or at the direction of the plan; redemptions of shares to pay fund or account fees; share or asset transfers or rollovers; reregistrations of shares within the same fund; conversions of shares from one share class to another in the same fund; and automated transactions executed during the first six months of a participant’s enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
Before making an exchange to or from another fund available in your plan, consider the following:
• Certain investment options, particularly funds made up of company stock or investment contracts, may be subject to unique restrictions.
• Vanguard can accept exchanges only as permitted by your plan. Contact your plan administrator for details on other exchange policies that apply to your plan.
Before making an exchange into another fund, it is important to read that fund’s prospectus. To obtain a copy, please contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
Plans for which Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper: If Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper for your plan, your plan’s recordkeeper will establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of its clients. In such accounts, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional
24
purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor participants’ trading activity with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries that establish accounts in the Vanguard funds will be asked to assess these fees on participant accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If a firm other than Vanguard serves as recordkeeper for your plan, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
No Cancellations
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any transaction request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a transaction request.
Proof of a Caller’s Authority
We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
• Account registration and address.
• Fund name and account number, if applicable.
• Other information relating to the caller, the account owner, or the account.
Uncashed Checks
Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
25
Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com , in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month. Please consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
| Additional Information | ||||
| Inception | Newspaper | Vanguard | CUSIP | |
| Date | Abbreviation | Fund Number | Number | |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | 6/27/2011 EmgMktSelStk | 752 | 921939500 | |
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Accessing Fund Information Online
Vanguard Online at Vanguard.com
Visit Vanguard’s education-oriented website for access to timely news and information about Vanguard funds and services and easy-to-use, interactive tools to help you create your own investment and retirement strategies.
| CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute. |
| Morningstar data © 2014 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to |
| Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, |
| complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any |
| use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. |
27
Glossary of Investment Terms
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
FTSE Emerging Index. A market-capitalization-weighted index representing large- and mid-cap stocks of companies located in emerging markets around the world.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
MSCI Emerging Markets Index. An index that tracks stocks in more than 20 emerging markets of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
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Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
| Annual Fund Operating Expenses | |
| (Expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | |
| Management Fees | 0.39% |
| 12b-1 Distribution Fee | None |
| Other Expenses | 0.04% |
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 0.43% |
1
Example
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $44 | $138 | $241 | $542 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 52 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
The Fund invests mainly in common stocks of companies located outside the United States that are considered by an advisor to be undervalued. Such stocks, called value stocks, often are out of favor in periods when investors are drawn to companies with strong prospects for growth. The prices of value stocks, therefore, may be below average in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. The Fund invests in large-, mid-, and small-capitalization companies and is expected to diversify its assets in countries across developed and emerging markets. The Fund uses multiple investment advisors.
2
Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of global stock markets. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
• Country/regional risk, which is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, including emerging markets, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Country/ regional risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Currency risk , which is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Currency risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Investment style risk , which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks, as well as non-U.S. value stocks, each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection w ill cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
3
Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown. The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of the Fund‘s benchmark index and other comparative indexes, which have investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund. Returns for the indexes shown are adjusted for withholding taxes. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
Annual Total Returns — Vanguard International Value Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 24.94% (quarter ended June 30, 2009), and the lowest return for a quarter was –20.73% (quarter ended September 30, 2011).
4
Actual after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown in the preceding table. When after-tax returns are calculated, it is assumed that the shareholder was in the highest individual federal marginal income tax bracket at the time of each distribution of income or capital gains or upon redemption. State and local income taxes are not reflected in the calculations. Please note that after-tax returns are not relevant for a shareholder who holds fund shares in a tax-deferred account, such as an individual retirement account or a 401(k) plan. Also, figures captioned Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares may be higher than other figures for the same period if a capital loss occurs upon redemption and results in an assumed tax deduction for the shareholder.
Investment Advisors
ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA) Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners) Lazard Asset Management LLC (Lazard)
Portfolio Managers
A. Rama Krishna, CFA, Founder and Chief Investment Officer of ARGA. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012.
Steven Morrow, CFA, Director of Research at ARGA. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012.
Sandy Nairn, Investment Partner, Director, and Chief Executive of Edinburgh Partners. He has managed a portion of the Fund since 2008.
Michael A. Bennett, CPA, Managing Director of Lazard. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010.
Michael G. Fry, Managing Director of Lazard. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010.
5
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
You may purchase or redeem shares online through our website ( vanguard.com) , by mail (The Vanguard Group, P.O. Box 1110, Valley Forge, PA 19482-1110), or by telephone (800-662-2739). The following table provides the Fund’s minimum initial and subsequent investment requirements.
| Account Minimums | Investor Shares |
| To open and maintain an account | $3,000 |
| To add to an existing account | Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment |
| Plan, which has no established minimum) |
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions may be taxable as ordinary income or capital gain. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisors do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
6
More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance
for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this
symbol throughout the
prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
| Plain Talk About Fund Expenses |
| All mutual funds have operating expenses. These expenses, which are deducted |
| from a fund’s gross income, are expressed as a percentage of the net assets of |
| the fund. Assuming that operating expenses remain as stated in the Fees and |
| Expenses section, Vanguard International Value Fund’s expense ratio would be |
| 0.43% , or $4.30 per $1,000 of average net assets. The average expense ratio for |
| international stock funds in 2012 was 1.33% , or $13.30 per $1,000 of average net |
| assets (derived from data provided by Lipper, a Thomson Reuters Company , |
| which reports on the mutual fund industry). |
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund‘s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote.
7
Market Exposure
The Fund is a value-oriented fund that invests primarily in the common stocks of foreign companies in a number of different countries throughout the world, without regard for the size (capitalization) of the companies. The asset-weighted median market capitalization of the Fund’s stock holdings as of October 31, 2013 , was $36.2 billion.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
| Plain Talk About International Investing |
| U.S. investors who invest abroad will encounter risks not typically associated |
| with U.S. companies because foreign stock and bond markets operate differently |
| from the U.S. markets. For instance, foreign companies are not subject to the |
| same accounting, auditing, and financial-reporting standards and practices as |
| U.S. companies, and their stocks may not be as liquid as those of similar U.S. |
| firms. In addition, foreign stock exchanges, brokers, and companies may be |
| subject to less government supervision and regulation than their counterparts in |
| the United States. These factors, among others, could negatively affect the |
| returns U.S. investors receive from foreign investments. |
To illustrate the volatility of foreign stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for foreign stock markets over various periods as measured by the MSCI EAFE Index, a widely used barometer of foreign market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
| Foreign Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1970– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 69.4% | 36.1% | 22.0% | 15.5% |
| Worst | –43.4 | –4.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Average | 11.7 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.5 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1970 through 2013 .
These average annual returns reflect past performance of foreign stocks; you should
8
not regard them as an indication of future performance of either foreign markets as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Note that the MSCI EAFE Index does not take into account returns for emerging markets, which can be substantially more volatile and substantially less liquid than the more developed markets included in the Index. In addition, because the MSCI EAFE Index tracks the European and Pacific developed markets collectively, the returns in the preceding table do not reflect the variability of returns for these markets individually. To illustrate this variability, the following table shows returns for different foreign markets—as well as for the U.S. market for comparison—from 2004 through 2013 , as measured by their respective indexes.
1 European market returns are measured by the MSCI Europe Index, Pacific market returns are measured by the MSCI Pacific Index, emerging markets returns are measured by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and U.S. market returns are measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index.
2 MSCI Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes.
Keep in mind that these returns reflect past performance of the various indexes; you should not consider them as an indication of future performance of the indexes or of the Fund in particular.
9
The Fund is subject to country/regional risk and currency risk. Country/regional risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, including emerging markets, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Country/regional risk and currency risk are especially high in emerging markets.
| Plain Talk About Growth Funds and Value Funds |
| Growth investing and value investing are two styles employed by stock-fund |
| managers. Growth funds generally focus on stocks of companies believed to |
| have above-average potential for growth in revenue, earnings, cash flow, or other |
| similar criteria. These stocks typically have low dividend yields and above-average |
| prices in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. Value funds |
| typically emphasize stocks whose prices are below average in relation to those |
| measures; these stocks often have above-average dividend yields. Growth and |
| value stocks have historically produced similar long-term returns, though each |
| style has periods when it outperforms the other. |
The Fund is subject to investment style risk, which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks, as well as non-U.S. value stocks, each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
Security Selection
The Fund uses multiple investment advisors. Each advisor independently selects and maintains a portfolio of equity securities of foreign companies for the Fund. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock, depositary receipts, convertible securities, and rights to purchase common stock.
Each advisor employs active investment management methods, which means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisor’s evaluations of companies and their financial prospects, the prices of the securities, and the stock market and
10
the economy in general. Each advisor will sell a security when, in the view of the advisor, it is no longer as attractive as an alternative investment.
Lazard Asset Management LLC (Lazard) employs a research-driven, bottom-up, relative value approach in selecting stocks. Lazard seeks to identify individual stocks that offer an appropriate trade-off between low relative valuation and high financial productivity. The portfolio management team uses return on equity as the primary measure of financial productivity, while secondary measures include return on assets, cash return on equity, and operating margin. Lazard’s research analysts utilize a global sector approach to fundamental analysis. Stock selection is the result of the bottom-up process, regardless of sector and regional boundaries. Holdings and sector weightings may differ from the benchmark.
Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners) e mploys a disciplined, value-oriented, global investment strategy to select stocks. The firm’s investment philosophy is based on the belief that a portfolio of companies with below-average five-year forward price/earnings (P/E) ratios will outperform the market over the long run. Therefore, the firm’s research focuses primarily on seeking to accurately forecast five-year forward P/E ratios. The security selection process is unconstrained, portfolio holdings are concentrated, and turnover is expected to be low.
The investment process begins with a research screening designed to eliminate companies that Edinburgh Partners considers overvalued. Following this initial screening, a research template is compiled for companies that are considered undervalued. The template includes five years of historical data (e.g., sales growth, margins, and capital expenditures); five years of forecast data; and a written review of the investment case, positioning, and financial structure of the company. Next, a scenario analysis (best-case, central-case, worst-case) of the long-term valuation is used to properly assess the risk/reward of a given security. In general, Edinburgh Partners’ management style is collaborative and decision-making is team-oriented.
ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA) , in vests in businesses that it believes are undervalued based on long-term earnings power and dividend-paying capability. ARGA’s investment philosophy is based on the belief that investors overreact to short-term developments, leading to opportunities to generate gains from investing in “good businesses at great prices.” Its value-oriented process uses a dividend discount model (DDM) to select stocks that trade at a discount to intrinsic value based upon the company’s long-term earnings power and dividend-paying capability. The process begins with a quantitative screen that sorts the universe into valuation quintiles. Comprehensive fundamental company research then focuses on operational expertise, financial stability, and corporate governance, with stress tests performed to determine potential downside risk. The end result seeks a portfolio of quality businesses with a substantial discount to intrinsic value, with expected holding periods of generally 3–5 years. Holdings are continually evaluated based on their
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discount to intrinsic value. Position sizes are influenced by the discount and perceived risk, and sales tend to occur when holdings fall into the bottom half of the valuation universe or when changing fundamentals alter the investment thesis.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selection w ill cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
Other Investment Policies and Risks
In addition to investing in equity securities of foreign companies , the Fund may make other kinds of investments to achieve its objective.
The Fund may invest in preferred stocks and convertible bonds. With preferred stocks, holders receive set dividends from the issuer; their claim on the issuer’s income and assets ranks before that of common-stock holders, but after that of bondholders. Convertible bonds can be converted into, or exchanged for, common stocks.
The Fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index) , or a reference rate (such as LIBOR) . Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those of investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The Fund will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
The Fund may enter into foreign currency exchange forward contracts, which are a type of derivative. A foreign currency exchange forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a country’s currency at a specific price on a specific date, usually 30, 60, or 90 days in the future. In other words, the contract guarantees an exchange rate on a given date. Managers of funds that invest in foreign securities can use these contracts to guard against unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. These contracts, however, would not prevent the Fund’s securities from falling in value as a result of risks other than unfavorable currency exchange movements . The Fund may also invest in stock futures, stock index futures, and options contracts, which are all types of derivatives.
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| Plain Talk About Derivatives |
| Derivatives can take many forms. Some forms of derivatives—such as exchange- |
| traded futures and options on securities, commodities, or indexes—have been |
| trading on regulated exchanges for decades. These types of derivatives are |
| standardized contracts that can easily be bought and sold and whose market |
| values are determined and published daily. Non-exchange-traded derivatives (such |
| as certain swap agreements and foreign currency exchange forward contracts ), |
| on the other hand, tend to be more specialized or complex and may be harder |
| to value. |
To facilitate cash flows to and from the Fund’s advisors, The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), typically invests a small portion of the Fund’s assets in stock index futures, which are a type of derivative, and/or shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), including ETF Shares issued by Vanguard stock funds. These stock index futures and ETFs typically provide returns similar to those of common stocks. Vanguard may also purchase futures or ETFs when doing so will reduce the Fund’s transaction costs or add value because the instruments are favorably priced. Vanguard receives no additional revenue from Fund assets invested in ETF Shares of other Vanguard funds. Fund assets invested in ETF Shares are excluded when allocating to the Fund its share of the costs of Vanguard operations.
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
The Fund may temporarily depart from its normal investment policies and strategies when an advisor believes that doing so is in the Fund’s best interest, so long as the alternative is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective. For instance, the Fund may invest beyond its normal limits in derivatives or exchange-traded funds that are consistent with the Fund’s objective when those instruments are more favorably priced or provide needed liquidity, as might be the case if the Fund is transitioning assets from one advisor to another or receives large cash flows that it cannot prudently invest immediately.
In addition, the Fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in
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response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the Fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail to achieve its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
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See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell securities regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period. The average turnover rate for international stock funds was approximately 64% , as reported by Morningstar, Inc., on October 31, 2013 .
| Plain Talk About Turnover Rate |
| Before investing in a mutual fund, you should review its turnover rate. This gives |
| an indication of how transaction costs, which are not included in the fund’s |
| expense ratio, could affect the fund’s future returns. In general, the greater the |
| volume of buying and selling by the fund, the greater the impact that brokerage |
| commissions and other transaction costs will have on its return. Also, funds with |
| high turnover rates may be more likely to generate capital gains that must be |
| distributed to shareholders as taxable income. |
The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more t han 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
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| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisors
The Fund uses a multimanager approach. Each advisor independently manages its assigned portion of the Fund’s assets, subject to the supervision and oversight of Vanguard and the Fund’s board of trustees. The board of trustees designates the proportion of Fund assets to be managed by each advisor and may change these proportions at any time.
• ARGA Investment Management, LP, 1010 Washington Boulevard, 6th Floor, Stamford, CT 06901, is an investment management firm. As of October 31, 2013 , ARGA managed approximately $2.1 billion in assets.
• Edinburgh Partners Limited, 27–31 Melville Street, Edinburgh, EH3 7JF, Scotland, is an investment research and management firm. As of October 31, 2013 , the Edinburgh Partners investment advisory team managed approximately $12.4 billion in assets.
• Lazard Asset Management LLC, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10112, is an investment management firm and wholly owned subsidiary of Lazard Freres & Co. LLC. As of October 31, 2013 , Lazard managed approximately $159 billion in assets.
The Fund pays each of its investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Index over the preceding 60-month period (for ARGA and Lazard) or the preceding 36-month period (for Edinburgh Partners). When the performance adjustment is positive, the Fund’s expenses increase; when it is negative, expenses decrease.
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For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013, the aggregate advisory fee represented an effective annual rate of 0.17% of the Fund’s average net assets before a performance-based increase of 0.01% .
Under the terms of an SEC exemption, the Fund’s board of trustees may, without prior approval from shareholders, change the terms of an advisory agreement or hire a new investment advisor—either as a replacement for an existing advisor or as an additional advisor. Any significant change in the Fund’s advisory arrangements will be communicated to shareholders in writing. In addition, as the Fund’s sponsor and overall manager, Vanguard may provide investment advisory services to the Fund, on an at-cost basis, at any time. Vanguard may also recommend to the board of trustees that an advisor be hired, terminated, or replaced or that the terms of an existing advisory agreement be revised.
For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory agreements, see the most recent semiannual report to shareholders covering the fiscal period ended April 30.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
A. Rama Krishna , CFA, Founder and Chief Investment Officer of ARGA. He has worked in investment management since 1987, has been with ARGA since 2010, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012. Education: B.A., St. Stephens College, University of Delhi; M.B.A. and M.A., University of Michigan.
Steven Morrow , CFA, Director of Research at ARGA. He has worked in investment management since 1993, has been with ARGA since 2010, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012. Education: B.S., University of New Hampshire; M.B.A., Cornell University.
Sandy Nairn , Investment Partner, Director, and Chief Executive of Edinburgh Partners. He has worked in investment management since 1985, has managed investment portfolios since 1986, has been with Edinburgh Partners since co-founding the firm in 2003, and has managed a portion of the Fund since 2008. Education: B.Sc. and Ph.D. in economics, University of Strathclyde/Scottish Business School.
Michael A. Bennett , CPA, Managing Director at Lazard. He has worked in investment management since 1987, has been with Lazard since 1992, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010. Education: B.S., New York University; M.B.A., University of Chicago.
Michael G. Fry , Managing Director at Lazard. He has worked in investment management since 1981, has been with Lazard since 2005, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010. Education: B.Sc., Flinders University.
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The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
Fund Distributions
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income (interest and dividends, less expenses) as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December. You can receive distributions of income or capital gains in cash, or you can have them automatically reinvested in more shares of the Fund.
| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
Basic Tax Points
Vanguard will send you a statement each year showing the tax status of all your distributions. In addition, investors in taxable accounts should be aware of the following basic federal income tax points:
• Distributions are taxable to you whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional Fund shares.
• Distributions declared in December—if paid to you by the end of January—are taxable as if received in December.
• Any dividend or short-term capital gains distributions that you receive are taxable to you as ordinary income. If you are an individual and meet certain holding-period requirements with respect to your Fund shares, you may be eligible for reduced tax rates on “qualified dividend income,”if any, distributed by the Fund.
• Any distributions of net long-term capital gains are taxable to you as long-term capital gains, no matter how long you have owned shares in the Fund.
• Capital gains distributions may vary considerably from year to year as a result of the Fund‘s normal investment activities and cash flows.
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• A sale or exchange of Fund shares is a taxable event. This means that you may have a capital gain to report as income, or a capital loss to report as a deduction, when you complete your tax return.
Individuals, trusts, and estates whose income exceeds certain threshold amounts are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on “net investment income.” Net investment income takes into account distributions paid by the Fund and capital gains from any sale or exchange of Fund shares.
Dividend and capital gains distributions that you receive, as well as your gains or losses from any sale or exchange of Fund shares, may be subject to state and local income taxes.
The Fund may be subject to foreign taxes or foreign tax withholding on dividends, interest, and some capital gains that it receives on foreign securities. You may qualify for an offsetting credit or deduction under U.S. tax laws for any amount designated as your portion of the Fund’s foreign tax obligations, provided that you meet certain requirements. See your tax advisor or IRS publications for more information.
This prospectus provides general tax information only. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, special tax rules apply. Please consult your tax advisor for detailed information about any tax consequences for you.
| Plain Talk About Buying a Dividend |
| Unless you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account (such as an |
| IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before the |
| fund makes a distribution, because doing so can cost you money in taxes. This is |
| known as “buying a dividend.” For example: On December 15, you invest $5,000, |
| buying 250 shares for $20 each. If the fund pays a distribution of $1 per share on |
| December 16, its share price will drop to $19 (not counting market change). You |
| still have only $5,000 (250 shares x $19 = $4,750 in share value, plus 250 shares |
| x $1 = $250 in distributions), but you owe tax on the $250 distribution you |
| received—even if you reinvest it in more shares. To avoid buying a dividend, check |
| a fund’s distribution schedule before you invest. |
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General Information
Backup withholding. By law, Vanguard must withhold 28% of any taxable distributions or redemptions from your account if you do not:
• Provide us with your correct taxpayer identification number.
• Certify that the taxpayer identification number is correct.
• Confirm that you are not subject to backup withholding.
Similarly, Vanguard must withhold taxes from your account if the IRS instructs us to do so.
Foreign investors. Vanguard funds offered for sale in the United States (Vanguard U.S. funds), including the Fund offered in this prospectus, generally are not sold outside the United States, except to certain qualified investors. Non-U.S. investors should be aware that U.S. withholding and estate taxes and certain U.S. tax reporting requirements may apply to any investments in Vanguard U.S. funds. Foreign investors should visit the Non-U.S. Investors page on our website at vanguard.com for information on Vanguard’s non-U.S. products.
Invalid addresses. If a dividend or capital gains distribution check mailed to your address of record is returned as undeliverable, Vanguard will automatically reinvest the distribution and all future distributions until you provide us with a valid mailing address. Reinvestments will receive the net asset value calculated on the date of the reinvestment.
Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . However, on those days the value of the Fund’s assets may be affected to the extent that the Fund holds foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
Stocks held by a Vanguard fund are valued at their market value when reliable market quotations are readily available. Certain short-term debt instruments used to manage a fund’s cash are valued on the basis of amortized cost. The values of any foreign securities held by a fund are converted into U.S. dollars using an exchange rate obtained from an independent third party. The values of any mutual fund shares held by a fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF or closed-end fund shares held by a fund are based on the market value of the shares.
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When a fund determines that market quotations either are not readily available or do not accurately reflect the value of a security, the security is priced at its fair value (the amount that the owner might reasonably expect to receive upon the current sale of the security). A fund also will use fair-value pricing if the value of a security it holds has been materially affected by events occurring before the fund’s pricing time but after the close of the primary markets or exchanges on which the security is traded. This most commonly occurs with foreign securities, which may trade on foreign exchanges that close many hours before the fund’s pricing time. Intervening events might be company-specific (e.g., earnings report, merger announcement) or country-specific or regional/global (e.g., natural disaster, economic or political news, act of terrorism, interest rate change). Intervening events include price movements in U.S. markets that are deemed to affect the value of foreign securities.
Fair-value prices are determined by Vanguard according to procedures adopted by the board of trustees. When fair-value pricing is employed, the prices of securities used by a fund to calculate the NAV may differ from quoted or published prices for the same securities.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
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Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $ 29.78 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $ 0.757 per share from investment |
| income (interest and dividends) and $7.402 per share from investments that had |
| appreciated in value or that were sold for higher prices than the Fund paid |
| for them. |
| Shareholders received $ 0.819 per share in the form of dividend distributions. A |
| portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior year’s income or |
| capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $ 37.12 , reflecting earnings of $ 8.159 |
| per share and distributions of $ 0.819 per share. This was an increase of $7.34 per |
| share (from $ 29.78 at the beginning of the year to $ 37.12 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 27.94 % for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $ 8 billion in net assets. For |
| the year, its expense ratio was 0 .43 % ($4.30 per $1,000 of net assets), and its |
| net investment income amounted to 2.24 % of its average net assets. The Fund |
| sold and replaced securities valued at 52 % of its net assets. |
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| International Value Fund | |||||
| Year Ended October 31, | |||||
| For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 |
| Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $29.78 | $28.98 | $31.92 | $29.95 | $24.36 |
| Investment Operations | |||||
| Net Investment Income | .757 | .804 | .843 | .698 | .742 |
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | |||||
| on Investments | 7.402 | .838 | (3.103) | 2.007 | 5.839 |
| Total from Investment Operations | 8.159 | 1.642 | (2.260) | 2.705 | 6.581 |
| Distributions | |||||
| Dividends from Net Investment Income | (.819) | (.842) | (.680) | (.735) | (.991) |
| Distributions from Realized Capital Gains | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total Distributions | (.819) | (.842) | (.680) | (.735) | (.991) |
| Net Asset Value, End of Period | $37.12 | $29.78 | $28.98 | $31.92 | $29.95 |
| Total Return 1 | 27.94% | 6.00% | –7.27% | 9.12% | 28.34% |
| Ratios/Supplemental Data | |||||
| Net Assets, End of Period (Millions) | $8,028 | $6,465 | $6,553 | $7,532 | $6,494 |
| Ratio of Total Expenses to Average Net Assets 2 | 0.43% | 0.40% | 0.39% | 0.39% | 0.45% |
| Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | 2.24% | 2.77% | 2.59% | 2.41% | 2.93% |
| Portfolio Turnover Rate | 52% | 53% | 39% | 51% | 55% |
1 Total returns do not include transaction or account service fees that may have applied in the periods shown.
2 Includes performance-based investment advisory fee increases (decreases) of 0.01%, (0.03%), (0.05%), (0.04%), and (0.02%) .
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Investing With Vanguard
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of doing business with Vanguard. Vanguard fund shares can be held directly with Vanguard or indirectly through an intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor . If you hold Vanguard fund shares directly with Vanguard, you should carefully read each topic within this section that pertains to your relationship with Vanguard. If you hold Vanguard fund shares indirectly through an intermediary (including shares held through a Vanguard brokerage account) , please see Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms , and also refer to your account agreement with the intermediary for information about transacting in that account. Vanguard reserves the right to change the following policies without notice. Please call or check online for current information. See
Contacting Vanguard.
For Vanguard fund shares held directly with Vanguard, each fund you hold in an account is a separate “fund account.” For example, if you hold three funds in a nonretirement account titled in your own name, two funds in a nonretirement account titled jointly with your spouse, and one fund in an individual retirement account, you have six fund accounts—and this is true even if you hold the same fund in multiple accounts. Note that each reference to “you” in this prospectus applies to any one or more registered account owners or persons authorized to transact on your account.
Purchasing Shares
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to increase or decrease the minimum amount required to open or maintain a fund account or to add to an existing fund account.
Investment minimums may differ for certain categories of investors.
Account Minimums
To open and maintain an account. $3,000.
To a dd to an existing account. Generally $100 (other than by Automatic Investment Plan, which has no established minimum).
How to Initiate a Purchase Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations, and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your purchase request.
Online. You may open certain types of accounts, request a purchase of shares, and request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
By telephone. You may call Vanguard to begin the account registration process or request that the account-opening forms be sent to you. You may also call Vanguard to
24
request a purchase of shares in your account or to request an exchange. See
Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send Vanguard your account registration form and check to open a new fund account. To add to an existing fund account, you may send your check with an Invest-by-Mail form (from a transaction confirmation or your account statement), with a deposit slip (available online), or with a written request. You may also send a written request to Vanguard to make an exchange. For a list of Vanguard addresses, see Contacting Vanguard .
How to Pay for a Purchase
By electronic bank transfer. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund through an electronic transfer of money from a bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate the bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can purchase shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Investment Plan) or upon request . Your purchase request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. Wiring instructions vary for different types of purchases. Please call Vanguard for instructions and policies on purchasing shares by wire. See Contacting Vanguard.
By check. You may make initial or additional purchases to your fund account by sending a check or by utilizing our mobile application if you are registered for online access. Also see How to Initiate a Purchase Request. Make your check payable to Vanguard and include the appropriate fund number (Vanguard—46).
By exchange. You may purchase shares of a Vanguard fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
Trade Date
The trade date for any purchase request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request, the manner in which you are paying, and the type of fund you are purchasing. Your purchase will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open for trading (a business day).
For purchases by check into all funds other than money market funds and for purchases by exchange , wire , or electronic bank transfer (not using an Automatic Investment Plan) into all funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m.,
25
Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the same day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day.
For purchases by check into money market funds: If the purchase request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date for the purchase will be the next business day. If the purchase request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date for the purchase will be the second business day following the day Vanguard receives the purchase request. Because money market instruments must be purchased with federal funds and it takes a money market mutual fund one business day to convert check proceeds into federal funds, the trade date for the purchase will be one business day later than for other funds.
For purchases by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Investment Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account. Your bank account generally will be debited on the business day after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your bank account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
If your purchase request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about purchase transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Purchase Rules You Should Know
Check purchases. All purchase checks must be written in U.S. dollars and must be drawn on a U.S. bank. Vanguard does not accept cash, traveler’s checks, or money orders. In addition, Vanguard may refuse “starter checks” and checks that are not made payable to Vanguard.
New accounts. We are required by law to obtain from you certain personal information that we will use to verify your identity. If you do not provide the information, we may not be able to open your account. If we are unable to verify your identity, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to close your account or take such other steps as we deem reasonable. Certain types of accounts may require additional documentation.
Refused or rejected purchase requests. Vanguard reserves the right to stop selling fund shares or to reject any purchase request at any time and without notice, including, but not limited to, purchases requested by exchange from another Vanguard fund. This also includes the right to reject any purchase request because the investor has a
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history of frequent trading or because the purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
Large purchases. Please call Vanguard before attempting to invest a large dollar amount.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any purchase request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a purchase request.
Redeeming Shares
How to Initiate a Redemption Request
Be sure to check Exchanging Shares, Frequent-Trading Limitations , and Other Rules You Should Know before placing your redemption request.
Online. You may request a redemption of shares or request an exchange through our website or our mobile application if you are registered for online access.
By telephone. You may call Vanguard to request a redemption of shares or an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
By mail. You may send a written request to Vanguard to redeem from a fund account or to make an exchange. See Contacting Vanguard .
How to Receive Redemption Proceeds
By electronic bank transfer. You may have the proceeds of a fund redemption sent directly to a designated bank account. To establish the electronic bank transfer service on an account, you must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form. After the service is set up on your account, you can redeem shares by electronic bank transfer on a regular schedule (Automatic Withdrawal Plan) or upon request . Your redemption request can be initiated online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by mail.
By wire. To receive your proceeds by wire, you may instruct Vanguard to wire your redemption proceeds ($100 minimum) to a previously designated bank account. To establish the wire redemption service , you generally must designate a bank account online, complete a special form, or fill out the appropriate section of your account registration form.
By exchange. You may have the proceeds of a Vanguard fund redemption invested directly in shares of another Vanguard fund. You may initiate an exchange online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Exchanging Shares .
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By check. If you have not chosen another redemption method, Vanguard will mail you a redemption check, generally payable to all registered account owners, normally within two business days of your trade date, and generally to the address of record.
Trade Date
The trade date for any redemption request received in good order will depend on the day and time Vanguard receives your request and the manner in which you are redeeming. Your redemption will be executed using the NAV as calculated on the trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days that the NYSE is open for trading (a business day).
For redemptions by check , exchange , or wire : If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from money market funds: For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day before 10:45 a.m., Eastern time (2 p.m., Eastern time, for Vanguard Prime Money Market Fund), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business the same day. For telephone requests received by Vanguard on a business day after those cut-off times, or on a nonbusiness day, and for all requests other than by telephone, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day.
• Note on timing of wire redemptions from all other funds: For requests received by Vanguard on a business day before the close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the next business day. For requests received by Vanguard on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the redemption proceeds generally will leave Vanguard by the close of business on the second business day after Vanguard receives the request.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan : Your trade date generally will be the date you designated for withdrawal of funds (redemption of shares) from your Vanguard account. Proceeds of redeemed shares generally will be credited to your designated bank account two business days after your trade date. If the date you designated for withdrawal of funds from your Vanguard account falls on a weekend, holiday, or other nonbusiness day, your trade date generally will be the previous business day.
For redemptions by electronic bank transfer not using an Automatic Withdrawal Plan: If the redemption request is received by Vanguard on a business day before the
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close of regular trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), the trade date will be the same day. If the redemption request is received on a business day after the close of regular trading on the NYSE, or on a nonbusiness day, the trade date will be the next business day.
If your redemption request is not accurate and complete, it may be rejected. If we are unable to send your redemption proceeds by wire or electronic bank transfer because the receiving institution rejects the transfer, Vanguard will make additional efforts to complete your transaction. If Vanguard is still unable to complete the transaction, we may send the proceeds of the redemption to you by check, generally payable to all registered account owners, or use your proceeds to purchase new shares of the fund from which you sold shares for the purpose of the wire or electronic bank transfer transaction. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order .
For further information about redemption transactions, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
Other Redemption Rules You Should Know
Documentation for certain accounts. Special documentation may be required to redeem from certain types of accounts, such as trust, corporate, nonprofit, or retirement accounts. Please call us before attempting to redeem from these types of accounts.
Potentially disruptive redemptions. Vanguard reserves the right to pay all or part of a redemption in kind—that is, in the form of securities—if we reasonably believe that a cash redemption would negatively affect the fund’s operation or performance or that the shareholder may be engaged in market-timing or frequent trading. Under these circumstances, Vanguard also reserves the right to delay payment of the redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. By calling us before you attempt to redeem a large dollar amount, you may avoid in-kind or delayed payment of your redemption. Please see Frequent-Trading Limitations for information about Vanguard’s policies to limit frequent trading.
Recently purchased shares. Although you can redeem shares at any time, proceeds may not be made available to you until the fund collects payment for your purchase. This may take up to seven calendar days for shares purchased by check or by electronic bank transfer. If you have written a check on a fund with checkwriting privileges, that check may be rejected if your fund account does not have a sufficient available balance.
Share certificates. Share certificates are no longer issued for Vanguard funds. Shares currently held in certificates cannot be redeemed, exchanged, or transferred (reregistered) until you return the certificates (unsigned) to Vanguard by registered mail. For the correct address, see Contacting Vanguard .
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Address change. If you change your address online or by telephone, there may be up to a 14-day restriction on your ability to request check redemptions online and by telephone. You can request a redemption in writing at any time. Confirmations of address changes are sent to both the old and new addresses.
Payment to a different person or address. At your request, we can make your redemption check payable, or wire your redemption proceeds, to a different person or send it to a different address. However, this generally requires the written consent of all registered account owners and may require a signature guarantee or a notarized signature. You may obtain a signature guarantee from some commercial or savings banks, credit unions, trust companies, or member firms of a U.S. stock exchange.
No cancellations. Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any redemption request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a redemption request.
Emergency circumstances. Vanguard funds can postpone payment of redemption proceeds for up to seven calendar days. In addition, Vanguard funds can suspend redemptions and/or postpone payments of redemption proceeds beyond seven calendar days at times when the NYSE is closed or during emergency circumstances, as determined by the SEC.
Exchanging Shares
An exchange occurs when you use the proceeds from the redemption of shares of one Vanguard fund to simultaneously purchase shares of a different Vanguard fund. You can make exchange requests online (if you are registered for online access), by telephone, or by written request. See Purchasing Shares and Redeeming Shares .
If the NYSE is open for regular trading (generally until 4 p.m., Eastern time, on a business day) at the time an exchange request is received in good order, the trade date generally will be the same day. See Other Rules You Should Know—Good Order for additional information on all transaction requests.
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any exchange request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing an exchange request.
Please note that Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount of any exchange, or reject an exchange, at any time, for any reason. See Frequent-Trading Limitations for additional restrictions on exchanges.
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Frequent-Trading Limitations
Because excessive transactions can disrupt management of a fund and increase the fund’s costs for all shareholders, the board of trustees of each Vanguard fund places certain limits on frequent trading in the funds. Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) limits an investor’s purchases or exchanges into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the investor has redeemed or exchanged out of that fund account. ETF Shares are not subject to these frequent-trading limits.
For Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, the limitations apply to exchanges made online or by telephone .
These frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following:
Service, Direct Deposit Service, Automatic Withdrawal Plan, Required Minimum Distribution Service, and Vanguard Small Business Online ® .
types of retirement accounts (including, but not limited to, IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans).
• Transaction requests submitted by mail to Vanguard from shareholders who hold their accounts directly with Vanguard or through a Vanguard brokerage account. (Transaction requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
trades made by Vanguard funds that invest in other Vanguard funds. (Please note that shareholders of Vanguard’s funds of funds are subject to the limitations.)
For participants in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans,* the frequent-trading limitations do not apply to:
• Purchases of shares with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments.
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enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations.)
* The following Vanguard fund accounts are subject to the frequent-trading limitations: SEP-IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Accounts Held by Institutions (Other Than Defined Contribution Plans)
Vanguard will systematically monitor for frequent trading in institutional clients’ accounts. If we detect suspicious trading activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action, which may include applying to a client’s accounts the 60-day policy previously described, prohibiting a client’s purchases of fund shares, and/or revoking the client’s exchange privilege.
Accounts Held by Intermediaries
When intermediaries establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of their clients, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of the individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor their clients’ trading activities with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries will be asked to assess these fees on client accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If you invest with Vanguard through an intermediary, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
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Other Rules You Should Know
Prospectus and Shareholder Report Mailings
Vanguard attempts to eliminate the unnecessary expense of duplicate mailings by sending just one summary prospectus (or prospectus) and/or shareholder report when two or more shareholders have the same last name and address. You may request individual prospectuses and reports by contacting our Client Services Department in writing, by telephone, or online. See Contacting Vanguard .
Vanguard.com
Registration. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com, you can review your account holdings; buy, sell, or exchange shares of most Vanguard funds; and perform most other transactions through our website. You must register for this service online.
Electronic delivery. Vanguard can deliver your account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of vanguard.com , you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging on and changing your mailing preferences under “Account Maintenance.” You can revoke your electronic consent at any time through our website, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within 30 days of receiving your revocation.
Telephone Transactions
Automatic. When we set up your account, we will automatically enable you to do business with us by telephone, unless you instruct us otherwise in writing.
Tele-Account ® . To obtain fund and account information through Vanguard’s automated telephone service, you must first establish a Personal Identification Number (PIN) by calling Tele-Account at 800-662-6273.
Proof of a caller’s authority. We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
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Good Order
We reserve the right to reject any transaction instructions that are not in “good order.” Good order generally means that your instructions:
• Are provided by the person(s) authorized in accordance with Vanguard’s policies and procedures to access the account and request transactions.
Written instructions also must include:
• Signature guarantees or notarized signatures, if required for the type of transaction.
(Call Vanguard for specific requirements.)
• Any supporting documentation that may be required.
The requirements vary among types of accounts and transactions. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to revise the requirements for good order.
Future Trade-Date Requests
Vanguard does not accept requests to hold a purchase, redemption, or exchange transaction for a future date. All such requests will receive trade dates as previously described in Purchasing Shares, Redeeming Shares, and Exchanging Shares . Vanguard reserves the right to return future-dated purchase checks.
Accounts With More Than One Owner
If an account has more than one owner or authorized person, Vanguard generally will accept instructions from any one owner or authorized person.
Responsibility for Fraud
Vanguard will not be responsible for any account losses because of fraud if we reasonably believe that the person transacting business on an account is authorized to do so. Please take precautions to protect yourself from fraud. Keep your account information private, and immediately review any account statements or other information that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately about any transactions or changes to your account that you believe to be unauthorized.
Uncashed Checks
Please cash your distribution or redemption checks promptly. Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
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Dormant Accounts
If your account has no activity in it for a period of time, Vanguard may be required to transfer it to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
Unusual Circumstances
If you experience difficulty contacting Vanguard online or by telephone, you can send us your transaction request by regular or express mail. See Contacting Vanguard for addresses.
Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
Please see Frequent - Trading Limitations — Accounts Held by Intermediaries for information about the assessment of any purchase or redemption fees and the monitoring of frequent trading for accounts held by intermediaries.
Account Service Fee
Vanguard charges a $20 account service fee on fund accounts that have a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation. The account service fee applies to both retirement and nonretirement fund accounts and will be assessed on fund accounts in all Vanguard funds, regardless of the account minimum . The fee, which will be collected by redeeming fund shares in the amount of $20, will be deducted from a fund account only once per calendar year.
If you register on vanguard.com and elect to receive electronic delivery of statements, reports, and other materials for all of your fund accounts, the account service fee for balances below $10,000 will not be charged, so long as that election remains in effect.
The account service fee also does not apply to the following:
• Money market sweep accounts owned in connection with a Vanguard Brokerage Services ® account.
on total household assets held at Vanguard, with a minimum of $50,000 to qualify for Vanguard Voyager Services ® , $500,000 for Vanguard Voyager Select Services ® , and $1 million for Vanguard Flagship Services ® . Vanguard determines eligibility by aggregating assets of all qualifying accounts held by the investor and immediate family members who reside at the same address. Aggregate assets include
35
investments in Vanguard mutual funds, Vanguard ETFs ® , certain annuities through Vanguard, the Vanguard 529 Plan, and certain small-business accounts. Assets in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which Vanguard provides recordkeeping services may be included in determining eligibility if the investor also has a personal account holding Vanguard mutual funds. Note that assets held in a Vanguard Brokerage Services account (other than Vanguard funds, including Vanguard ETFs) are not included when determining a household’s eligibility.
• Participant accounts in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans.* Please consult your enrollment materials for the rules that apply to your account.
certain Individual 403(b)(7) Custodial Accounts, Vanguard Retirement Investment Program pooled plans, and Vanguard Individual 401(k) Plans.
Low-Balance Accounts
The Fund reserves the right to liquidate a fund account whose balance falls below the account minimum f or any reason, including market fluctuation. This policy applies to nonretirement fund accounts and accounts that are held through intermediaries.
Right to Change Policies
In addition to the rights expressly stated elsewhere in this prospectus, Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to (1) alter, add, or discontinue any conditions of purchase (including eligibility requirements), redemption, exchange, service, or privilege at any time; (2) accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) freeze any account and/or suspend account services if Vanguard has received reasonable notice of a dispute regarding the assets in an account, including notice of a dispute between the registered or beneficial account owners, or if Vanguard reasonably believes a fraudulent transaction may occur or has occurred; (4) temporarily freeze any account and/or suspend account services upon initial notification to Vanguard of the death of the shareholder until Vanguard receives required documentation in good order; (5) alter, impose, discontinue, or waive any purchase fee, redemption fee, account service fee, or other fees charged to a group of shareholders; and (6) redeem an account or suspend account privileges, without the owner’s permission to do so, in cases of threatening conduct or activity Vanguard believes to be suspicious, fraudulent, or illegal. Changes may affect any or all investors. These actions will be taken when, at the sole discretion of Vanguard management, Vanguard reasonably believes they are deemed to be in the best interest of a fund.
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Fund and Account Updates
Confirmation Statements
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) a confirmation of your trade date and the amount of your transaction when you buy, sell, or exchange shares. However, we will not send confirmations reflecting only checkwriting redemptions or the reinvestment of dividend or capital gains distributions. For any month in which you had a checkwriting redemption, a Checkwriting Activity Statement will be sent to you itemizing the checkwriting redemptions for that month. Promptly review each confirmation statement that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on a confirmation statement, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Portfolio Summaries
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) quarterly portfolio summaries to help you keep track of your accounts throughout the year. If you prefer, you may request to receive monthly portfolio summaries. Each summary shows the market value of your account at the close of the statement period, as well as all distributions, purchases, redemptions, exchanges, and transfers for the current calendar quarter (or month) . Promptly review each summary that we provide to you. It is important that you contact Vanguard immediately with any questions you may have about any transaction reflected on the summary, or Vanguard will consider the transaction properly processed.
Tax Information Statements
For most accounts, we are required to provide annual tax forms to assist you in preparing your income tax returns. We will generally send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) annual tax forms in January. T hese forms will report the previous year’s dividends, capital gains distributions, proceeds from the sale of shares from taxable accounts, and distributions from IRAs and other retirement plans. Registered users of vanguard.com can also view these forms through our website. Vanguard may also provide you with additional tax-related documentation. For more information, consult our website at vanguard.com or see Contacting Vanguard .
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Annual and Semiannual Reports
We will send (or provide through our website, whichever you prefer) reports about Vanguard International Value Fund twice a year, in June and December. These reports include overviews of the financial markets and provide the following specific Fund information:
Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com , in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month. Please consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
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| Contacting Vanguard | |
| Web | |
| Vanguard.com | For the most complete source of Vanguard news |
| For fund, account, and service information | |
| For most account transactions | |
| For literature requests | |
| 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Phone | |
| Vanguard Tele-Account ® 800-662-6273 | For automated fund and account information |
| Toll-free, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week | |
| Investor Information 800-662- 7447 | For fund and service information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For literature requests |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Client Services 800-662- 2739 | For account information |
| (Text telephone for people with hearing | For most account transactions |
| impairment at 800-749-7273) | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., |
| Eastern time; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Eastern time | |
| Institutional Division | For information and services for large institutional investors |
| 888-809-8102 | Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 9 p.m., |
| Eastern time | |
| Financial Advisor and Intermediary | For information and services for financial intermediaries |
| Sales Support 800-997-2798 | including financial advisors, broker-dealers, trust institutions, |
| and insurance companies | |
| Hours of operation: Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., | |
| Eastern time | |
Vanguard Addresses
Please be sure to use the correct address. Use of an incorrect address could delay the processing of your transaction.
| Regular Mail (Individuals) | The Vanguard Group |
| P.O. Box 1110 | |
| Valley Forge, PA 19482-1110 | |
| Regular Mail (Institutions and Intermediaries ) | The Vanguard Group |
| P.O. Box 2900 | |
| Valley Forge, PA 19482-2900 | |
| Registered, Express, or Overnight Mail | The Vanguard Group |
| 455 Devon Park Drive | |
| Wayne, PA 19087-1815 |
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| Additional Information | |||||
| Inception | Suitable | Newspaper | Vanguard | CUSIP | |
| Date | for IRAs | Abbreviation | Fund Number | Number | |
| International Value Fund | 5/16/1983 | Yes | IntlVal | 46 | 921939203 |
CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute.
Morningstar data © 2014 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
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Glossary of Investment Terms
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
Median Market Capitalization. An indicator of the size of companies in which a fund invests; the midpoint of market capitalization (market price x shares outstanding) of a fund’s stocks, weighted by the proportion of the fund’s assets invested in each stock. Stocks representing half of the fund’s assets have market capitalizations above the median, and the rest are below it.
MSCI ACWI ex USA Index. An index that tracks stock markets in countries included in the MSCI EAFE Index plus Canada and a number of emerging markets, but excluding the U.S .
MSCI EAFE Index. An index that tracks approximately 1,000 stocks from more than 20 developed markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio. The current share price of a stock, divided by its per-share earnings (profits). A stock selling for $20, with earnings of $2 per share, has a price/earnings ratio of 10.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
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Spliced International Index. An index that reflects performance of the MSCI EAFE Index through May 31, 2010, and performance of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Index thereafter.
Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
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Fund Summary
Investment Objective
The Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses
The following table describes the fees and expenses you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund.
| Shareholder Fees | |
| (Fees paid directly from your investment) | |
| Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases | None |
| Purchase Fee | None |
| Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends | None |
| Redemption Fee | None |
| Annual Fund Operating Expenses | |
| (Expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | |
| Management Fees | 0.39% |
| 12b-1 Distribution Fee | None |
| Other Expenses | 0.04% |
| Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | 0.43% |
1
Example
The following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. It illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would incur over various periods if you invest $10,000 in the Fund’s shares. This example assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year and that total annual fund operating expenses remain as stated in the preceding table. The results apply whether or not you redeem your investment at the end of the given period. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years |
| $44 | $138 | $241 | $542 |
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in more taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the previous expense example, reduce the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 52 %.
Primary Investment Strategies
The Fund invests mainly in common stocks of companies located outside the United States that are considered by an advisor to be undervalued. Such stocks, called value stocks, often are out of favor in periods when investors are drawn to companies with strong prospects for growth. The prices of value stocks, therefore, may be below average in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. The Fund invests in large-, mid-, and small-capitalization companies and is expected to diversify its assets in countries across developed and emerging markets. The Fund uses multiple investment advisors.
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Primary Risks
An investment in the Fund could lose money over short or even long periods. You should expect the Fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of global stock markets. The Fund is subject to the following risks, which could affect the Fund’s performance:
• Stock market risk , which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
• Country/regional risk, which is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, including emerging markets, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Country/ regional risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Currency risk , which is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Currency risk is especially high in emerging markets.
• Investment style risk , which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks, as well as non-U.S. value stocks, each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
• Manager risk , which is the chance that poor security selection will cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
An investment in the Fund is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
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Annual Total Returns
The following bar chart and table are intended to help you understand the risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows how the performance of the Fund has varied from one calendar year to another over the periods shown. The table shows how the average annual total returns of the Fund compare with those of the Fund‘s benchmark index and other comparative indexes, which have investment characteristics similar to those of the Fund. Returns for the indexes shown are adjusted for withholding taxes. Keep in mind that the Fund’s past performance does not indicate how the Fund will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available on our website at vanguard.com/performance or by calling Vanguard toll-free at 800-662-7447.
Annual Total Returns — Vanguard International Value Fund Investor Shares
During the periods shown in the bar chart, the highest return for a calendar quarter was 24.94% (quarter ended June 30, 2009), and the lowest return for a quarter was –20.73% (quarter ended September 30, 2011).
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Investment Advisors
ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA) Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners) Lazard Asset Management LLC (Lazard)
Portfolio Managers
A. Rama Krishna, CFA, Founder and Chief Investment Officer of ARGA. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012.
Steven Morrow, CFA, Director of Research at ARGA. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012.
Sandy Nairn, Investment Partner, Director, and Chief Executive of Edinburgh Partners. He has managed a portion of the Fund since 2008.
Michael A. Bennett, CPA, Managing Director of Lazard. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010.
Michael G. Fry, Managing Director of Lazard. He has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010.
Tax Information
The Fund’s distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
Payments to Financial Intermediaries
The Fund and its investment advisors do not pay financial intermediaries for sales of Fund shares.
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More on the Fund
This prospectus describes the primary risks you would face as a Fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind one of the main axioms of investing: generally, the higher the risk of losing money, the higher the potential reward. The reverse, also, is generally true: the lower the risk, the lower the potential reward. As you consider an investment in any mutual fund, you should take into account your personal tolerance
for fluctuations in the securities markets. Look for this
symbol throughout the
prospectus. It is used to mark detailed information about the more significant risks that you would confront as a Fund shareholder. To highlight terms and concepts important to mutual fund investors, we have provided Plain Talk ® explanations along the way. Reading the prospectus will help you decide whether the Fund is the right investment for you. We suggest that you keep this prospectus for future reference.
This prospectus is intended for participants in employer-sponsored retirement or savings plans. Another version—for investors who would like to open a personal investment account—can be obtained by visiting our website at vanguard.com or by calling Vanguard at 800-662-7447.
| Plain Talk About Fund Expenses |
| All mutual funds have operating expenses. These expenses, which are deducted |
| from a fund’s gross income, are expressed as a percentage of the net assets of |
| the fund. Assuming that operating expenses remain as stated in the Fees and |
| Expenses section, Vanguard International Value Fund’s expense ratio would be |
| 0.43% , or $4.30 per $1,000 of average net assets. The average expense ratio for |
| international stock funds in 2012 was 1.33% , or $13.30 per $1,000 of average net |
| assets (derived from data provided by Lipper, a Thomson Reuters Company , |
| which reports on the mutual fund industry). |
| Plain Talk About Costs of Investing |
| Costs are an important consideration in choosing a mutual fund. That is because |
| you, as a shareholder, pay a proportionate share of the costs of operating a fund, |
| plus any transaction costs incurred when the fund buys or sells securities. These |
| costs can erode a substantial portion of the gross income or the capital |
| appreciation a fund achieves. Even seemingly small differences in expenses can, |
| over time, have a dramatic effect on a fund’s performance. |
The following sections explain the primary investment strategies and policies that the Fund uses in pursuit of its objective. The Fund‘s board of trustees, which oversees the Fund’s management, may change investment strategies or policies in the interest of
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shareholders without a shareholder vote, unless those strategies or policies are designated as fundamental. Note that the Fund’s investment objective is not fundamental and may be changed without a shareholder vote.
Market Exposure
The Fund is a value-oriented fund that invests primarily in the common stocks of foreign companies in a number of different countries throughout the world, without regard for the size (capitalization) of the companies. The asset-weighted median market capitalization of the Fund’s stock holdings as of October 31, 2013 , was $36.2 billion.
The Fund is subject to stock market risk, which is the chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. In addition, investments in foreign stocks can be riskier than U.S. stock investments. The prices of foreign stocks and the prices of U.S. stocks have, at times, moved in opposite directions.
| Plain Talk About International Investing |
| U.S. investors who invest abroad will encounter risks not typically associated |
| with U.S. companies because foreign stock and bond markets operate differently |
| from the U.S. markets. For instance, foreign companies are not subject to the |
| same accounting, auditing, and financial-reporting standards and practices as |
| U.S. companies, and their stocks may not be as liquid as those of similar U.S. |
| firms. In addition, foreign stock exchanges, brokers, and companies may be |
| subject to less government supervision and regulation than their counterparts in |
| the United States. These factors, among others, could negatively affect the |
| returns U.S. investors receive from foreign investments. |
To illustrate the volatility of foreign stock prices, the following table shows the best, worst, and average annual total returns for foreign stock markets over various periods as measured by the MSCI EAFE Index, a widely used barometer of foreign market activity. (Total returns consist of dividend income plus change in market price.) Note that the returns shown do not include the costs of buying and selling stocks or other expenses that a real-world investment portfolio would incur.
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| Foreign Stock Market Returns | ||||
| (1970– 2013 ) | ||||
| 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | |
| Best | 69.4% | 36.1% | 22.0% | 15.5% |
| Worst | –43.4 | –4.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Average | 11.7 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.5 |
The table covers all of the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods from 1970 through 2013. These average annual returns reflect past performance of foreign stocks; you should not regard them as an indication of future performance of either foreign markets as a whole or the Fund in particular.
Note that the MSCI EAFE Index does not take into account returns for emerging markets, which can be substantially more volatile and substantially less liquid than the more developed markets included in the Index. In addition, because the MSCI EAFE Index tracks the European and Pacific developed markets collectively, the returns in the preceding table do not reflect the variability of returns for these markets individually. To illustrate this variability, the following table shows returns for different foreign markets—as well as for the U.S. market for comparison—from 2004 through 2013 , as measured by their respective indexes.
1 European market returns are measured by the MSCI Europe Index, Pacific market returns are measured by the MSCI Pacific Index, emerging markets returns are measured by the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, and U.S. market returns are measured by the Standard & Poor‘s 500 Index.
2 MSCI Index returns are adjusted for withholding taxes.
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Keep in mind that these returns reflect past performance of the various indexes; you should not consider them as an indication of future performance of the indexes or of the Fund in particular.
The Fund is subject to country/regional risk and currency risk. Country/regional risk is the chance that world events—such as political upheaval, financial troubles, or natural disasters—will adversely affect the value of securities issued by companies in foreign countries or regions. Because the Fund may invest a large portion of its assets in securities of companies located in any one country or region, including emerging markets, the Fund’s performance may be hurt disproportionately by the poor performance of its investments in that area. Currency risk is the chance that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S. dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. Country/regional risk and currency risk are especially high in emerging markets.
| Plain Talk About Growth Funds and Value Funds |
| Growth investing and value investing are two styles employed by stock-fund |
| managers. Growth funds generally focus on stocks of companies believed to |
| have above-average potential for growth in revenue, earnings, cash flow, or other |
| similar criteria. These stocks typically have low dividend yields and above-average |
| prices in relation to measures such as earnings and book value. Value funds |
| typically emphasize stocks whose prices are below average in relation to those |
| measures; these stocks often have above-average dividend yields. Growth and |
| value stocks have historically produced similar long-term returns, though each |
| style has periods when it outperforms the other. |
The Fund is subject to investment style risk, which is the chance that returns from the types of stocks in which the Fund invests will trail returns from global stock markets. Small-, mid-, and large-cap stocks, as well as non-U.S. value stocks, each tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the global market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. Historically, small- and mid-cap stocks have been more volatile in price than large-cap stocks.
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Security Selection
The Fund uses multiple investment advisors. Each advisor independently selects and maintains a portfolio of equity securities of foreign companies for the Fund. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock, depositary receipts, convertible securities, and rights to purchase common stock.
Each advisor employs active investment management methods, which means that securities are bought and sold according to the advisor’s evaluations of companies and their financial prospects, the prices of the securities, and the stock market and the economy in general. Each advisor will sell a security when, in the view of the advisor, it is no longer as attractive as an alternative investment.
Lazard Asset Management LLC (Lazard) e mploys a research-driven, bottom-up, relative value approach in selecting stocks. Lazard seeks to identify individual stocks that offer an appropriate trade-off between low relative valuation and high financial productivity. The portfolio management team uses return on equity as the primary measure of financial productivity, while secondary measures include return on assets, cash return on equity, and operating margin. Lazard’s research analysts utilize a global sector approach to fundamental analysis. Stock selection is the result of the bottom-up process, regardless of sector and regional boundaries. Holdings and sector weightings may differ from the benchmark.
Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners) e mploys a disciplined, value-oriented, global investment strategy to select stocks. The firm’s investment philosophy is based on the belief that a portfolio of companies with below-average five-year forward price/earnings (P/E) ratios will outperform the market over the long run. Therefore, the firm’s research focuses primarily on seeking to accurately forecast five-year forward P/E ratios. The security selection process is unconstrained, portfolio holdings are concentrated, and turnover is expected to be low.
The investment process begins with a research screening designed to eliminate companies that Edinburgh Partners considers overvalued. Following this initial screening, a research template is compiled for companies that are considered undervalued. The template includes five years of historical data (e.g., sales growth, margins, and capital expenditures); five years of forecast data; and a written review of the investment case, positioning, and financial structure of the company. Next, a scenario analysis (best-case, central-case, worst-case) of the long-term valuation is used to properly assess the risk/reward of a given security. In general, Edinburgh Partners’ management style is collaborative and decision-making is team-oriented.
ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA) , in vests in businesses that it believes are undervalued based on long-term earnings power and dividend-paying capability. ARGA’s investment philosophy is based on the belief that investors overreact to short-term developments, leading to opportunities to generate gains from investing in
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“good businesses at great prices.” Its value-oriented process uses a dividend discount model (DDM) to select stocks that trade at a discount to intrinsic value based upon the company’s long-term earnings power and dividend-paying capability. The process begins with a quantitative screen that sorts the universe into valuation quintiles. Comprehensive fundamental company research then focuses on operational expertise, financial stability, and corporate governance, with stress tests performed to determine potential downside risk. The end result seeks a portfolio of quality businesses with a substantial discount to intrinsic value, with expected holding periods of generally 3–5 years. Holdings are continually evaluated based on their discount to intrinsic value. Position sizes are influenced by the discount and perceived risk, and sales tend to occur when holdings fall into the bottom half of the valuation universe or when changing fundamentals alter the investment thesi s.
The Fund is subject to manager risk, which is the chance that poor security selection w ill cause the Fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective. In addition, significant investment in the financial sector subjects the Fund to proportionately higher exposure to the risks of this sector.
Other Investment Policies and Risks
In addition to investing in equity securities of foreign companies , the Fund may make other kinds of investments to achieve its objective.
The Fund may invest in preferred stocks and convertible bonds. With preferred stocks, holders receive set dividends from the issuer; their claim on the issuer’s income and assets ranks before that of common-stock holders, but after that of bondholders. Convertible bonds can be converted into, or exchanged for, common stocks.
The Fund may invest, to a limited extent, in derivatives. Generally speaking, a derivative is a financial contract whose value is based on the value of a financial asset (such as a stock, a bond, or a currency), a physical asset (such as gold, oil, or wheat), a market index (such as the S&P 500 Index) , or a reference rate (such as LIBOR) . Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to risks different from, and possibly greater than, those of investments directly in the underlying securities, assets, or market indexes. The Fund will not use derivatives for speculation or for the purpose of leveraging (magnifying) investment returns.
The Fund may enter into foreign currency exchange forward contracts, which are a type of derivative. A foreign currency exchange forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell a country’s currency at a specific price on a specific date, usually 30, 60, or 90 days in the future. In other words, the contract guarantees an exchange rate on a given date. Managers of funds that invest in foreign securities can use these contracts to guard against unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates. These contracts,
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however, would not prevent the Fund’s securities from falling in value as a result of risks other than unfavorable currency exchange movements . The Fund may also invest in stock futures, stock index futures, and options contracts, which are all types of derivatives.
| Plain Talk About Derivatives |
| Derivatives can take many forms. Some forms of derivatives—such as exchange- |
| traded futures and options on securities, commodities, or indexes—have been |
| trading on regulated exchanges for decades. These types of derivatives are |
| standardized contracts that can easily be bought and sold and whose market |
| values are determined and published daily. Non-exchange-traded derivatives (such |
| as certain swap agreements and foreign currency exchange forward contracts ), |
| on the other hand, tend to be more specialized or complex and may be harder |
| to value. |
To facilitate cash flows to and from the Fund’s advisors, The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard), typically invests a small portion of the Fund’s assets in stock index futures, which are a type of derivative, and/or shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), including ETF Shares issued by Vanguard stock funds. These stock index futures and ETFs typically provide returns similar to those of common stocks. Vanguard may also purchase futures or ETFs when doing so will reduce the Fund’s transaction costs or add value because the instruments are favorably priced. Vanguard receives no additional revenue from Fund assets invested in ETF Shares of other Vanguard funds. Fund assets invested in ETF Shares are excluded when allocating to the Fund its share of the costs of Vanguard operations.
Cash Management
The Fund’s daily cash balance may be invested in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds. When investing in a Vanguard CMT Fund, the Fund bears its proportionate share of the at-cost expenses of the CMT Fund in which it invests.
Temporary Investment Measures
The Fund may temporarily depart from its normal investment policies and strategies when an advisor believes that doing so is in the Fund’s best interest, so long as the alternative is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective. For instance, the Fund may invest beyond its normal limits in derivatives or exchange-traded funds that are consistent with the Fund’s objective when those instruments are more favorably priced or provide needed liquidity, as might be the case if the Fund is transitioning
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assets from one advisor to another or receives large cash flows that it cannot prudently invest immediately.
In addition, the Fund may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with its normal investment policies and strategies—for instance, by allocating substantial assets to cash, commercial paper, or other less volatile instruments—in response to adverse or unusual market, economic, political, or other conditions. In doing so, the Fund may succeed in avoiding losses but may otherwise fail to achieve its investment objective.
Frequent Trading or Market-Timing
Background. Some investors try to profit from strategies involving frequent trading of mutual fund shares, such as market-timing. For funds holding foreign securities, investors may try to take advantage of an anticipated difference between the price of the fund’s shares and price movements in overseas markets, a practice also known as time-zone arbitrage. Investors also may try to engage in frequent trading of funds holding investments such as small-cap stocks and high-yield bonds. As money is shifted into and out of a fund by a shareholder engaging in frequent trading, the fund incurs costs for buying and selling securities, resulting in increased brokerage and administrative costs. These costs are borne by all fund shareholders, including the long-term investors who do not generate the costs. In addition, frequent trading may interfere with an advisor’s ability to efficiently manage the fund.
Policies to address frequent trading. The Vanguard funds (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term I nflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) do not knowingly accommodate frequent trading. The board of trustees of each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect and discourage frequent trading and, in some cases, to compensate the fund for the costs associated with it. These policies and procedures do not apply to Vanguard ETF ® Shares because frequent trading in ETF Shares does not disrupt portfolio management or otherwise harm fund shareholders. Although there is no assurance that Vanguard will be able to detect or prevent frequent trading or market-timing in all circumstances, the following policies have been adopted to address these issues:
• Each Vanguard fund reserves the right to reject any purchase request—including exchanges from other Vanguard funds—without notice and regardless of size. For example, a purchase request could be rejected because the investor has a history of frequent trading or if Vanguard determines that such purchase may negatively affect a fund’s operation or performance.
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• Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds, but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund ) generally prohibits, except as otherwise noted in the Investing With Vanguard section, a participant from exchanging into a fund account for 60 calendar days after the participant has exchanged out of that fund account.
• Certain Vanguard funds charge shareholders purchase and/or redemption fees on transactions.
See the Investing With Vanguard section of this prospectus for further details on Vanguard’s transaction policies.
Each Vanguard fund (other than money market funds), in determining its net asset value, will use fair-value pricing when appropriate , as described in the Share Price section. Fair-value pricing may reduce or eliminate the profitability of certain frequent-trading strategies.
Do not invest with Vanguard if you are a market-timer.
Turnover Rate
Although the Fund generally seeks to invest for the long term, it may sell securities regardless of how long they have been held. The Financial Highlights section of this prospectus shows historical turnover rates for the Fund. A turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the Fund had sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of its net assets within a one-year period. The average turnover rate for international stock funds was approximately 64% , as reported by Morningstar, Inc., on October 31, 2013 .
| Plain Talk About Turnover Rate |
| Before investing in a mutual fund, you should review its turnover rate. This gives |
| an indication of how transaction costs, which are not included in the fund’s |
| expense ratio, could affect the fund’s future returns. In general, the greater the |
| volume of buying and selling by the fund, the greater the impact that brokerage |
| commissions and other transaction costs will have on its return. Also, funds with |
| high turnover rates may be more likely to generate capital gains that must be |
| distributed to shareholders. |
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The Fund and Vanguard
The Fund is a member of The Vanguard Group, a family of more t han 170 mutual funds holding assets of approximately $2.3 trillion. All of the funds that are members of The Vanguard Group (other than funds of funds) share in the expenses associated with administrative services and business operations, such as personnel, office space, and equipment.
Vanguard Marketing Corporation provides marketing services to the funds. Although shareholders do not pay sales commissions or 12b-1 distribution fees, each fund (other than a fund of funds) or each share class of a fund (in the case of a fund with multiple share classes) pays its allocated share of the Vanguard funds’ marketing costs.
| Plain Talk About Vanguard’s Unique Corporate Structure |
| The Vanguard Group is truly a mutual mutual fund company. It is owned jointly by |
| the funds it oversees and thus indirectly by the shareholders in those funds. |
| Most other mutual funds are operated by management companies that may be |
| owned by one person, by a private group of individuals, or by public investors |
| who own the management company’s stock. The management fees charged by |
| these companies include a profit component over and above the companies’ cost |
| of providing services. By contrast, Vanguard provides services to its member |
| funds on an at-cost basis, with no profit component, which helps to keep the |
| funds’ expenses low. |
Investment Advisors
The Fund uses a multimanager approach. Each advisor independently manages its assigned portion of the Fund’s assets, subject to the supervision and oversight of Vanguard and the Fund’s board of trustees. The board of trustees designates the proportion of Fund assets to be managed by each advisor and may change these proportions at any time.
• ARGA Investment Management, LP, 1010 Washington Boulevard, 6th Floor, Stamford, CT 06901, is an investment management firm. As of October 31, 2013 , ARGA managed approximately $2.1 billion in assets.
• Edinburgh Partners Limited, 27–31 Melville Street, Edinburgh, EH3 7JF, Scotland, is an investment research and management firm. As of October 31, 2013 , the Edinburgh Partners investment advisory team managed approximately $12.4 billion in assets.
• Lazard Asset Management LLC, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10112, is an investment management firm and wholly owned subsidiary of Lazard Freres & Co. LLC. As of October 31, 2013 , Lazard managed approximately $159 billion in assets.
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The Fund pays each of its investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Index over the preceding 60-month period (for ARGA and Lazard) or the preceding 36-month period (for Edinburgh Partners). When the performance adjustment is positive, the Fund’s expenses increase; when it is negative, expenses decrease.
For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 , the aggregate advisory fee represented an effective annual rate of 0.17% of the Fund’s average net assets before a performance-based increase of 0.01% .
Under the terms of an SEC exemption, the Fund’s board of trustees may, without prior approval from shareholders, change the terms of an advisory agreement or hire a new investment advisor—either as a replacement for an existing advisor or as an additional advisor. Any significant change in the Fund’s advisory arrangements will be communicated to shareholders in writing. In addition, as the Fund’s sponsor and overall manager, Vanguard may provide investment advisory services to the Fund, on an at-cost basis, at any time. Vanguard may also recommend to the board of trustees that an advisor be hired, terminated, or replaced or that the terms of an existing advisory agreement be revised.
For a discussion of why the board of trustees approved the Fund’s investment advisory agreements, see the most recent semiannual report to shareholders covering the fiscal period ended April 30.
The managers primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund are:
A. Rama Krishna , CFA, Founder and Chief Investment Officer of ARGA. He has worked in investment management since 1987, has been with ARGA since 2010, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012. Education: B.A., St. Stephens College, University of Delhi; M.B.A. and M.A., University of Michigan.
Steven Morrow , CFA, Director of Research at ARGA. He has worked in investment management since 1993, has been with ARGA since 2010, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2012. Education: B.S., University of New Hampshire; M.B.A., Cornell University.
Sandy Nairn , Investment Partner, Director, and Chief Executive of Edinburgh Partners. He has worked in investment management since 1985, has managed investment portfolios since 1986, has been with Edinburgh Partners since co-founding the firm in 2003, and has managed a portion of the Fund since 2008. Education: B.Sc. and Ph.D. in economics, University of Strathclyde/Scottish Business School.
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Michael A. Bennett , CPA, Managing Director at Lazard. He has worked in investment management since 1987, has been with Lazard since 1992, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010. Education: B.S., New York University; M.B.A., University of Chicago.
Michael G. Fry , Managing Director at Lazard. He has worked in investment management since 1981, has been with Lazard since 2005, and has co-managed a portion of the Fund since 2010. Education: B.Sc., Flinders University.
The Statement of Additional Information provides information about each portfolio manager’s compensation, other accounts under management, and ownership of shares of the Fund.
Dividends, Capital Gains, and Taxes
The Fund distributes to shareholders virtually all of its net income (interest and dividends, less expenses) as well as any net capital gains realized from the sale of its holdings. Income and capital gains distributions, if any, generally occur annually in December.
Your distributions will be reinvested in additional Fund shares and accumulate on a tax-deferred basis if you are investing through an employer-sponsored retirement or savings plan. You will not owe taxes on these distributions until you begin withdrawals from the plan. You should consult your plan administrator, your plan’s Summary Plan Description, or your tax advisor about the tax consequences of plan withdrawals.
| Plain Talk About Distributions |
| As a shareholder, you are entitled to your portion of a fund’s income from interest |
| and dividends as well as capital gains from the fund’s sale of investments. Income |
| consists of both the dividends that the fund earns from any stock holdings and the |
| interest it receives from any money market and bond investments. Capital gains are |
| realized whenever the fund sells securities for higher prices than it paid for them. |
| These capital gains are either short-term or long-term, depending on whether the |
| fund held the securities for one year or less or for more than one year. |
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Share Price
Share price, also known as net asset value (NAV), is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Fund does not sell or redeem shares . However, on those days the value of the Fund’s assets may be affected to the extent that the Fund holds foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
Stocks held by a Vanguard fund are valued at their market value when reliable market quotations are readily available. Certain short-term debt instruments used to manage a fund’s cash are valued on the basis of amortized cost. The values of any foreign securities held by a fund are converted into U.S. dollars using an exchange rate obtained from an independent third party. The values of any mutual fund shares held by a fund are based on the NAVs of the shares. The values of any ETF or closed-end fund shares held by a fund are based on the market value of the shares.
When a fund determines that market quotations either are not readily available or do not accurately reflect the value of a security, the security is priced at its fair value (the amount that the owner might reasonably expect to receive upon the current sale of the security). A fund also will use fair-value pricing if the value of a security it holds has been materially affected by events occurring before the fund’s pricing time but after the close of the primary markets or exchanges on which the security is traded. This most commonly occurs with foreign securities, which may trade on foreign exchanges that close many hours before the fund’s pricing time. Intervening events might be company-specific (e.g., earnings report, merger announcement) or country-specific or regional/global (e.g., natural disaster, economic or political news, act of terrorism, interest rate change). Intervening events include price movements in U.S. markets that are deemed to affect the value of foreign securities.
Fair-value prices are determined by Vanguard according to procedures adopted by the board of trustees. When fair-value pricing is employed, the prices of securities used by a fund to calculate the NAV may differ from quoted or published prices for the same securities.
Vanguard fund share prices are published daily on our website at vanguard.com/prices.
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Financial Highlights
The following financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance for the periods shown, and certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost each period on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all distributions). This information has been obtained from the financial statements audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, whose report—along with the Fund’s financial statements—is included in the Fund’s most recent annual report to shareholders. You may obtain a free copy of the latest annual or semiannual report by visiting vanguard.com or by contacting Vanguard by telephone or mail.
| Plain Talk About How to Read the Financial Highlights Table |
| The Fund began fiscal year 2013 with a net asset value (price) of $ 29.78 per |
| share. During the year, the Fund earned $ 0.757 per share from investment |
| income (interest and dividends) and $7.402 per share from investments that had |
| appreciated in value or that were sold for higher prices than the Fund paid |
| for them. |
| Shareholders received $ 0.819 per share in the form of dividend distributions. A |
| portion of each year’s distributions may come from the prior year’s income or |
| capital gains. |
| The share price at the end of the year was $ 37.12 , reflecting earnings of $ 8.159 |
| per share and distributions of $ 0.819 per share. This was an increase of $7.34 per |
| share (from $ 29.78 at the beginning of the year to $ 37.12 at the end of the year). |
| For a shareholder who reinvested the distributions in the purchase of more |
| shares, the total return was 27.94 % for the year. |
| As of October 31, 2013 , the Fund had approximately $ 8 billion in net assets. For |
| the year, its expense ratio was 0 .43 % ($4.30 per $1,000 of net assets), and its |
| net investment income amounted to 2.24 % of its average net assets. The Fund |
| sold and replaced securities valued at 52 % of its net assets. |
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| International Value Fund | |||||
| Year Ended October 31, | |||||
| For a Share Outstanding Throughout Each Period | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 |
| Net Asset Value, Beginning of Period | $29.78 | $28.98 | $31.92 | $29.95 | $24.36 |
| Investment Operations | |||||
| Net Investment Income | .757 | .804 | .843 | .698 | .742 |
| Net Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) | |||||
| on Investments | 7.402 | .838 | (3.103) | 2.007 | 5.839 |
| Total from Investment Operations | 8.159 | 1.642 | (2.260) | 2.705 | 6.581 |
| Distributions | |||||
| Dividends from Net Investment Income | (.819) | (.842) | (.680) | (.735) | (.991) |
| Distributions from Realized Capital Gains | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total Distributions | (.819) | (.842) | (.680) | (.735) | (.991) |
| Net Asset Value, End of Period | $37.12 | $29.78 | $28.98 | $31.92 | $29.95 |
| Total Return 1 | 27.94% | 6.00% | –7.27% | 9.12% | 28.34% |
| Ratios/Supplemental Data | |||||
| Net Assets, End of Period (Millions) | $8,028 | $6,465 | $6,553 | $7,532 | $6,494 |
| Ratio of Total Expenses to Average Net Assets 2 | 0.43% | 0.40% | 0.39% | 0.39% | 0.45% |
| Ratio of Net Investment Income to Average | |||||
| Net Assets | 2.24% | 2.77% | 2.59% | 2.41% | 2.93% |
| Portfolio Turnover Rate | 52% | 53% | 39% | 51% | 55% |
1 Total returns do not include transaction fees that may have applied in the periods shown.
2 Includes performance-based investment advisory fee increases (decreases) of 0.01%, (0.03%), (0.05%), (0.04%), and (0.02%) .
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Investing With Vanguard
The Fund is an investment option in your retirement or savings plan. Your plan administrator or your employee benefits office can provide you with detailed information on how to participate in your plan and how to elect the Fund as an investment option.
• If you have any questions about the Fund or Vanguard, including those about the Fund’s investment objective, strategies, or risks, contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
• If you have questions about your account, contact your plan administrator or the organization that provides recordkeeping services for your plan.
• Be sure to carefully read each topic that pertains to your transactions with Vanguard.
Vanguard reserves the right to change its policies without notice to shareholders.
Investment Options and Allocations
Your plan’s specific provisions may allow you to change your investment selections, the amount of your contributions, or the allocation of your contributions among the investment choices available to you . Contact your plan administrator or employee benefits office for more details.
Transactions
Transaction requests (e.g., a contribution, an exchange, or a redemption) must be in good order. Good order means that Vanguard has determined that (1) your transaction request includes complete information and (2) appropriate assets are already in your account or new assets have been received.
Processing times for your transaction requests may differ among recordkeepers or among transaction types. Your plan’s recordkeeper (which may also be Vanguard) will determine the necessary processing time frames for your transaction requests prior to submission to the Fund. Consult your recordkeeper or plan administrator for more information.
Your transaction will then be based on the next-determined NAV of the Fund. If your transaction request was received in good order before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (generally 4 p.m., Eastern time), you will receive that day’s NAV and trade date. NAVs are calculated only on days the NYSE is open for trading.
If Vanguard is serving as your plan recordkeeper and if your transaction involves one or more investments with an early cut-off time for processing or another trading restriction, your entire transaction will be subject to the restriction when the trade date for your transaction is determined.
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Frequent-Trading Limitations
The exchange privilege (your ability to purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the simultaneous redemption of shares of another fund) may be available to you through your plan. Although we make every effort to maintain the exchange privilege, Vanguard reserves the right to revise or terminate this privilege, limit the amount of an exchange, or reject any exchange, at any time, without notice. Because excessive exchanges can disrupt the management of the Vanguard funds and increase their transaction costs, Vanguard places certain limits on the exchange privilege.
If you are exchanging out of any Vanguard fund (other than money market funds and short-term bond funds , but including Vanguard Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities Index Fund) , you must wait 60 days before exchanging back into the fund. This policy applies, regardless of the dollar amount . Please note that the 60-day clock restarts after every exchange out of the fund.
The frequent-trading limitations do not apply to the following: exchange requests submitted by mail to Vanguard (exchange requests submitted by fax, if otherwise permitted, are subject to the limitations); exchanges of shares purchased with participant payroll or employer contributions or loan repayments; exchanges of shares purchased with reinvested dividend or capital gains distributions; distributions, loans, and in-service withdrawals from a plan; redemptions of shares as part of a plan termination or at the direction of the plan; redemptions of shares to pay fund or account fees; share or asset transfers or rollovers; reregistrations of shares within the same fund; conversions of shares from one share class to another in the same fund; and automated transactions executed during the first six months of a participant’s enrollment in the Vanguard Managed Account Program.
Before making an exchange to or from another fund available in your plan, consider the following:
• Certain investment options, particularly funds made up of company stock or investment contracts, may be subject to unique restrictions.
• Vanguard can accept exchanges only as permitted by your plan. Contact your plan administrator for details on other exchange policies that apply to your plan.
Before making an exchange into another fund, it is important to read that fund’s prospectus. To obtain a copy, please contact Vanguard Participant Services toll-free at 800-523-1188.
Plans for which Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper: If Vanguard does not serve as recordkeeper for your plan, your plan’s recordkeeper will establish accounts in Vanguard funds for the benefit of its clients. In such accounts, we cannot always monitor the trading activity of individual clients. However, we review trading activity at the intermediary (omnibus) level, and if we detect suspicious activity, we will investigate and take appropriate action. If necessary, Vanguard may prohibit additional
22
purchases of fund shares by an intermediary, including for the benefit of certain of the intermediary’s clients. Intermediaries also may monitor participants’ trading activity with respect to Vanguard funds.
For those Vanguard funds that charge purchase and/or redemption fees, intermediaries that establish accounts in the Vanguard funds will be asked to assess these fees on participant accounts and remit these fees to the funds. The application of purchase and redemption fees and frequent-trading limitations may vary among intermediaries. There are no assurances that Vanguard will successfully identify all intermediaries or that intermediaries will properly assess purchase and redemption fees or administer frequent-trading limitations. If a firm other than Vanguard serves as recordkeeper for your plan, please read that firm’s materials carefully to learn of any other rules or fees that may apply.
Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
You may purchase or sell shares of most Vanguard funds through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, a broker, or an investment advisor. Please consult your financial intermediary to determine which, if any, shares are available through that firm and to learn about other rules that may apply.
No Cancellations
Vanguard will not accept your request to cancel any transaction request once processing has begun. Please be careful when placing a transaction request.
Proof of a Caller’s Authority
We reserve the right to refuse a telephone request if the caller is unable to provide the requested information or if we reasonably believe that the caller is not an individual authorized to act on the account. Before we allow a caller to act on an account, we may request the following information:
• Authorization to act on the account (as the account owner or by legal documentation or other means).
Uncashed Checks
Vanguard will not pay interest on uncashed checks. Vanguard may be required to transfer assets related to uncashed checks to a state under the state’s abandoned property law.
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Portfolio Holdings
We generally post on our website at vanguard.com , in the Portfolio section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, a detailed list of the securities held by the Fund as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Vanguard may exclude any portion of these portfolio holdings from publication when deemed in the best interest of the Fund. We also generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund and the percentage of the Fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents, as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter. This list is generally updated 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Additionally, we generally post the ten largest stock portfolio holdings of the Fund as of the end of the most recent month. This list is generally updated 10 business days after the end of the month. Please consult the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or our website for a description of the policies and procedures that govern disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings.
| Additional Information | ||||
| Inception | Newspaper | Vanguard | CUSIP | |
| Date | Abbreviation | Fund Number | Number | |
| International Value Fund | 5/16/1983 | IntlVal | 46 | 921939203 |
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Accessing Fund Information Online
Vanguard Online at Vanguard.com
Visit Vanguard’s education-oriented website for access to timely news and information about Vanguard funds and services and easy-to-use, interactive tools to help you create your own investment and retirement strategies.
CFA ® is a trademark owned by CFA Institute.
Morningstar data © 2014 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
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Glossary of Investment Terms
Capital Gains Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of gains realized on securities that a fund has sold at a profit, minus any realized losses.
Cash Equivalent Investments. Cash deposits, short-term bank deposits, and money market instruments that include U.S. Treasury bills and notes, bank certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
Common Stock. A security representing ownership rights in a corporation. A stockholder is entitled to share in the company’s profits, some of which may be paid out as dividends.
Dividend Distribution. Payment to mutual fund shareholders of income from interest or dividends generated by a fund’s investments.
Expense Ratio. A fund’s total annual operating expenses expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average net assets. The expense ratio includes management and administrative expenses, but it does not include the transaction costs of buying and selling portfolio securities.
Inception Date. The date on which the assets of a fund (or one of its share classes) are first invested in accordance with the fund’s investment objective. For funds with a subscription period, the inception date is the day after that period ends. Investment performance is generally measured from the inception date.
Median Market Capitalization. An indicator of the size of companies in which a fund invests; the midpoint of market capitalization (market price x shares outstanding) of a fund’s stocks, weighted by the proportion of the fund’s assets invested in each stock. Stocks representing half of the fund’s assets have market capitalizations above the median, and the rest are below it.
MSCI ACWI ex USA Index. An index that tracks stock markets in countries included in the MSCI EAFE Index plus Canada and a number of emerging markets, but excluding the U.S .
MSCI EAFE Index. An index that tracks approximately 1,000 stocks from more than 20 developed markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim.
Mutual Fund. An investment company that pools the money of many people and invests it in a variety of securities in an effort to achieve a specific objective over time.
Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio. The current share price of a stock, divided by its per-share earnings (profits). A stock selling for $20, with earnings of $2 per share, has a price/earnings ratio of 10.
Securities. Stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other investments.
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Spliced International Index. An index that reflects performance of the MSCI EAFE Index through May 31, 2010, and performance of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Index thereafter.
Total Return. A percentage change, over a specified time period, in a mutual fund’s net asset value, assuming the reinvestment of all distributions of dividends and capital gains.
Volatility. The fluctuations in value of a mutual fund or other security. The greater a fund’s volatility, the wider the fluctuations in its returns.
Yield. Income (interest or dividends) earned by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s price.
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PART B
VANGUARD ® TRUSTEES‘ EQUITY FUND
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
February 26, 2014
| DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST | |
| Vanguard Trustees’ Equity Fund (the Trust) currently offers the following funds and share class (identified by ticker symbol): | |
| Investor | |
| Fund 1 | Shares |
| Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund | VDEQX |
| Vanguard International Value Fund | VTRIX |
| Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | VMMSX |
| 1 Individually, a Fund; collectively, the Funds. | |
The Trust has the ability to offer additional funds or classes of shares. There is no limit on the number of full and fractional shares that may be issued for a single fund or class of shares.
Each Fund offers only one class of shares. Throughout this document, any references to “class” indicate how a Fund would operate if, in the future, the Fund issued more than one class of shares.
Organization
The Trust was organized as a Maryland corporation in 1979, was reorganized as a Pennsylvania statutory trust in 1984, and then was reorganized as a Delaware statutory trust in 1998. Prior to its reorganization as a Delaware statutory trust, the Trust was known as Vanguard/Trustees’ Equity Fund, Inc. The Trust is registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the 1940 Act) as an open-end management investment company. All Funds within the Trust are classified as diversified within the meaning of the 1940 Act.
Service Providers
Custodians. Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston, MA 02109 (for the Diversified Equity and International Value Funds), and Bank of New York Mellon, One Wall Street, New York, NY 10286 (for the Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund), serve as the Funds‘ custodians. The custodians are responsible for maintaining the Funds‘ assets, keeping all necessary accounts and records of Fund assets, and appointing any foreign subcustodians or foreign securities depositories.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Two Commerce Square, Suite 1700, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-7042, serves as the Funds‘ independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm audits the Funds‘ annual financial statements and provides other related services.
Transfer and Dividend-Paying Agent. The Funds‘ transfer agent and dividend-paying agent is Vanguard, P.O. Box 2600, Valley Forge, PA 19482.
Characteristics of the Funds‘ Shares
Restrictions on Holding or Disposing of Shares. There are no restrictions on the right of shareholders to retain or dispose of a Fund’s shares, other than those described in the Fund’s current prospectus and elsewhere in this Statement of Additional Information. Each Fund or class may be terminated by reorganization into another mutual fund or class or by liquidation and distribution of the assets of the Fund or class. Unless terminated by reorganization or liquidation, each Fund and share class will continue indefinitely.
Shareholder Liability. The Trust is organized under Delaware law, which provides that shareholders of a statutory trust are entitled to the same limitations of personal liability as shareholders of a corporation organized under Delaware law. This means that a shareholder of a Fund generally will not be personally liable for payment of the Fund’s debts. Some state courts, however, may not apply Delaware law on this point. We believe that the possibility of such a situation arising is remote.
Dividend Rights. The shareholders of each class of a Fund are entitled to receive any dividends or other distributions declared by the Fund for each such class. No shares of a Fund have priority or preference over any other shares of the Fund with respect to distributions. Distributions will be made from the assets of the Fund and will be paid ratably to all shareholders of a particular class according to the number of shares of the class held by shareholders on the record date. The amount of dividends per share may vary between separate share classes of the Fund based upon differences in the net asset values of the different classes and differences in the way that expenses are allocated between share classes pursuant to a multiple class plan approved by the Fund’s board of trustees .
Voting Rights. Shareholders are entitled to vote on a matter if (1) the matter concerns an amendment to the Declaration of Trust that would adversely affect to a material degree the rights and preferences of the shares of a Fund or any class; (2) the trustees determine that it is necessary or desirable to obtain a shareholder vote; (3) a merger or consolidation, share conversion, share exchange, or sale of assets is proposed and a shareholder vote is required by the 1940 Act to approve the transaction; or (4) a shareholder vote is required under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act requires a shareholder vote under various circumstances, including to elect or remove trustees upon the written request of shareholders representing 10% or more of a Fund’s net assets, to change any fundamental policy of a Fund, and to enter into certain merger transactions. Unless otherwise required by applicable law, shareholders of a Fund receive one vote for each dollar of net asset value owned on the record date and a fractional vote for each fractional dollar of net asset value owned on the record date. However, only the shares of the Fund or class affected by a particular matter are entitled to vote on that matter. In addition, each class has exclusive voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders that relates solely to that class, and each class has separate voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders in which the interests of one class differ from the interests of another. Voting rights are noncumulative and cannot be modified without a majority vote.
Liquidation Rights. In the event that a Fund is liquidated, shareholders will be entitled to receive a pro rata share of the Fund’s net assets. In the event that a class of shares is liquidated, shareholders of that class will be entitled to receive a pro rata share of the Fund’s net assets that are allocated to that class. Shareholders may receive cash, securities, or a combination of the two.
Preemptive Rights. There are no preemptive rights associated with the Funds‘ shares.
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Conversion Rights. There are no conversion rights associated with the Funds‘ shares.
Redemption Provisions. Each Fund’s redemption provisions are described in its current prospectus and elsewhere in this Statement of Additional Information.
Sinking Fund Provisions. The Funds have no sinking fund provisions.
Calls or Assessment. Each Fund’s shares, when issued, are fully paid and non-assessable.
Tax Status of the Funds
Each Fund expects to qualify each year for treatment as a “regulated investment company” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the IRC). This special tax status means that the Fund will not be liable for federal tax on income and capital gains distributed to shareholders. In order to preserve its tax status, each Fund must comply with certain requirements. If a Fund fails to meet these requirements in any taxable year, the Fund will, in some cases, be able to cure such failure, including by paying a fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. If the Fund is ineligible to or otherwise does not cure such failure for any year, it will be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In addition, a Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before regaining its tax status as a regulated investment company.
Dividends received and distributed by each Fund on shares of stock of domestic corporations may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction applicable to corporate shareholders. Corporations must satisfy certain requirements in order to claim the deduction. Capital gains distributed by the Funds are not eligible for the dividends-received deduction.
Each Fund may invest in passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). A foreign company is generally a PFIC if 75% or more of its gross income is passive or if 50% or more of its assets produce passive income. Capital gains on the sale of an interest in a PFIC will be deemed ordinary income regardless of how long the Fund held it. Also, the Fund may be subject to corporate income tax and an interest charge on certain dividends and capital gains earned in respect to PFIC interests , whether or not such amounts are distributed to shareholders. To avoid such tax and interest, a Fund may elect to “mark to market” its PFIC interests, that is, to treat such interests as sold on the last day of the Fund’s fiscal year and to recognize any unrealized gains (or losses, to the extent of previously recognized gains) as ordinary income each year. Distributions from the Fund that are attributable to income or gains earned in respect to PFIC interests are characterized as ordinary income.
Each Fund may declare a capital gain distribution consisting of the excess of net realized long-term capital gains over net realized short-term capital losses. Net capital gains for a fiscal year are computed by taking into account any capital loss carryforwards of the Fund. For Fund fiscal years beginning on or after December 22, 2010, capital losses may be carried forward indefinitely and retain their character as either short-term or long-term. Under prior law, net capital losses could be carried forward for eight tax years and were treated as short-term capital losses. A Fund is required to use capital losses arising in fiscal years beginning on or after December 22, 2010, before using capital losses arising in fiscal years prior to December 22, 2010.
FUNDAMENTAL POLICIES
Each Fund is subject to the following fundamental investment policies, which cannot be changed in any material way without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s shares. For these purposes, a “majority” of shares means shares representing the lesser of (1) 67% or more of the Fund’s net assets voted, so long as shares representing more than 50% of the Fund’s net assets are present or represented by proxy or (2) more than 50% of the Fund’s net assets.
Borrowing . Each Fund may borrow money only as permitted by the 1940 Act or other governing statute, by the Rules thereunder, or by the SEC or other regulatory agency with authority over the Fund.
Commodities . Each Fund may invest in commodities only as permitted by the 1940 Act or other governing statute, by the Rules thereunder, or by the SEC or other regulatory agency with authority over the Fund.
Diversification . Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund will limit the aggregate value of its holdings (other than U.S. government securities, cash, and cash items, as defined under subchapter M of the IRC, and securities of other regulated investment companies), each of which exceeds 5% of the Fund’s total assets or 10% of the issuer’s
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outstanding voting securities, to an aggregate of 50% of the Fund’s total assets as of the end of each quarter of the taxable year. Additionally, the Fund will limit the aggregate value of holdings of a single issuer (other than U.S. government securities, as defined in the IRC, or the securities of other regulated investment companies) to a maximum of 25% of the Fund’s total assets as of the end of each quarter of the taxable year.
With respect to 75% of its total assets, Vanguard International Value Fund may not (1) purchase more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or (2) purchase securities of any issuer if, as a result, more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in that issuer’s securities. This limitation does not apply to obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities.
Industry Concentration . Each Fund will not concentrate its investments in the securities of issuers whose principal business activities are in the same industry.
Loans . Each Fund may make loans to another person only as permitted by the 1940 Act or other governing statute, by the Rules thereunder, or by the SEC or other regulatory agency with authority over the Fund.
Real Estate . Each Fund may not invest directly in real estate unless it is acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. This restriction shall not prevent the Fund from investing in securities or other instruments (1) issued by companies that invest, deal, or otherwise engage in transactions in real estate or (2) backed or secured by real estate or interests in real estate.
Senior Securities . Each Fund may not issue senior securities except as permitted by the 1940 Act or other governing statute, by the Rules thereunder, or by the SEC or other regulatory agency with authority over the Fund.
Underwriting . Each Fund may not act as an underwriter of another issuer’s securities, except to the extent that the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act), in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio securities.
Compliance with the fundamental policies previously described is generally measured at the time the securities are purchased. Unless otherwise required by the 1940 Act (as is the case with borrowing), if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time the investment is made, a later change in percentage resulting from a change in the market value of assets will not constitute a violation of such restriction. All fundamental policies must comply with applicable regulatory requirements. For more details, see Investment Strategies and Nonfundamental Policies .
None of these policies prevents the Funds from having an ownership interest in Vanguard. As a part owner of Vanguard, each Fund may own securities issued by Vanguard, make loans to Vanguard, and contribute to Vanguard’s costs or other financial requirements. See Management of the Funds for more information.
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND NONFUNDAMENTAL POLICIES
Some of the investment strategies and policies described on the following pages and in each Fund’s prospectus set forth percentage limitations on a Fund’s investment in, or holdings of, certain securities or other assets. Unless otherwise required by law, compliance with these strategies and policies will be determined immediately after the acquisition of such securities or assets by the Fund. Subsequent changes in values, net assets, or other circumstances will not be considered when determining whether the investment complies with the Fund’s investment strategies and policies.
The following investment strategies and policies supplement each Fund’s investment strategies and policies set forth in the prospectus. With respect to the different investments discussed as follows, a Fund may acquire such investments to the extent consistent with its investment strategies and policies.
Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund is indirectly exposed to the investment strategies and policies of the underlying Vanguard funds in which it invests and is therefore subject to all risks associated with the investment strategies and policies of the underlying Vanguard funds. The investment strategies and policies and associated risks detailed in this section also include those to which Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund indirectly may be exposed through its investment in the underlying Vanguard funds.
Borrowing . A fund’s ability to borrow money is limited by its investment policies and limitations; by the 1940 Act; and by applicable exemptions, no-action letters, interpretations, and other pronouncements issued from time to time by the SEC and its staff or any other regulatory authority with jurisdiction. Under the 1940 Act, a fund is required to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the fund’s total assets made for
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temporary or emergency purposes. Any borrowings for temporary purposes in excess of 5% of the fund’s total assets must maintain continuous asset coverage. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or for other reasons, a fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to reduce the debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to sell securities at that time.
Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of a fund’s portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs that may or may not be recovered by earnings on the securities purchased. A fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with a borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
The SEC takes the position that transactions that have a leveraging effect on the capital structure of a fund or are economically equivalent to borrowing can be viewed as constituting a form of borrowing by the fund for purposes of the 1940 Act. These transactions can include entering into reverse repurchase agreements; engaging in mortgage-dollar-roll transactions; selling securities short (other than short sales “against-the-box”); buying and selling certain derivatives (such as futures contracts); selling (or writing) put and call options; engaging in sale-buybacks; entering into firm-commitment and standby-commitment agreements; engaging in when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-commitment transactions; and participating in o ther similar trading practices. (Additional discussion about a number of these transactions can be found on the following pages.) A borrowing transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund maintains an offsetting financial position; segregates liquid assets (with such liquidity determined by the advisor in accordance with procedures established by the board of trustees) equal (as determined on a daily mark-to-market basis) in value to the fund’s potential economic exposure under the borrowing transaction; or otherwise “covers” the transaction in accordance with applicable SEC guidance (collectively, “covers” the transaction). A fund may have to buy or sell a security at a disadvantageous time or price in order to cover a borrowing transaction. In addition, segregated assets may not be available to satisfy redemptions or to fulfill other obligations .
Common Stock . Common stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Common stock typically entitles the owner to vote on the election of directors and other important matters, as well as to receive dividends on such stock. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds, other debt holders, and owners of preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock.
Convertible Securities . Convertible securities are hybrid securities that combine the investment characteristics of bonds and common stocks. Convertible securities typically consist of debt securities or preferred stock that may be converted (on a voluntary or mandatory basis) within a specified period of time (normally for the entire life of the security) into a certain amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer at a predetermined price. Convertible securities also include debt securities with warrants or common stock attached and derivatives combining the features of debt securities and equity securities. Other convertible securities with features and risks not specifically referred to herein may become available in the future. Convertible securities involve risks similar to those of both fixed income and equity securities. In a corporation’s capital structure, convertible securities are senior to common stock but are usually subordinated to senior debt obligations of the issuer.
The market value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” and its “conversion value.” A security’s “investment value” represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value is dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer, and the seniority of the security in the issuer’s capital structure. A security’s “conversion value” is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current price of the underlying security. If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security will trade like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. In that circumstance, the convertible security takes on the characteristics of a bond, and its price moves in the opposite direction from interest rates. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security will be more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. In that case, the convertible security’s
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price may be as volatile as that of common stock. Because both interest rates and market movements can influence its value, a convertible security generally is not as sensitive to interest rates as a similar fixed income security, nor is it as sensitive to changes in share price as its underlying equity security. Convertible securities are often rated below investment grade or are not rated, and they are generally subject to a high degree of credit risk.
Although all markets are prone to change over time, the generally high rate at which convertible securities are retired (through mandatory or scheduled conversions by issuers or through voluntary redemptions by holders) and replaced with newly issued convertible securities may cause the convertible securities market to change more rapidly than other markets. For example, a concentration of available convertible securities in a few economic sectors could elevate the sensitivity of the convertible securities market to the volatility of the equity markets and to the specific risks of those sectors. Moreover, convertible securities with innovative structures, such as mandatory-conversion securities and equity-linked securities, have increased the sensitivity of the convertible securities market to the volatility of the equity markets and to the special risks of those innovations, which may include risks different from, and possibly greater than, those associated with traditional convertible securities. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price set in the governing instrument of the convertible security. If a convertible security held by a fund is subject to such redemption option and is called for redemption, the fund must allow the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell the security to a third party.
Debt Securities . A debt security, sometimes called a fixed income security, consists of a certificate or other evidence of a debt (secured or unsecured) on which the issuing company or governmental body promises to pay the holder thereof a fixed, variable, or floating rate of interest for a specified length of time and to repay the debt on the specified maturity date. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon bonds, do not make regular interest payments but are issued at a discount to their principal or maturity value. Debt securities include a variety of fixed income obligations, including, but not limited to, corporate bonds, government securities, municipal securities, convertible securities, mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities. Debt securities include investment-grade securities, non-investment-grade securities, and unrated securities. Debt securities are subject to a variety of risks, such as interest rate risk, income risk, call/prepayment risk, inflation risk, credit risk, and (in the case of foreign securities) country risk and currency risk. The reorganization of an issuer under the federal bankruptcy laws may result in the issuer’s debt securities being cancelled without repayment, repaid only in part, or repaid in part or in whole through an exchange thereof for any combination of cash, debt securities, convertible securities, equity securities, or other instruments or rights in respect to the same issuer or a related entity.
Debt Securities—Non-Investment-Grade Securities . Non-investment-grade securities, also referred to as “high-yield securities” or “junk bonds,” are debt securities that are rated lower than the four highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization ( e.g. , lower than Baa3 /P-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), or below BBB– /A-2 by Standard & Poor’s) or, if unrated, are determined to be of comparable quality by the fund’s advisor. These securities are generally considered to be, on balance, predominantly speculative with respect to capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation, and they will generally involve more credit risk than securities in the investment-grade categories. Non-investment-grade securities generally provide greater income and opportunity for capital appreciation than higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility and principal and income risk.
Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high-yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of investment-grade securities. Thus, reliance on credit ratings in making investment decisions entails greater risks for high-yield securities than for investment-grade securities. The success of a fund’s advisor in managing high-yield securities is more dependent upon its own credit analysis than is the case with investment-grade securities.
Some high-yield securities are issued by smaller, less-seasoned companies, while others are issued as part of a corporate restructuring such as an acquisition, a merger, or a leveraged buyout. Companies that issue high-yield securities are often highly leveraged and may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them. Therefore, the risk associated with acquiring the securities of such issuers generally is greater than is the case with investment-grade securities. Some high-yield securities were once rated as investment-grade but have been downgraded to junk-bond status because of financial difficulties experienced by their issuers.
The market values of high-yield securities tend to reflect individual issuer developments to a greater extent than do investment-grade securities, which in general react to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. High-yield securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than are investment-grade securities. A projection of an
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economic downturn or of a sustained period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in junk-bond prices because the advent of a recession could lessen the ability of a highly leveraged company to make principal and interest payments on its debt securities. If an issuer of high-yield securities defaults, in addition to risking payment of all or a portion of interest and principal, a fund investing in such securities may incur additional expenses to seek recovery.
The secondary market on which high-yield securities are traded may be less liquid than the market for investment-grade securities. Less liquidity in the secondary trading market could adversely affect the ability of a fund’s advisor to sell a high-yield security or the price at which a fund’s advisor could sell a high-yield security, and it could also adversely affect the daily net asset value of fund shares. When secondary markets for high-yield securities are less liquid than the market for investment-grade securities, it may be more difficult to value the securities because such valuation may require more research, and elements of judgment may play a greater role in the valuation because less reliable, objective data is available.
Except as otherwise provided in a fund’s prospectus, if a credit-rating agency changes the rating of a portfolio security held by a fund, the fund may retain the portfolio security if the advisor deems it in the best interests of shareholders.
Depositary Receipts . Depositary receipts are securities that evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities that have been deposited with a “depository.” Depositary receipts may be sponsored or unsponsored and include American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs), and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs). For ADRs, the depository is typically a U.S. financial institution, and the underlying securities are issued by a foreign issuer. For other depositary receipts, the depository may be a foreign or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a foreign or a U.S. issuer. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. Generally, ADRs are issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars, and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. Other depositary receipts, such as GDRs and EDRs, may be issued in bearer form and denominated in other currencies, and they are generally designed for use in securities markets outside the United States. Although the two types of depositary receipt facilities (sponsored and unsponsored) are similar, there are differences regarding a holder’s rights and obligations and the practices of market participants.
A depository may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or acquiescence of) the underlying issuer; typically, however, the depository requests a letter of nonobjection from the underlying issuer prior to establishing the facility. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the facility. The depository usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the underlying securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars or other currency, the disposition of noncash distributions, and the performance of other services. The depository of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the underlying issuer or to pass through voting rights to depositary receipt holders with respect to the underlying securities.
Sponsored depositary receipt facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depository and the underlying issuer through a deposit agreement. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the underlying issuer, the depository, and the depositary receipt holders. With sponsored facilities, the underlying issuer typically bears some of the costs of the depositary receipts (such as dividend payment fees of the depository), although most sponsored depositary receipt holders may bear costs such as deposit and withdrawal fees. Depositories of most sponsored depositary receipts agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings, voting instructions, and other shareholder communications and information to the depositary receipt holders at the underlying issuer’s request.
For purposes of a fund’s investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts do not eliminate all of the risks associated with directly investing in the securities of foreign issuers.
Derivatives . A derivative is a financial instrument that has a value based on—or “derived from”—the values of other assets, reference rates, or indexes. Derivatives may relate to a wide variety of underlying references, such as commodities, stocks, bonds, interest rates, currency exchange rates, and related indexes. Derivatives include futures contracts and options on futures contracts, forward-commitment transactions, options on securities, caps, floors, collars, swap agreements, and other financial instruments. Some derivatives, such as futures contracts and certain options, are traded on U.S. commodity and securities exchanges, while other derivatives, such as swap agreements, are privately negotiated and entered into in the over-the-counter (OTC) market. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), certain swap agreements may be cleared through a clearinghouse and traded on an exchange or swap execution facility. New regulations could, among other things, increase the costs of such
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transactions. The risks associated with the use of derivatives are different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in the securities, assets, or market indexes on which the derivatives are based. Derivatives are used by some investors for speculative purposes. Derivatives also may be used for a variety of purposes that do not constitute speculation, such as hedging, managing risk , seeking to stay fully invested, seeking to reduce transaction costs, seeking to simulate an investment in equity or debt securities or other investments, seeking to add value by using derivatives to more efficiently implement portfolio positions when derivatives are favorably priced relative to equity or debt securities or other investments, and for other purposes. There is no assurance that any derivatives strategy used by a fund’s advisor will succeed. The counterparties to the funds’ derivatives will not be considered the issuers thereof for purposes of certain provisions of the 1940 Act and the IRC, although such derivatives may qualify as securities or investments under such laws. The funds’ advisors, however, will monitor and adjust, as appropriate, the funds’ credit risk exposure to derivative counterparties.
Derivative products are highly specialized instruments that require investment techniques and risk analyses different from those associated with stocks, bonds, and other traditional investments. The use of a derivative requires an understanding not only of the underlying instrument but also of the derivative itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the derivative under all possible market conditions.
The use of derivatives generally involves the risk that a loss may be sustained as a result of the insolvency or bankruptcy of the other party to the contract (usually referred to as a “counterparty”) or the failure of the counterparty to make required payments or otherwise comply with the terms of the contract. Additionally, the use of credit derivatives can result in losses if a fund’s advisor does not correctly evaluate the creditworthiness of the issuer on which the credit derivative is based.
Derivatives may be subject to liquidity risk, which exists when a particular derivative is difficult to purchase or sell. If a derivative transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid (as is the case with many OTC derivatives), it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price.
Derivatives may be subject to pricing or “basis” risk, which exists when a particular derivative becomes extraordinarily expensive relative to historical prices or the prices of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions, it may not be economically feasible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity.
Because many derivatives have a leverage component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate, or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the derivative itself. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. A derivative transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “ Borrowing .”
Like most other investments, derivative instruments are subject to the risk that the market value of the instrument will change in a way detrimental to a fund’s interest. A fund bears the risk that its advisor will incorrectly forecast future market trends or the values of assets, reference rates, indexes, or other financial or economic factors in establishing derivative positions for the fund. If the advisor attempts to use a derivative as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the fund will be exposed to the risk that the derivative will have or will develop imperfect or no correlation with the portfolio investment. This could cause substantial losses for the fund. Although hedging strategies involving derivative instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments. Many derivatives (in particular, OTC derivatives) are complex and often valued subjectively. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to a fund.
Exchange-Traded Funds . A fund may purchase shares of exchange-traded funds (ETFs), including ETF Shares issued by other Vanguard funds. Typically, a fund would purchase ETF shares for the same reason it would purchase (and as an alternative to purchasing) futures contracts: to obtain exposure to all or a portion of the stock or bond market. ETF shares enjoy several advantages over futures. Depending on the market, the holding period, and other factors, ETF shares can be less costly and more tax-efficient than futures. In addition, ETF shares can be purchased for smaller sums, offer exposure to market sectors and styles for which there is no suitable or liquid futures contract, and do not involve leverage.
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An investment in an ETF generally presents the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional fund (i.e., one that is not exchange-traded) that has the same investment objective, strategies, and policies. The price of an ETF can fluctuate within a wide range, and a fund could lose money investing in an ETF if the prices of the securities owned by the ETF go down. In addition, ETFs are subject to the following risks that do not apply to conventional funds: (1) the market price of an ETF’s shares may trade at a discount or a premium to their net asset value; (2) an active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained; and (3) trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted by the activation of individual or marketwide “circuit breakers” (which halt trading for a specific period of time when the price of a particular security or overall market prices decline by a specified percentage) . Trading of an ETF’s shares may also be halted if the shares are delisted from the exchange without first being listed on another exchange or if the listing exchange’s officials determine that such action is appropriate in the interest of a fair and orderly market or for the protect ion of investors.
Most ETFs are investment companies. Therefore, a fund’s purchases of ETF shares generally are subject to the limitations on, and the risks of, a fund’s investments in other investment companies, which are described under the heading “ Other Investment Companies .”
Vanguard ETF ® * Shares are exchange-traded shares that represent an interest in an investment portfolio held by Vanguard funds. A fund’s investments in Vanguard ETF Shares are also generally subject to the descriptions, limitations, and risks described under the heading “ Other Investment Companies ,” except as provided by an exemption granted by the SEC that permits registered investment companies to invest in a Vanguard fund that issues ETF Shares beyond the limits of Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act, subject to certain terms and conditions.
* U.S. Pat ent No s . 6,879,96 4; 7,337,138; 7,720,749; 7,925,573; 8,090,646 ; and 8,417,623 .
Foreign Securities. Typically, foreign securities are considered to be equity or debt securities issued by entities organized, domiciled, or with a principal executive office outside the United States, such as foreign corporations and governments. Securities issued by certain companies organized outside the United States may not be deemed to be foreign securities if the company’s principal operations are conducted from the United States or when the company’s equity securities trade principally on a U.S. stock exchange. Foreign securities may trade in U.S. or foreign securities markets. A fund may make foreign investments either directly by purchasing foreign securities or indirectly by purchasing depositary receipts or depositary shares of similar instruments (depositary receipts) for foreign securities. Direct investments in foreign securities may be made either on foreign securities exchanges or in the OTC markets. Investing in foreign securities involves certain special risk considerations that are not typically associated with investing in securities of U.S. companies or governments.
Because foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those applicable to U.S. issuers, there may be less publicly available information about certain foreign issuers than about U.S. issuers. Evidence of securities ownership may be uncertain in many foreign countries. As a result, there are multiple risks that could result in a loss to the fund, including, but not limited to, the risk that a fund’s trade details could be incorrectly or fraudulently entered at the time of the transaction. Securities of foreign issuers are generally less liquid than securities of comparable U.S. issuers, and foreign investments may be effected through structures that may be complex or confusing . In certain countries, there is less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in the United States. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, war, terrorism, nationalization, limitations on the removal of funds or other assets, or diplomatic developments that could affect U.S. investments in those countries. Although an advisor will endeavor to achieve the most favorable execution costs for a fund’s portfolio transactions in foreign securities under the circumstances, commissions and other transaction costs are generally higher than those on U.S. securities. In addition, it is expected that the custodian arrangement expenses for a fund that invests primarily in foreign securities will be somewhat greater than the expenses for a fund that invests primarily in domestic securities. Certain foreign governments levy withholding or other taxes against dividend and interest income from or transactions in foreign securities. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes is recoverable by the fund, the nonrecovered portion of foreign withholding taxes will reduce the income received from such securities .
The value of the foreign securities held by a fund that are not U.S. dollar-denominated may be significantly affected by changes in currency exchange rates. The U.S. dollar value of a foreign security generally decreases when the value of the U.S. dollar rises against the foreign currency in which the security is denominated, and it tends to increase when the value of the U.S. dollar falls against such currency (as discussed under the heading “ Foreign Securities—Foreign Currency Transactions ,” a fund may attempt to hedge its currency risks). In addition, the value of fund assets may be affected by losses and other expenses incurred in converting between various currencies in order to purchase and sell foreign
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securities, as well as by currency restrictions, exchange control regulation, currency devaluations, and political and economic developments.
Foreign Securities—Emerging Market Risk. Investing in emerging market countries involves certain risks not typically associated with investing in the United States, and it imposes risks greater than, or in addition to, risks of investing in more developed foreign countries. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation; currency devaluations and other currency exchange rate fluctuations; greater social, economic, and political uncertainty and instability (including amplified risk of war and terrorism); more substantial government involvement in the economy; less government supervision and regulation of the securities markets and participants in those markets and possible arbitrary and unpredictable enforcement of securities regulations; controls on foreign investment and limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the fund’s ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; unavailability of currency-hedging techniques in certain emerging market countries; generally smaller, less seasoned, or newly organized companies; d ifference in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards, which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers; difficulty in obtain ing and/or enforc ing a judgment in a court outside the United States; and greater price volatility, substantially less liquidity, and significantly smaller market capitalization of securities markets. Also, any change in the leadership or politics of emerging market countries, or the countries that exercise a significant influence over those countries, may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities. Furthermore, high rates of inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries. Custodial services and other investment-related costs are often more expensive in emerging market countries, which can reduce a fund’s income from investments in securities or debt instruments of emerging market country issuers.
Foreign Securities—Foreign Currency Transactions. The value in U.S. dollars of a fund’s non-dollar-denominated foreign securities may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations, and the fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. To seek to minimize the impact of such factors on net asset values, a fund may engage in foreign currency transactions in connection with its investments in foreign securities. A fund will not speculate in foreign currency exchange and will enter into foreign currency transactions only to attempt to “hedge” the currency risk associated with investing in foreign securities. Although such transactions tend to minimize the risk of loss that would result from a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they also may limit any potential gain that might result should the value of such currency increase.
Currency exchange transactions may be conducted either on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange market or through forward contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies. A forward currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are entered into with large commercial banks or other currency traders who are participants in the interbank market. Currency exchange transactions also may be effected through the use of swap agreements or other derivatives.
Currency exchange transactions may be considered borrowings. A currency exchange transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “ Borrowing .”
By entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale of foreign currency involved in underlying security transactions, a fund may be able to protect itself against part or all of the possible loss between trade and settlement dates for that purchase or sale resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and such foreign currency. This practice is sometimes referred to as “transaction hedging.” In addition, when the advisor reasonably believes that a particular foreign currency may suffer a substantial decline against the U.S. dollar, a fund may enter into a forward contract to sell an amount of foreign currency approximating the value of some or all of its portfolio securities denominated in such foreign currency. This practice is sometimes referred to as “portfolio hedging.” Similarly, when the advisor reasonably believes that the U.S. dollar may suffer a substantial decline against a foreign currency, a fund may enter into a forward contract to buy that foreign currency for a fixed dollar amount.
A fund may also attempt to hedge its foreign currency exchange rate risk by engaging in currency futures, options, and “cross-hedge” transactions. In cross-hedge transactions, a fund holding securities denominated in one foreign currency
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will enter into a forward currency contract to buy or sell a different foreign currency (one that the advisor reasonably believes generally tracks the currency being hedged with regard to price movements). The advisor may select the tracking (or substitute) currency rather than the currency in which the security is denominated for various reasons, including in order to take advantage of pricing or other opportunities presented by the tracking currency or to take advantage of a more liquid or more efficient m arket for the tracking currency . Such cross-hedges are expected to help protect a fund against an increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against certain foreign currencies.
A fund may hold a portion of its assets in bank deposits denominated in foreign currencies, so as to facilitate investment in foreign securities as well as protect against currency fluctuations and the need to convert such assets into U.S. dollars (thereby also reducing transaction costs). To the extent these assets are converted back into U.S. dollars, the value of the assets so maintained will be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations.
The forecasting of currency market movement is extremely difficult, and whether any hedging strategy will be successful is highly uncertain. Moreover, it is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration of a forward currency contract. Accordingly, a fund may be required to buy or sell additional currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such transaction) if its advisor’s predictions regarding the movement of foreign currency or securities markets prove inaccurate. In addition, the use of cross-hedging transactions may involve special risks and may leave a fund in a less advantageous position than if such a hedge had not been established. Because forward currency contracts are privately negotiated transactions, there can be no assurance that a fund will have flexibility to roll over a forward currency contract upon its expiration if it desires to do so. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the other party to the contract will perform its services thereunder.
Foreign Securities—Foreign Investment Companies. Some of the countries in which a fund may invest may not permit, or may place economic restrictions on, direct investment by outside investors. Fund investments in such countries may be permitted only through foreign government-approved or authorized investment vehicles, which may include other investment companies. Such investments may be made through registered or unregistered closed-end investment companies that invest in foreign securities. Investing through such vehicles may involve layered fees or expenses and may also be subject to the limitations on, and the risks of, a fund’s investments in other investment companies, which are described under the heading “ Other Investment Companies. ”
Foreign Securities—Russian Market Risk. There are significant risks inherent in investing in Russian securities. T he underdeveloped state of Russia’s banking system subjects the settlement, clearing, and registration of securities transactions to significant risks. In March of 2013, the National Settlement Depository (NSD) began acting as a central depository for the majority of Russian equity securities; the NSD is now recognized as the Central Securities Depository in Russia.
For Russian issuers with less than 50 shareholders, o wnership records are maintained only by registrars who are under contract with the issuers and are currently not settled with the NSD. Although a Russian subcustodian will maintain copies of the registrar’s records (Share Extracts) on its premises, such Share Extracts are not recorded with the NSD and may not be legally sufficient to establish ownership of securities. The registrars may not be independent from the issuer, a re not necessarily subject to effective state supervision , and may not be licensed with any governmental entity. A fund will endeavor to ensure by itself or through a custodian or other agent that the fund’s interest continues to be appropriately recorded for Russian issuers with less than 50 shareholders by inspecting the share register and by obtaining extracts of share registers through regular confirmations . However, t hese extracts have no legal enforceability, and the possibility exists that a subsequent illegal amendment or other fraudulent act may deprive the fund of its ownership rights or may improperly dilute its interest. In addition, although applicable Russian regulations impose liability on registrars for losses resulting from their errors, a fund may find it difficult to enforce any rights it may have against the registrar or issuer of the securities in the event of loss of share registration.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts. Futures contracts and options on futures contracts are derivatives. A futures contract is a standardized agreement between two parties to buy or sell at a specific time in the future a specific quantity of a commodity at a specific price. The commodity may consist of an asset, a reference rate, or an index. A security futures contract relates to the sale of a specific quantity of shares of a single equity security or a narrow-based securities index. The value of a futures contract tends to increase and decrease in tandem with the value of the underlying commodity. The buyer of a futures contract enters into an agreement to purchase the underlying commodity on the settlement date and is said to be “long” the contract. The seller of a futures contract enters into an
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agreement to sell the underlying commodity on the settlement date and is said to be “short” the contract. The price at which a futures contract is entered into is established either in the electronic marketplace or by open outcry on the floor of an exchange between exchange members acting as traders or brokers. Open futures contracts can be liquidated or closed out by physical delivery of the underlying commodity or payment of the cash settlement amount on the settlement date, depending on the terms of the particular contract. Some financial futures contracts (such as security futures) provide for physical settlement at maturity. Other financial futures contracts (such as those relating to interest rates, foreign currencies, and broad-based securities indexes) generally provide for cash settlement at maturity. In the case of cash-settled futures contracts, the cash settlement amount is equal to the difference between the final settlement price on the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the contract was entered into. Most futures contracts, however, are not held until maturity but instead are “offset” before the settlement date through the establishment of an opposite and equal futures position.
The purchaser or seller of a futures contract is not required to deliver or pay for the underlying commodity unless the contract is held until the settlement date. However, both the purchaser and seller are required to deposit “initial margin” with a futures commission merchant (FCM) when the futures contract is entered into. Initial margin deposits are typically calculated as a percentage of the contract’s market value. If the value of either party’s position declines, that party will be required to make additional “variation margin” payments to settle the change in value on a daily basis. This process is known as “marking-to-market.” A futures transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “ Borrowing .”
An option on a futures contract (or futures option) conveys the right, but not the obligation, to purchase (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) a specific futures contract at a specific price (called the “exercise” or “strike” price) any time before the option expires. The seller of an option is called an option writer. The purchase price of an option is called the premium. The potential loss to an option buyer is limited to the amount of the premium plus transaction costs. This will be the case, for example, if the option is held and not exercised prior to its expiration date. Generally, an option writer sells options with the goal of obtaining the premium paid by the option buyer. If an option sold by an option writer expires without being exercised, the writer retains the full amount of the premium. The option writer, however, has unlimited economic risk because its potential loss, except to the extent offset by the premium received when the option was written, is equal to the amount the option is “in-the-money” at the expiration date. A call option is in-the-money if the value of the underlying futures contract exceeds the exercise price of the option. A put option is in-the-money if the exercise price of the option exceeds the value of the underlying futures contract. Generally, any profit realized by an option buyer represents a loss for the option writer.
A fund that takes the position of a writer of a futures option is required to deposit and maintain initial and variation margin with respect to the option, as previously described in the case of futures contracts. A futures option transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “ Borrowing .”
Each Fund intends to comply with Rule 4.5 under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) , under which a mutual fund is conditionally excluded from the definition of the term Commodity Pool Operato r (CPO). Accordingly, Vanguard is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO with respect to the Fund under the CEA. A Fund will only enter into futures contracts and futures options that are traded on a U.S. or foreign exchange, board of trade, or similar entity or that are quoted on an automated quotation system.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts—Risks. The risk of loss in trading futures contracts and in writing futures options can be substantial because of the low margin deposits required, the extremely high degree of leverage involved in futures and options pricing, and the potential high volatility of the futures markets. As a result, a relatively small price movement in a futures position may result in immediate and substantial loss (or gain) for the investor. For example, if at the time of purchase, 10% of the value of the futures contract is deposited as margin, a subsequent 10% decrease in the value of the futures contract would result in a total loss of the margin deposit, before any deduction for the transaction costs, if the account were then closed out. A 15% decrease would result in a loss equal to 150% of the original margin deposit if the contract were closed out. Thus, a purchase or sale of a futures contract, and the writing of a futures option, may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the position. In the
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event of adverse price movements, a fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments to maintain its required margin. In such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet daily margin requirements (and segregation requirements, if applicable) at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. In addition, on the settlement date, a fund may be required to make delivery of the instruments underlying the futures positions it holds.
A fund could suffer losses if it is unable to close out a futures contract or a futures option because of an illiquid secondary market. Futures contracts and futures options may be closed out only on an exchange that provides a secondary market for such products. However, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures product at any specific time. Thus, it may not be possible to close a futures or option position. Moreover, most futures exchanges limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price at the end of a trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular type of contract, no trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movement during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses, because the limit may prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. Futures contract prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of future positions and subjecting some futures traders to substantial losses. The inability to close futures and options positions also could have an adverse impact on the ability to hedge a portfolio investment or to establish a substitute for a portfolio investment.
| U.S. | Treasury futures are generally not subject to such daily limits. |
| A | fund bears the risk that its advisor will incorrectly predict future market trends. If the advisor attempts to use a futures |
contract or a futures option as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the fund will be exposed to the risk that the futures position will have or will develop imperfect or no correlation with the portfolio investment. This could cause substantial losses for the fund. Although hedging strategies involving futures products can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments.
A fund could lose margin payments it has deposited with its FCM if, for example, the FCM breaches its agreement with the fund or becomes insolvent or goes into bankruptcy. In that event, the fund may be entitled to return of margin owed to it only in proportion to the amount received by the FCM’s other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the fund.
Interfund Borrowing and Lending. The SEC has granted an exemption permitting registered open-end Vanguard funds to participate in Vanguard’s interfund lending program. This program allows the Vanguard funds to borrow money from and lend money to each other for temporary or emergency purposes. The program is subject to a number of conditions, including, among other things, the requirements that (1) no fund may borrow or lend money through the program unless it receives a more favorable interest rate than is typically available from a bank for a comparable transaction; (2) no equity, taxable bond, or money market fund may loan money if the loan would cause its aggregate outstanding loans through the program to exceed 5%, 7.5%, or 10%, respectively, of its net assets at the time of the loan; and (3) a fund’s interfund loans to any one fund shall not exceed 5% of the lending fund’s net assets. In addition, a Vanguard fund may participate in the program only if and to the extent that such participation is consistent with the fund’s investment objective and investment policies. The boards of trustees of the Vanguard funds are responsible for overseeing the interfund lending program. Any delay in repayment to a lending fund could result in a lost investment opportunity or additional borrowing costs.
Investing for Control. The Vanguard funds invest in securities and other instruments for the sole purpose of achieving a specific investment objective. As such, they do not seek to acquire enough of a company’s outstanding voting stock to have control over management decisions. The Vanguard funds do not invest for the purpose of controlling a company’s management.
Options. An option is a derivative. An option on a security (or index) is a contract that gives the holder of the option, in return for the payment of a “premium,” the right, but not the obligation, to buy from (in the case of a call option) or sell to (in the case of a put option) the writer of the option the security underlying the option (or the cash value of the index) at a specified exercise price prior to the expiration date of the option. The writer of an option on a security has the obligation upon exercise of the option to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price (in the case of a call option) or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security (in the case of a put option). The
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writer of an option on an index has the obligation upon exercise of the option to pay an amount equal to the cash value of the index minus the exercise price, multiplied by the specified multiplier for the index option. The multiplier for an index option determines the size of the investment position the option represents. Unlike exchange-traded options, which are standardized with respect to the underlying instrument, expiration date, contract size, and strike price, the terms of OTC options (options not traded on exchanges) generally are established through negotiation with the other party to the option contract. Although this type of arrangement allows the purchaser or writer greater flexibility to tailor an option to its needs, OTC options generally involve greater credit risk than exchange-traded options, which are guaranteed by the clearing organization of the exchanges where they are traded.
The buyer (or holder) of an option is said to be “long” the option, while the seller (or writer) of an option is said to be “short” the option. A call option grants to the holder the right to buy (and obligates the writer to sell) the underlying security at the strike price. A put option grants to the holder the right to sell (and obligates the writer to buy) the underlying security at the strike price. The purchase price of an option is called the “premium.” The potential loss to an option buyer is limited to the amount of the premium plus transaction costs. This will be the case if the option is held and not exercised prior to its expiration date. Generally, an option writer sells options with the goal of obtaining the premium paid by the option buyer, but that person could also seek to profit from an anticipated rise or decline in option prices. If an option sold by an option writer expires without being exercised, the writer retains the full amount of the premium. The option writer, however, has unlimited economic risk because its potential loss, except to the extent offset by the premium received when the option was written, is equal to the amount the option is “in-the-money” at the expiration date. A call option is in-the-money if the value of the underlying position exceeds the exercise price of the option. A put option is in-the-money if the exercise price of the option exceeds the value of the underlying position. Generally, any profit realized by an option buyer represents a loss for the option writer. The writing of an option will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “ Borrowing .”
If a trading market in particular options were to become unavailable, investors in those options (such as the funds) would be unable to close out their positions until trading resumes, and they may be faced with substantial losses if the value of the underlying instrument moves adversely during that time. Even if the market were to remain available, there may be times when options prices will not maintain their customary or anticipated relationships to the prices of the underlying instruments and related instruments. Lack of investor interest, changes in volatility, or other factors or conditions might adversely affect the liquidity, efficiency, continuity, or even the orderliness of the market for particular options.
A fund bears the risk that its advisor will not accurately predict future market trends. If the advisor attempts to use an option as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the fund will be exposed to the risk that the option will have or will develop imperfect or no correlation with the portfolio investment, which could cause substantial losses for the fund. Although hedging strategies involving options can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments. Many options, in particular OTC options, are complex and often valued based on subjective factors. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to a fund.
Other Investment Companies . A fund may invest in other investment companies to the extent permitted by applicable law or SEC exemption. Under Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act, a fund generally may invest up to 10% of its assets in shares of investment companies and up to 5% of its assets in any one investment company, as long as no investment represents more than 3% of the voting stock of an acquired investment company. In addition, no funds for which Vanguard acts as an advisor may, in the aggregate, own more than 10% of the voting stock of a closed-end investment company. The 1940 Act and related rules provide certain exemptions from these restrictions. If a fund invests in other investment companies, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the fund’s expenses (including operating expenses and the fees of the advisor), but they also may indirectly bear the similar expenses of the underlying investment companies. Certain investment companies, such as business development companies (BDCs), are more akin to operating companies and, as such, their expenses are not direct expenses paid by fund shareholders and are not used to calculate the fund’s net asset value. SEC rules nevertheless require that any expenses incurred by a BDC be included in a fund’s expense ratio as “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses.” The expense ratio of a fund that holds a BDC will thus overstate what the fund actually spends on portfolio management, administrative services, and other
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shareholder services by an amount equal to these Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. The Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are not included in a fund’s financial statements, which provide a clearer picture of a fund’s actual operating expenses. Shareholders would also be exposed to the risks associated not only with the investments of the fund but also with the portfolio investments of the underlying investment companies. Certain types of investment companies, such as closed-end investment companies, issue a fixed number of shares that typically trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or discount to their net asset value. Others are continuously offered at net asset value but also may be traded on the secondary market.
Preferred Stock. Preferred stock represents an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stock normally pays dividends at a specified rate and has precedence over common stock in the event the issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy. However, in the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take precedence over the claims of those who own preferred and common stock. Preferred stock, unlike common stock, often has a stated dividend rate payable from the corporation’s earnings. Preferred stock dividends may be cumulative or noncumulative, participating, or auction rate. “Cumulative” dividend provisions require all or a portion of prior unpaid dividends to be paid before dividends can be paid to the issuer’s common stock. “Participating” preferred stock may be entitled to a dividend exceeding the stated dividend in certain cases. If interest rates rise, the fixed dividend on preferred stocks may be less attractive, causing the price of such stocks to decline. Preferred stock may have mandatory sinking fund provisions, as well as provisions allowing the stock to be called or redeemed, which can limit the benefit of a decline in interest rates. Preferred stock is subject to many of the risks to which common stock and debt securities are subject. In addition, preferred stock may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than common stock or debt securities because preferred stock may trade with less frequen cy and in more limited volume.
Repurchase Agreements. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which a fund acquires a fixed income security (generally a security issued by the U.S. government or an agency thereof, a banker’s acceptance, or a certificate of deposit) from a commercial bank, a broker, or a dealer a nd simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed-upon price and date (normally, the next business day). Because the security purchased constitutes collateral for the repurchase obligation, a repurchase agreement may be considered a loan that is collateralized by the security purchased. The resale price reflects an agreed-upon interest rate effective for the period the instrument is held by a fund and is unrelated to the interest rate on the underlying instrument. In these transactions, the securities acquired by a fund (including accrued interest earned thereon) must have a total value in excess of the value of the repurchase agreement and be held by a custodian bank until repurchased. In addition, the investment advisor will monitor a fund’s repurchase agreement transactions generally and will evaluate the creditworthiness of any bank, broker, or dealer party to a repurchase agreement relating to a fund. The aggregate amount of any such agreements is not limited, except to the extent required by law.
The use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks. One risk is the seller’s ability to pay the agreed-upon repurchase price on the repurchase date. If the seller defaults, the fund may incur costs in disposing of the collateral, which would reduce the amount realized thereon. If the seller seeks relief under the bankruptcy laws, the disposition of the collateral may be delayed or limited. For example, if the other party to the agreement becomes insolvent and subject to liquidation or reorganization under the bankruptcy or other laws, a court may determine that the underlying security is collateral for a loan by the fund not within its control, and therefore the realization by the fund on such collateral may be automatically stayed. Finally, it is possible that the fund may not be able to substantiate its interest in the underlying security and may be deemed an unsecured creditor of the other party to the agreement.
Restricted and Illiquid Securities. Illiquid securities are securities that cannot be sold or disposed of in the ordinary course of business within seven business days at approximately the value at which they are being carried on a fund’s books. The SEC generally limits aggregate holdings of illiquid securities by a mutual fund to 15% of its net assets (5% for money market funds). A fund may experience difficulty valuing and selling illiquid securities and, in some cases, may be unable to value or sell certain illiquid securities for an indefinite period of time. Illiquid securities may include a wide variety of investments, such as (1) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days (unless the agreements have demand/redemption features), (2) OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements), (3) fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or do not provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits), (4) loan interests and other direct debt instruments, (5) certain municipal lease obligations, (6) commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(2) of the 1933 Act, and (7) securities whose disposition is restricted under the federal securities laws. Illiquid securities include restricted, privately placed securities that, under the federal securities laws, generally may be resold only to qualified institutional buyers. If a substantial
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market develops for a restricted security held by a fund, it may be treated as a liquid security, in accordance with procedures and guidelines approved by the board of trustees. This generally includes securities that are unregistered, that can be sold to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, or that are exempt from registration under the 1933 Act, such as commercial paper. Although a fund’s advisor monitors the liquidity of restricted securities, the board of trustees oversees and retains ultimate responsibility for the advisor’s liquidity determinations. Several factors that the trustees consider in monitoring these decisions include the valuation of a security; the availability of qualified institutional buyers, brokers, and dealers that trade in the security; and the availability of information about the security’s issuer.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements. In a reverse repurchase agreement, a fund sells a security to another party, such as a bank or broker-dealer, in return for cash and agrees to repurchase that security at an agreed-upon price and time. Under a reverse repurchase agreement, the fund continues to receive any principal and interest payments on the underlying security during the term of the agreement. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of securities retained by the fund may decline below the repurchase price of the securities sold by the fund that it is obligated to repurchase. A reverse repurchase agreement may be considered a borrowing transaction for purposes of the 1940 Act. A reverse repurchase agreement transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “Borrowing.” A fund will enter into reverse repurchase agreements only with parties whose creditworthiness has been reviewed and found satisfactory by the advisor. If the buyer in a reverse repurchase agreement becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy, a fund’s use of proceeds from the sale may be restricted while the other party or its trustee or receiver determines if it will honor the fund’s right to repurchase the securities. If the fund is unable to recover the securities it sold in a reverse repurchase agreement, it would realize a loss equal to the difference between the value of the securities and the payment it received for them.
Securities Lending. A fund may lend its investment securities to qualified institutional investors (typically brokers, dealers, banks, or other financial institutions) who may need to borrow securities in order to complete certain transactions, such as covering short sales, avoiding failures to deliver securities, or completing arbitrage operations. By lending its investment securities, a fund attempts to increase its net investment income through the receipt of interest on the securities lent. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities lent that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the fund. If the borrower defaults on its obligation to return the securities lent because of insolvency or other reasons, a fund could experience delays and costs in recovering the securities lent or in gaining access to the collateral. These delays and costs could be greater for foreign securities. If a fund is not able to recover the securities lent, a fund may sell the collateral and purchase a replacement investment in the market. The value of the collateral could decrease below the value of the replacement investment by the time the replacement investment is purchased. Cash received as collateral through loan transactions may be invested in other eligible securities. Investing this cash subjects that investment to market appreciation or depreciation. Currently, Vanguard funds that lend securities invest the cash collateral received in one or more Vanguard CMT Funds, which are very low-cost money market funds.
The terms and the structure of the loan arrangements, as well as the aggregate amount of securities loans, must be consistent with the 1940 Act and the rules or interpretations of the SEC thereunder. These provisions limit the amount of securities a fund may lend to 33 1/3% of the fund’s total assets and require that (1) the borrower pledge and maintain with the fund collateral consisting of cash, an irrevocable letter of credit, or securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government having at all times not less than 100% of the value of the securities lent; (2) the borrower add to such collateral whenever the price of the securities lent rises (i.e., the borrower “marks to market” on a daily basis); (3) the loan be made subject to termination by the fund at any time; and (4) the fund receives reasonable interest on the loan (which may include the fund’s investing any cash collateral in interest-bearing short-term investments), any distribution on the lent securities, and any increase in their market value. Loan arrangements made by each fund will comply with all other applicable regulatory requirements, including the rules of the New York Stock Exchange, which presently require the borrower, after notice, to redeliver the securities within the normal settlement time of three business days. The advisor will consider the creditworthiness of the borrower, among other things, in making decisions with respect to the lending of securities, subject to oversight by the board of trustees. At the present time, the SEC does not object if an investment company pays reasonable negotiated fees in connection with lent securities, so long as such fees are set forth in a written contract and approved by the investment company’s trustees. In addition, voting rights pass with the
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lent securities, but if a fund has knowledge that a material event will occur affecting securities on loan, and in respect to which the holder of the securities will be entitled to vote or consent, the lender must be entitled to call the loaned securities in time to vote or consent. A fund bears the risk that there may be a delay in the return of the securities, which may impair the fund’s ability to vote on such a matter.
Pursuant to Vanguard’s securities lending policy, Vanguard’s fixed income and money market funds are not permitted to, and do not, lend their investment securities.
Swap Agreements. A swap agreement , which is a type of derivative , is an agreement between two parties (counterparties) to exchange payments at specified dates (periodic payment dates) on the basis of a specified amount (notional amount) with the payments calculated with reference to a specified asset, reference rate, or index.
Examples of swap agreements include, but are not limited to, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, equity swaps, commodity swaps, foreign currency swaps, index swaps, excess return swaps, and total return swaps. Most swap agreements provide that when the periodic payment dates for both parties are the same, payments are netted, and only the net amount is paid to the counterparty entitled to receive the net payment. Consequently, a fund’s current obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the net amount to be paid or received under the agreement, based on the relative values of the positions held by each counterparty. Swap agreements allow for a wide variety of transactions. For example, fixed rate payments may be exchanged for floating rate payments; U.S. dollar-denominated payments may be exchanged for payments denominated in a different currency; and payments tied to the price of one asset, reference rate, or index may be exchanged for payments tied to the price of another asset, reference rate, or index.
An option on a swap agreement, also called a “swaption,” is an option that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on a future date in exchange for paying a market-based “premium.” A receiver swaption gives the owner the right to receive the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index. A payer swaption gives the owner the right to pay the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index. Swaptions also include options that allow an existing swap to be terminated or extended by one of the counterparties.
The use of swap agreements by a fund entails certain risks, which may be different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in the securities and other investments that are the referenced asset for the swap agreement. Swaps are highly specialized instruments that require investment techniques, risk analyses, and tax planning different from those associated with stocks, bonds, and other traditional investments. The use of a swap requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the swap under all possible market conditions.
Swap agreements may be subject to liquidity risk, which exists when a particular swap is difficult to purchase or sell. If a swap transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid (as is the case with many OTC swaps), it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses. In addition, swap transactions may be subject to a fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities.
Swap agreements may be subject to pricing risk, which exists when a particular swap becomes extraordinarily expensive or inexpensive relative to historical prices or the prices of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions, it may not be economically feasible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity or to realize the intrinsic value of the swap agreement.
Because some swap agreements have a leverage component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate, or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the swap itself. Certain swaps have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. A leveraged swap transaction will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by a fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “Borrowing.”
Like most other investments, swap agreements are subject to the risk that the market value of the instrument will change in a way detrimental to a fund’s interest. A fund bears the risk that its advisor will not accurately forecast future market trends or the values of assets, reference rates, indexes, or other economic factors in establishing swap positions for the fund. If the advisor attempts to use a swap as a hedge against, or as a substitute for, a portfolio investment, the fund will be exposed to the risk that the swap will have or will develop imperfect or no correlation with the portfolio
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investment. This could cause substantial losses for the fund. Although hedging strategies involving swap instruments can reduce the risk of loss, they can also reduce the opportunity for gain or even result in losses by offsetting favorable price movements in other fund investments. Many swaps, OTC swaps in particular, are complex and often valued subjectively. Improper valuations can result in increased cash payment requirements to counterparties or a loss of value to a fund.
The use of a swap agreement also involves the risk that a loss may be sustained as a result of the insolvency or bankruptcy of the counterparty or the failure of the counterparty to make required payments or otherwise comply with the terms of the agreement. Additionally, the use of credit default swaps can result in losses if a fund’s advisor does not correctly evaluate the creditworthiness of the issuer on which the credit swap is based.
The market for swaps and swaptions is a relatively new market. It is possible that developments in the market could adversely affect a fund, including its ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements. As previously noted under the heading “Derivatives,” under the Dodd-Frank Act, certain swaps that may be used by a fund may be cleared through a clearinghouse and traded on an exchange or swap execution facility.
Tax Matters—Federal Tax Discussion. Discussion herein of U.S. federal income tax matters summarizes some of the important, generally applicable U.S. federal tax considerations relevant to investment in a fund based on the IRC, U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority. These authorities are subject to change by legislative, administrative, or judicial action, possibly with retroactive effect. A shareholder should consult his or her tax professional for information regarding the particular situation and the possible application of U.S. federal, state, local, foreign, and other taxes.
Tax Matters—Federal Tax Treatment of Derivatives, Hedging, and Related Transactions. A fund’s transactions in derivative instruments (including, but not limited to, options, futures, forward contracts, and swap agreements), as well as any of the fund’s hedging, short sale, securities loan, or similar transactions, may be subject to one or more special tax rules that affect the treatment of gains or losses recognized by the fund as ordinary or capital. These transactions may also accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the fund, defer losses to the fund, and cause adjustments in the holding period of the fund’s securities.
I n order for a fund to continue to qualify for federal income tax treatment as a regulated investment company, at least 90% of its gross income for a taxable year must be derived from qualifying income—i.e., dividends, interest, income derived from securities loans, gains from the sale of securities or foreign currencies, or other income derived with respect to the fund’s business of investing in securities or currencies. The funds generally expect that any net gain from options, futures, and forward contracts will be treated as qualifying income.
Tax Matters—Federal Tax Treatment of Futures Contracts. For federal income tax purposes, a fund generally must recognize , as of the end of each taxable year, any net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts, as well as any gains and losses actually realized during the year. In these cases, any gain or loss recognized with respect to a futures contract is considered to be 60% long-term capital gain or loss and 40% short-term capital gain or loss, without regard to the holding period of the contract. Gains and losses on certain other futures contracts (primarily non-U.S. futures contracts) are not recognized until the contracts are closed and are treated as long-term or short-term, depending on the holding period of the contract. Sales of futures contracts that are intended to hedge against a change in the value of securities held by a fund may affect the holding period of such securities and, consequently, the nature of the gain or loss on such securities upon disposition. A fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on one position, such as futures contracts, to the extent of any unrecognized gains on a related offsetting position held by the fun d.
A fund will distribute to shareholders annually any net capital gains that have been recognized for federal income tax purposes on futures transactions. Such distributions will be combined with distributions of capital gains realized on the fund’s other investments and shareholders will be advised on the nature of the distributions.
Tax Matters—Federal Tax Treatment of Non-U.S. Currency Transactions. Special rules govern the federal income tax treatment of certain transactions denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, determined by reference to the value of one or more currencies other than the U.S. dollar and the disposition of a currency other than the U.S. dollar by a taxpayer whose functional currency is the U.S. dollar. However, foreign-currency-related regulated futures contracts and non-equity options are generally not subject to the special currency rules if they are or would be treated as sold for their fair market value at year-end under the marking-to-market rules applicable to other futures contracts unless an election is made to have such currency rules apply. With respect to transactions covered by the special rules, foreign currency gain or loss is calculated separately from any gain or loss on the underlying transaction and is normally taxable as ordinary income or loss. A taxpayer may elect to treat, as capital gain or loss, foreign currency gain or loss arising from certain
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identified forward contracts, futures contracts, and options that are capital assets in the hands of the taxpayer and that are not part of a straddle. The U.S. Treasury issued regulations under which certain transactions subject to the special currency rules that are part of a “section 988 hedging transaction” (as defined in the IRC and the U.S. Treasury regulations) will be integrated and treated as a single transaction or otherwise treated consistently for purposes of the IRC. Certain currency transactions may qualify as part of a “section 1221 hedging transaction,” which also has the effect of treating their components consistently . Any gain or loss attributable to the foreign currency component of a transaction engaged in by a fund that is not subject to the special currency rules (such as foreign equity investments other than certain preferred stocks) will be treated as a capital gain or loss and will not be segregated from the gain or loss on the underlying transaction. It is anticipated that some of the non-U.S. dollar-denominated investments and foreign currency contracts a fund may make or enter into will be subject to s pecial currency rules described within this policy.
To the extent a fund engages in non-U.S. currency hedging, the fund may elect or be required to apply other rules that could affect the character and timing of the fund’s gains and losses. For more information, see “Tax Matters—Federal Tax Treatment of Derivatives, Hedging, and Related Transactions.”
Tax Matters—Foreign Tax Credit. Foreign governments may withhold taxes on dividends and interest paid with respect to foreign securities held by a fund. Foreign governments may also impose taxes on other payments or gains with respect to foreign securities. If, at the close of its fiscal year, more than 50% of a fund’s total assets are invested in securities of foreign issuers, the fund may elect to pass through to shareholders the ability to deduct or, if they meet certain holding period requirements, t ake a credit for foreign taxes paid by the fund. S imilarly, if at the close of each quarter of a fund’s taxable year, at least 50% of its total assets consist of interests in other regulated investment companies, the fund is permitted to elect to pass through to its shareholders the foreign income taxes paid by the fund in connection with foreign securities held directly by the fund or held by a regulated investment company in which the fund invests th at ha s elected to pass through such taxes to shareholders.
Tax Matters—Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits. If a fund invests directly or indirectly, including through a REIT or other pass-through entity, in residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs) or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (TMPs), a portion of the fund’s income that is attributable to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (such portion referred to in the IRC as an “excess inclusion”) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events — including potentially at the fund level — under a notice issued by the IRS in October 2006 and U.S. Treasury regulations that have yet to be issued but may apply retroactively. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a registered investment company will be allocated to shareholders of the registered investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related interest directly. As a result, a fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts, as noted below. In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (1) cannot be offset by net operation losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions); (2) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan, or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that otherwise might not be required to file a tax return and pay tax on such income; and (3) in the case of a non-U.S. investor, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code. As a result, a fund investing in such interests may not be suitable for charitable remainder trusts. See “Tax Matters—Tax-Exempt Investors.”
Tax Matters—Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Investors . U.S. withholding and estate taxes and certain U.S. tax reporting requirements may apply to any investments made by non-U.S. investors in Vanguard funds.
Tax Matters—Tax-Exempt Investors. Income of a fund that would be UBTI if earned directly by a tax-exempt entity will not generally be attributed as UBTI to a tax-exempt shareholder of the fund. Notwithstanding this “blocking” effect, a tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of its investment in a fund if shares in the fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of IRC Section 514(b).
A tax-exempt shareholder may also recognize UBTI if a fund recognizes “excess inclusion income” derived from direct or indirect investments in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. See “Tax Matters—Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits.”
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In addition, special tax consequences apply to charitable remainder trusts that invest in a fund that invests directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. Charitable remainder trusts and other tax-exempt investors are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in a fund.
Warrants. Warrants are instruments that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
When-Issued, Delayed-Delivery, and Forward-Commitment Transactions. When-issued, delayed-delivery, and forward-commitment transactions involve a commitment to purchase or sell specific securities at a predetermined price or yield in which payment and delivery take place after the customary settlement period for that type of security. Typically, no interest accrues to the purchaser until the security is delivered. When purchasing securities pursuant to one of these transactions, payment for the securities is not required until the delivery date. However, the purchaser assumes the rights and risks of ownership, including the risks of price and yield fluctuations and the risk that the security will not be issued as anticipated. When a fund has sold a security pursuant to one of these transactions, the fund does not participate in further gains or losses with respect to the security. If the other party to a delayed-delivery transaction fails to deliver or pay for the securities, the fund could miss a favorable price or yield opportunity or suffer a loss. A fund may renegotiate a when-issued or forward-commitment transaction and may sell the underlying securities before delivery, which may result in capital gains or losses for the fund. When-issued, delayed-delivery, and forward-commitment transactions will not be considered to constitute the issuance, by a fund, of a “senior security,” as that term is defined in Section 18(g) of the 1940 Act, and therefore such transaction will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement otherwise applicable to borrowings by the fund, if the fund covers the transaction in accordance with the requirements described under the heading “Borrowing.”
Regulatory restrictions in India. Shares of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund have not been, and will not be, registered under the laws of India and are not intended to benefit from any laws in India promulgated for the protection of shareholders. Due to regulatory requirements in India, shares of the Fund shall not be knowingly offered to (directly or indirectly) or sold or delivered to (within India); transferred to or purchased by; or held for, on the account of, or for the benefit of (1) a “person resident in India” (as defined in the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999); (2) a “non-resident Indian,” an “overseas corporate body,” or a “person of Indian origin” (as each such term is defined in the Foreign Exchange Management (Deposit) Regulations, 2000); or (3) any other entity or person disqualified or otherwise prohibited from accessing the Indian securities market under applicable laws, as may be amended from time to time. Each investor, prior to purchasing shares of the Fund, must satisfy itself regarding compliance with these requirements.
SHARE PRICE
Each Fund’s share price, called its net asset value , or NAV, is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the Exchange), generally 4 p.m., Eastern time. NAV per share is computed by dividing the total assets, minus liabilities, of the Fund by the number of Fund shares outstanding. On U.S. holidays or other days when the Exchange is closed, the NAV is not calculated, and the Funds do not sell or redeem shares . However, on those days the value of a Fund’s assets may be affected to the extent that the Fund holds foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open. The underlying Vanguard funds in which the Diversified Equity Fund invests also do not calculate their NAV on days when the Exchange is closed, but the value of their assets may also be affected to the extent that they hold foreign securities that trade on foreign markets that are open.
The Exchange typically observes the following holidays: New Year’s Day; Martin Luther King, Jr., Day; Presidents’ Day (Washington’s Birthday); Good Friday; Memorial Day; Independence Day; Labor Day; Thanksgiving Day; and Christmas Day. Although each Fund expects the same holidays to be observed in the future, the Exchange may modify its holiday schedule or hours of operation at any time.
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PURCHASE AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES
Purchase of Shares
The purchase price of shares of each Fund is the NAV per share next determined after the purchase request is received in good order, as defined in the Fund’s prospectus.
Exchange of Securities for Shares of a Fund. Shares of a Fund may be purchased “in kind” (i.e., in exchange for securities, rather than for cash) at the discretion of the Fund’s portfolio manager. Such securities must not be restricted as to transfer and must have a value that is readily ascertainable. Securities accepted by the Fund will be valued, as set forth in the Fund’s prospectus, as of the time of the next determination of NAV after such acceptance. All dividend, subscription, or other rights that are reflected in the market price of accepted securities at the time of valuation become the property of the Fund and must be delivered to the Fund by the investor upon receipt from the issuer. A gain or loss for federal income tax purposes, depending upon the cost of the securities tendered, would be realized by the investor upon the exchange. Investors interested in purchasing fund shares in kind should contact Vanguard.
Redemption of Shares
The redemption price of shares of each Fund is the NAV per share next determined after the redemption request is received in good order, as defined in the Fund’s prospectus.
Each Fund may suspend redemption privileges or postpone the date of payment for redeemed shares (1) during any period that the Exchange is closed or trading on the Exchange is restricted as determined by the SEC; (2) during any period when an emergency exists, as defined by the SEC, as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for the Fund to dispose of securities it owns or to fairly determine the value of its assets; or (3) for such other periods as the SEC may permit.
The Trust has filed a notice of election with the SEC to pay in cash all redemptions requested by any shareholder of record limited in amount during any 90-day period to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net assets of a Fund at the beginning of such period.
If Vanguard determines that it would be detrimental to the best interests of the remaining shareholders of a Fund to make payment wholly or partly in cash, the Fund may pay the redemption price in whole or in part by a distribution in kind of readily marketable securities held by the Fund in lieu of cash in conformity with applicable rules of the SEC. Investors may incur brokerage charges on the sale of such securities received in payment of redemptions.
The Funds do not charge redemption fees . Shares redeemed may be worth more or less than what was paid for them, depending on the market value of the securities held by the Fund.
Right to Change Policies
Vanguard reserves the right, without notice, to (1) alter, add, or discontinue any conditions of purchase (including eligibility requirements), redemption, exchange, service, or privilege at any time; (2) accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) freeze any account and/or suspend account services if Vanguard has received reasonable notice of a dispute regarding the assets in an account, including notice of a dispute between the registered or beneficial account owners, or if Vanguard reasonably believes a fraudulent transaction may occur or has occurred; (4) temporarily freeze any account and/or suspend account services upon initial notification to Vanguard of the death of the shareholder until Vanguard receives required documentation in good order; (5) alter, impose, discontinue, or waive any purchase fee, redemption fee, account service fee, or other fees charged to a group of shareholders; and (6) redeem an account or suspend account privileges, without the owner’s permission to do so, in cases of threatening conduct or activity Vanguard believes to be suspicious, fraudulent, or illegal. Changes may affect any or all investors. These actions will be taken when, at the sole discretion of Vanguard management, Vanguard reasonably believes they are deemed to be in the best interest of a fund.
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Investing With Vanguard Through Other Firms
Each Fund has authorized certain agents to accept on its behalf purchase and redemption orders, and those agents are authorized to designate other intermediaries to accept purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf (collectively, Authorized Agents). Each Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when an Authorized Agent accepts the order in accordance with the Fund’s instructions. In most instances, a customer order that is properly transmitted to an Authorized Agent will be priced at the NAV per share next determined after the order is received by the Authorized Agent.
MANAGEMENT OF THE FUNDS
Vanguard
Each Fund is part of the Vanguard group of investment companies, which consists of more than 170 funds. Through their jointly owned subsidiary, Vanguard, the funds obtain at cost virtually all of their corporate management, administrative, and distribution services. Vanguard also provides investment advisory services on an at-cost basis to several of the Vanguard funds.
Vanguard was established and operates under an Amended and Restated Funds’ Service Agreement (the Agreement). Vanguard employs a supporting staff of management and administrative personnel needed to provide the requisite services to the funds and also furnishes the funds with necessary office space, furnishings, and equipment. The funds’ officers are also officers and employees of Vanguard.
Vanguard, Vanguard Marketing Corporation (VMC), the funds, and the funds’ advisors have adopted codes of ethics designed to prevent employees who may have access to nonpublic information about the trading activities of the funds (access persons) from profiting from that information. The codes of ethics permit access persons to invest in securities for their own accounts, including securities that may be held by a fund, but place substantive and procedural restrictions on the trading activities of access persons. For example, the codes of ethics require that access persons receive advance approval for most securities trades to ensure that there is no conflict with the trading activities of the funds.
Vanguard International Value Fund and Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund Only. Vanguard provides corporate management, administrative, and distribution services at cost. Each fund pays its share of Vanguard’s total expenses, which are allocated among the funds under methods approved by the board of trustees of each fund. In addition, each fund bears its own direct expenses, such as legal, auditing, and custodial fees. The Agreement provides that each Vanguard fund may be called upon to invest up to 0.40% of its current net assets in Vanguard. The amounts that each fund has invested are adjusted from time to time in order to maintain the proportionate relationship between each fund’s relative net assets and its contribution to Vanguard’s capital.
As of October 31, 2013 , each Fund had contributed capital to Vanguard as follows:
| Capital | Percentage of | Percent of | |
| Contribution | Fund’s | Vanguard’s | |
| Vangua rd Fund | to Vanguard | Average Net Assets | Capitalization |
| International Value Fund | $907,000 | 0.01% | 0.36% |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | 25,000 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund Only. The Agreement provides that the Fund will not contribute to Vanguard’s capitalization or pay for corporate management, administrative, and distribution services provided by Vanguard. However, the Fund will bear its own direct expenses, such as legal, auditing, and custodial fees. In addition, the Agreement further provides that the Fund’s expenses will be offset, in whole or in part, by a reimbursement from Vanguard for (1) the Fund’s contributions to the cost of operating the underlying Vanguard funds in which the Fund invests and (2) certain savings in administrative and marketing costs that Vanguard expects to derive from the Fund’s operations. The Fund expects that the reimbursements should be sufficient to offset most or all of the direct expenses incurred by the Fund. Therefore, the Fund is expected to operate at a very low—or zero—direct expense ratio. Of course, there is no guarantee that this will always be the case.
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Although the Fund is not expected to incur any net expenses directly, the Fund’s shareholders indirectly bear the expenses of the underlying Vanguard funds. As of October 31, 2013 , the Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses of the Fund were 0.40% .
Management . Corporate management and administrative services include (1) executive staff, (2) accounting and financial, (3) legal and regulatory, (4) shareholder account maintenance, (5) monitoring and control of custodian relationships, (6) shareholder reporting, and (7) review and evaluation of advisory and other services provided to the funds by third parties.
Distribution . Vanguard Marketing Corporation, 400 Devon Park Drive A39, Wayne, PA 19087, a wholly owned subsidiary of Vanguard, is the principal underwriter for the funds and in that capacity performs and finances marketing, promotional, and distribution activities (collectively, marketing and distribution activities) that are primarily intended to result in the sale of the funds’ shares. VMC offers shares of each fund for sale on a continuous basis and will use all reasonable efforts in connection with the distribution of shares of the funds . VMC performs marketing and distribution activities at cost in accordance with the conditions of a 1981 SEC exemptive order that permits the Vanguard funds to internalize and jointly finance the marketing, promotion, and distribution of their shares. The funds’ trustees review and approve the marketing and distribution expenses incurred by the funds, including the nature and cost of the activities and the desirability of each fund’s continued participation in the joint arrangement.
To ensure that each fund’s participation in the joint arrangement falls within a reasonable range of fairness, each fund contributes to VMC’s marketing and distribution expenses in accordance with an SEC-approved formula. Under that formula, one half of the marketing and distribution expenses are allocated among the funds based upon their relative net assets. The remaining half of those expenses are allocated among the funds based upon each fund’s sales for the preceding 24 months relative to the total sales of the funds as a group, provided, however, that no fund’s aggregate quarterly rate of contribution for marketing and distribution expenses shall exceed 125% of the average marketing and distribution expense rate for Vanguard and that no fund shall incur annual marketing and distribution expenses in excess of 0.20% of its average month-end net assets. Each fund’s contribution to these marketing and distribution expenses helps to maintain and enhance the attractiveness and viability of the Vanguard complex as a whole, which benefits all of the funds and their shareholders.
VMC’s principal marketing and distribution expenses are for advertising, promotional materials, and marketing personnel. Other marketing and distribution activities that VMC undertakes on behalf of the funds may include, but are not limited to:
VMC performs most marketing and distribution activities itself. Some activities may be conducted by third parties pursuant to shared marketing arrangements under which VMC agrees to share the costs and performance of marketing and distribution activities in concert with a financial service provider. Financial service providers include, but are not limited to, investment advisors, broker-dealers, financial planners, financial consultants, banks, and insurance companies. Under these cost- and performance-sharing arrangements, VMC may pay or reimburse a financial service provider (or a third party it retains) for marketing and distribution activities that VMC would otherwise perform. VMC’s
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cost- and performance-sharing arrangements may be established in connection with Vanguard investment products or services offered or provided to or through the financial service providers. VMC’s arrangements for shared marketing and distribution activities may vary among financial service providers, and its payments or reimbursements to financial service providers in connection with shared marketing and distribution activities may be significant. VMC participates in an offshore arrangement established with a third party to provide marketing, promotional, and other services to qualifying Vanguard funds that are distributed in certain foreign countries on a private-placement basis to government-sponsored and other institutional investors. In exchange for such services, the third party receives an annual base (fixed) fee and may also receive discretionary fees or performance adjustments.
In connection with its marketing and distribution activities, VMC may give financial service providers (or their representatives) (1) promotional items of nominal value that display Vanguard’s logo, such as golf balls, shirts, towels, pens, and mouse pads; (2) gifts that do not exceed $100 per person annually and are not preconditioned on achievement of a sales target; (3) an occasional meal, a ticket to a sporting event or the theater, or comparable entertainment that is neither so frequent nor so extensive as to raise any question of propriety and is not preconditioned on achievement of a sales target; and (4) reasonable travel and lodging accommodations to facilitate participation in marketing and distribution activities.
VMC, as a matter of policy, does not pay asset-based fees, sales-based fees, or account-based fees to financial service providers in connection with its marketing and distribution activities for the Vanguard funds. VMC policy also prohibits marketing and distribution activities that are intended, designed, or likely to compromise suitability determinations by, or the fulfillment of any fiduciary duties or other obligations that apply to, financial service providers. Nonetheless, VMC’s marketing and distribution activities are primarily intended to result in the sale of the funds’ shares, and, as such, its activities, including shared marketing and distribution activities, may influence participating financial service providers (or their representatives) to recommend, promote, include, or invest in a Vanguard fund or share class. In addition, Vanguard or any of its subsidiaries may retain a financial service provider to provide consulting or other services, and that financial service provider also may provide services to investors. Investors should consider the possibility that any of these activities or relationships may influence a financial service provider’s (or its representatives’) decision to recommend, promote, include, or invest in a Vanguard fund or share class. Each financial service provider should consider its suitability determinations, fiduciary duties, and other legal obligations (or those of its representatives) in connection with any decision to consider, recommend, promote, include, or invest in a Vanguard fund or share class.
The following table describes the expenses of Vanguard and VMC that are incurred by the Funds on an at-cost basis. Amounts captioned “Management and Administrative Expenses” include a Fund’s allocated share of expenses associated with the management, administrative, and transfer agency services Vanguard provides to the funds. Amounts captioned “Marketing and Distribution Expenses” include a Fund’s allocated share of expenses associated with the marketing and distribution activities that VMC conducts on behalf of the Vanguard funds.
As is the case with all mutual funds, transaction costs incurred by Vanguard International Value Fund and Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund for buying and selling securities are not reflected in the table. Annual Shared Fund Operating Expenses are based on expenses incurred in the fiscal years ended October 31, 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , and are presented as a percentage of each Fund’s average month-end net assets.
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Officers and Trustees
Each Vanguard fund is governed by the board of trustees of its trust and a single set of officers. Consistent with the board’s corporate governance principles, the trustees believe that their primary responsibility is oversight of the management of each fund for the benefit of its shareholders, not day-to-day management. The trustees set broad policies for the funds; select investment advisors; monitor fund operations, regulatory compliance, performance, and costs; nominate and select new trustees; and elect fund officers. Vanguard manages the day-to-day operations of the funds under the direction of the board of trustees.
The trustees play an active role, as a full board and at the committee level, in overseeing risk management for the funds. The trustees delegate the day-to-day risk management of the funds to various groups, including portfolio review, investment management, risk management, compliance, legal, fund accounting, and fund financial services. These groups provide the trustees with regular reports regarding investment, valuation, liquidity, and compliance, as well as the risks associated with each. The trustees also oversee risk management for the funds through regular interactions with the funds’ internal and external auditors.
The full board participates in the funds’ risk oversight, in part, through the Vanguard funds’ compliance program, which covers the following broad areas of compliance: investment and other operations; recordkeeping; valuation and pricing; communications and disclosure; reporting and accounting; oversight of service providers; fund governance; and codes of ethics, insider trading controls, and protection of nonpublic information. The program seeks to identify and assess risk through various methods, including through regular interdisciplinary communications between compliance professionals and business personnel who participate on a daily basis in risk management on behalf of the funds. The funds’ chief compliance officer regularly provides reports to the board in writing and in person.
The audit committee of the board, which is composed of all independent trustees, oversees management of financial risks and controls. The audit committee serves as the channel of communication between the independent auditors of the funds and the board with respect to financial statements and financial-reporting processes, systems of internal control, and the audit process. The head of internal audit reports directly to the audit committee and provides reports to the committee in writing and in person on a regular basis. Although the audit committee is responsible for overseeing the management of financial risks, the entire board is regularly informed of these risks through committee reports.
All of the trustees bring to each fund’s board a wealth of executive leadership experience derived from their service as executives (in many cases chief executive officers), board members, and leaders of diverse public operating companies, academic institutions, and other organizations. In determining whether an individual is qualified to serve as a trustee of the funds, the board considers a wide variety of information about the trustee, and multiple factors contribute to the board’s decision. Each trustee is determined to have the experience, skills, and attributes necessary to serve the funds and their shareholders because each trustee demonstrates an exceptional ability to consider complex business and financial matters, evaluate the relative importance and priority of issues, make decisions, and contribute effectively to the deliberations of the board. The board also considers the individual experience of each trustee and determines that the trustee’s professional experience, education, and background contribute to the diversity of perspectives on the board. The business acumen, experience, and objective thinking of the trustees are considered invaluable assets for Vanguard management and, ultimately, the Vanguard funds’ shareholders. The specific roles and experience of each board member that factor into this determination are presented on the following pages. The mailing address of the trustees and officers is P.O. Box 876, Valley Forge, PA 19482.
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| Principal Occupation(s) | Number of | |||
| Vanguard | and Outside Directorships | Vanguard Funds | ||
| Position(s) | Funds’ Trustee/ | During the Past Five Years | Overseen by | |
| Name, Year of Birth | Held With Funds | Officer Since | and Other Experience | Trustee/Officer |
| Interested Trustee 1 | ||||
| F. William McNabb III | Chairman of the | July 2009 | Mr. McNabb has served as Chairman of the Board of | 179 |
| (1957) | Board, Chief | Vanguard and of each of the investment companies | ||
| Executive Officer, | served by Vanguard, since January 2010; Trustee of | |||
| and President | each of the investment companies served by | |||
| Vanguard, since 2009; Director of Vanguard since | ||||
| 2008; and Chief Executive Officer and President of | ||||
| Vanguard and of each of the investment companies | ||||
| served by Vanguard, since 2008. Mr. McNabb also | ||||
| serves as a Director of Vanguard Marketing | ||||
| Corporation. Mr. McNabb served as a Managing | ||||
| Director of Vanguard from 1995 to 2008. |
1 Mr. McNabb is considered an “interested person,” as defined in the 1940 Act, because he is an officer of the Trust.
| Independent Trustees | ||||
| Emerson U. Fullwood | Trustee | January 2008 | Mr. Fullwood is the former Executive Chief Staff and | 179 |
| (1948) | Marketing Officer for North America and Corporate | |||
| Vice President (retired 2008) of Xerox Corporation | ||||
| (document management products and services). | ||||
| Previous positions held at Xerox by Mr. Fullwood | ||||
| include President of the Worldwide Channels Group, | ||||
| President of Latin America, Executive Chief Staff Officer | ||||
| of Developing Markets, and President of Worldwide | ||||
| Customer Services. Mr. Fullwood is the Executive in | ||||
| Residence and 2010 Distinguished Minett Professor at | ||||
| the Rochester Institute of Technology. Mr. Fullwood | ||||
| serves as a director of SPX Corporation (multi-industry | ||||
| manufacturing), Amerigroup Corporation (managed | ||||
| health care), the University of Rochester Medical | ||||
| Center, Monroe Community College Foundation, the | ||||
| United Way of Rochester, and North Carolina A&T | ||||
| University. | ||||
| Rajiv L. Gupta | Trustee | December 2001 | Mr. Gupta is the former Chairman and Chief Executive | 179 |
| (1945) | Officer (retired 2009) and President (2006–2008) of | |||
| Rohm and Haas Co. (chemicals). Mr. Gupta serves as a | ||||
| director of Tyco International, Ltd. (diversified | ||||
| manufacturing and services), Hewlett-Packard | ||||
| Company (electronic computer manufacturing), and | ||||
| Delphi Automotive LLP (automotive components) and | ||||
| as Senior Advisor at New Mountain Capital . | ||||
| Amy Gutmann | Trustee | June 2006 | Dr. Gutmann has served as the President of the | 179 |
| (1949) | University of Pennsylvania since 2004. She is the | |||
| Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of | ||||
| Political Science , School of Arts and Sciences, and | ||||
| Professor of Communication, Annenberg School for | ||||
| Communication, with secondary faculty appointments | ||||
| in the Department of Philosophy, School of Arts and | ||||
| Sciences, and at the Graduate School of Education , | ||||
| University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Gutmann also serves | ||||
| as a trustee of the National Constitution Center. | ||||
| Dr. Gutmann is Chair of the Presidential Commission | ||||
| for the Study of Bioethical Issues. | ||||
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| Principal Occupation(s) | Number of | |||
| Vanguard | and Outside Directorships | Vanguard Funds | ||
| Position(s) | Funds’ Trustee/ | During the Past Five Years | Overseen by | |
| Name, Year of Birth | Held With Funds | Officer Since | and Other Experience | Trustee/Officer |
| JoAnn Heffernan Heisen | Trustee | July 1998 | Ms. Heisen is the former Corporate Vice President | 179 |
| (1950) | and Chief Global Diversity Officer (retired 2008) | |||
| and a former Member of the Executive Committee | ||||
| (1997–2008) of Johnson & Johnson (pharmaceuticals/ | ||||
| medical devices/consumer products). Ms. Heisen | ||||
| served as Vice President and Chief Information Officer | ||||
| of Johnson & Johnson from 1997 to 2005. Ms. Heisen | ||||
| serves as a director of Skytop Lodge Corporation | ||||
| (hotels), the University Medical Center at Princeton, | ||||
| the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Center | ||||
| for Talent Innovation and as a member of the advisory | ||||
| board of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public | ||||
| Affairs at Syracuse University. | ||||
| F. Joseph Loughrey | Trustee | October 2009 | Mr. Loughrey is the former President and Chief | 179 |
| (1949) | Operating Officer (retired 2009) and Vice Chairman of | |||
| the Board (2008–2009) of Cummins Inc. (industrial | ||||
| machinery). Mr. Loughrey serves as Chairman of the | ||||
| Board of Hillenbrand, Inc. (specialized consumer | ||||
| services), and of Oxfam America; as a director of | ||||
| SKF AB (industrial machinery) , Hyster-Yale Materials | ||||
| Handling, Inc. (forklift trucks), the Lumina Foundation | ||||
| for Education , and the V Foundation for Cancer | ||||
| Research; and as a member o f the Advisory Council for | ||||
| the College of Arts and Letters and of the Advisory | ||||
| Board to the Kellogg Institute for International Studies , | ||||
| both at the University of Notre Dame. Mr. Loughrey | ||||
| served as a director of Sauer-Danfoss Inc. (machinery) | ||||
| from 2000 to 2010 and of Cummins Inc. from 2005 to | ||||
| 2009 . | ||||
| Mark Loughridge | Trustee | March 2012 | Mr. Loughridge is the former Senior Vice President and | 179 |
| (1953) | Chief Financial Officer (retired 2013) at IBM | |||
| (information technology services). Mr. Loughridge also | ||||
| serve d as a fiduciary member of IBM’s Retirement Plan | ||||
| Committee (2004-2013) . Previous positions held by Mr. | ||||
| Loughridge at IBM include Senior Vice President and | ||||
| General Manager of Global Financing (2002–2004), | ||||
| Vice President and Controller (1998–2002), and a | ||||
| variety of management roles. Mr. Loughridge serves as | ||||
| a member of the Council on Chicago Booth. | ||||
| Scott C. Malpass | Trustee | March 2012 | Mr. Malpass has served as Chief Investment Officer | 179 |
| (1962) | since 1989 and Vice President since 1996 at the | |||
| University of Notre Dame. Mr. Malpass serves as an | ||||
| Assistant Professor of Finance at the Mendoza College | ||||
| of Business at the University of Notre Dame and is a | ||||
| member of the Notre Dame 403(b) Investment | ||||
| Committee. Mr. Malpass also serves on the board of | ||||
| TIFF Advisory Services, Inc. (investment advisor), and | ||||
| as a member of the investment advisory committees | ||||
| of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) | ||||
| and of Major League Baseball. | ||||
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| Principal Occupation(s) | Number of | |||
| Vanguard | and Outside Directorships | Vanguard Funds | ||
| Position(s) | Funds’ Trustee/ | During the Past Five Years | Overseen by | |
| Name, Year of Birth | Held With Funds | Officer Since | and Other Experience | Trustee/Officer |
| André F. Perold | Trustee | December 2004 | Dr. Perold is the George Gund Professor of Finance | 179 |
| (1952) | and Banking, Emeritus at the Harvard Business School | |||
| (retired 2011). Dr. Perold serves as Chief Investment | ||||
| Officer and Managing Partner of HighVista Strategies | ||||
| LLC (private investment firm). Dr. Perold also serves as | ||||
| a director of Rand Merchant Bank and as an overseer | ||||
| of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. From 2003 to | ||||
| 2009, Dr. Perold served as chairman of the board of | ||||
| UNX, Inc. (equities trading firm). | ||||
| Alfred M. Rankin, Jr. | Lead | January 1993 | Mr. Rankin serves as Chairman, President, and Chief | 179 |
| (1941) | Independent | Executive Officer of NACCO Industries, Inc. | ||
| Trustee | (h ousewares/lignite) , and of Hyster-Yale Materials | |||
| Handling, Inc. (forklift trucks) . Mr. Rankin also serves as | ||||
| Chairman of the Board of University Hospitals of | ||||
| Cleveland . Mr. Rankin served as a director of Goodrich | ||||
| Corporation (industrial products/aircraft systems and | ||||
| services) from 1988 to 2012 and as Chairman of the | ||||
| Board of the Fourth District Federal Reserve Bank from | ||||
| 2010 to 2012. | ||||
| Peter F. Volanakis | Trustee | July 2009 | Mr. Volanakis is the retired President and Chief | 179 |
| (1955) | Operating Officer (retired 2010) of Corning | |||
| Incorporated (communications equipment) and a | ||||
| former director of Corning Incorporated (2000–2010) | ||||
| and of Dow Corning (2001–2010). Mr. Volanakis serve d | ||||
| as a director of SPX Corporation (multi-industry | ||||
| manufacturing) in 2012 and as an Overseer of the | ||||
| Amos Tuck School of Business Administration at | ||||
| Dartmouth College from 2001 to 2013 . Mr. Volanakis | ||||
| serves as a trustee of Colby-Sawyer College and as a | ||||
| member of the Advisory Board of the Norris Cotton | ||||
| Cancer Center and of the Advisory Board of the | ||||
| Parthenon Group (strategy consulting). | ||||
| Executive Officers | ||||
| Glenn Booraem | Controller | July 2010 | Mr. Booraem, a Principal of Vanguard, has served as | 179 |
| (1967) | Controller of each of the investment companies served | |||
| by Vanguard, since 2010. Mr. Booraem served as | ||||
| Assistant Controller of each of the investment | ||||
| companies served by Vanguard, from 2001 to 2010. | ||||
| Thomas J. Higgins | Chief Financial | September 2008 | Mr. Higgins, a Principal of Vanguard, has served as Chief | 179 |
| (1957) | Officer | Financial Officer of each of the investment companies | ||
| served by Vanguard, since 2008. Mr. Higgins served as | ||||
| Treasurer of each of the investment companies served | ||||
| by Vanguard, from 1998 to 2008. | ||||
| Kathryn J. Hyatt | Treasurer | November 2008 | Ms. Hyatt, a Principal of Vanguard, has served as | 179 |
| (1955) | Treasurer of each of the investment companies served | |||
| by Vanguard, since 2008. Ms. Hyatt served as | ||||
| Assistant Treasurer of each of the investment | ||||
| companies served by Vanguard, from 1988 to 2008. | ||||
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| Principal Occupation(s) | Number of | |||
| Vanguard | and Outside Directorships | Vanguard Funds | ||
| Position(s) | Funds’ Trustee/ | During the Past Five Years | Overseen by | |
| Name, Year of Birth | Held With Funds | Officer Since | and Other Experience | Trustee/Officer |
| Heidi Stam | Secretary | July 2005 | Ms. Stam has served as a Managing Director of | 179 |
| (1956) | Vanguard since 2006; General Counsel of Vanguard | |||
| since 2005; Secretary of Vanguard and of each of the | ||||
| investment companies served by Vanguard, since | ||||
| 2005; and Director and Senior Vice President of | ||||
| Vanguard Marketing Corporation since 2005. Ms. Stam | ||||
| served as a Principal of Vanguard from 1997 to 2006. |
All but one of the trustees are independent. The independent trustees designate a lead independent trustee. The lead independent trustee is a spokesperson and principal point of contact for the independent trustees and is responsible for coordinating the activities of the independent trustees, including calling regular executive sessions of the independent trustees; developing the agenda of each meeting together with the chairman; and chairing the meetings of the independent trustees, including the meetings of the audit, compensation, and nominating committees. The board also has two investment committees, which consist of independent trustees and the sole interested trustee.
The independent trustees appoint the chairman of the board. The roles of chairman of the board and chief executive officer currently are held by the same person; as a result, the chairman of the board is an “interested” trustee. The independent trustees generally believe that the Vanguard funds’ chief executive officer is best qualified to serve as chairman and that fund shareholders benefit from this leadership structure through accountability and strong day-to-day leadership.
Board Committees: The Trust‘s board has the following committees:
The Nominating Committee will consider shareholder recommendations for trustee nominees. Shareholders may send recommendations to Mr. Rankin, chairman of the committee.
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Trustee Compensation
The same individuals serve as trustees of all Vanguard funds and each fund pays a proportionate share of the trustees’ compensation. The funds also employ their officers on a shared basis; however, officers are compensated by Vanguard, not the funds. The trustees and officers of Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund will receive no remuneration directly from the funds. However, the Fund‘s underlying funds pay their proportionate share of the trustees’ compensation and the officers’ salaries and benefits.
Independent Trustees. The funds compensate their independent trustees (i.e., the ones who are not also officers of the funds) in three ways:
“Interested” Trustee. Mr. McNabb serves as trustee but is not paid in this capacity. He is, however, paid in his role as an officer of Vanguard.
Compensation Table. The following table provides compensation details for each of the trustees. We list the amounts paid as compensation and accrued as retirement benefits by Vanguard International Value Fund and Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund for each trustee. In addition, the table shows the total amount of benefits that we expect each trustee to receive from all Vanguard funds upon retirement and the total amount of compensation paid to each trustee by all Vanguard fund s.
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Ownership of Fund Shares
All trustees allocate their investments among the various Vanguard funds based on their own investment needs. The following table shows each trustee’s ownership of shares of each Fund and of all Vanguard funds served by the trustee as of December 31, 2013.
| Dollar Range | Aggregate Dollar Range | ||
| of Fund Shares | of Vanguard Fund Shares | ||
| Vangu ard Fu nd | Trustee | Owned by Trustee | Owned by Trustee |
| Diversified Equity Fund | Emerson U. Fullwood | — | Over $100,000 |
| Rajiv L. Gupta | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Amy Gutmann | — | Over $100,000 | |
| JoAnn Heffernan Heisen | — | Over $100,000 | |
| F. Joseph Loughrey | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Mark Loughridge | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Scott C. Malpass | — | Over $100,000 | |
| F. William McNabb III | — | Over $100,000 | |
| André F. Perold | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Alfred M. Rankin, Jr. | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Peter F. Volanakis | — | Over $100,000 | |
| International Value Fund | Emerson U. Fullwood | — | Over $100,000 |
| Rajiv L. Gupta | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Amy Gutmann | — | Over $100,000 | |
| JoAnn Heffernan Heisen | — | Over $100,000 | |
| F. Joseph Loughrey | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Mark Loughridge | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Scott C. Malpass | $10,001–$50,000 | Over $100,000 | |
| F. William McNabb III | — | Over $100,000 | |
| André F. Perold | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Alfred M. Rankin, Jr. | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Peter F. Volanakis | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | Emerson U. Fullwood | — | Over $100,000 |
| Rajiv L. Gupta | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Amy Gutmann | — | Over $100,000 | |
| JoAnn Heffernan Heisen | $10,001–$50,000 | Over $100,000 | |
| F. Joseph Loughrey | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Mark Loughridge | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Scott C. Malpass | — | Over $100,000 | |
| F. William McNabb III | $50,001–$100,000 | Over $100,000 | |
| André F. Perold | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Alfred M. Rankin, Jr. | — | Over $100,000 | |
| Peter F. Volanakis | — | Over $100,000 | |
As of January 31, 2014 , the trustees and officers of the funds owned, in the aggregate, less than 1% of each class of each fund’s outstanding shares.
As of January 31, 2014 , the following owned of record 5% or more of the outstanding shares of each class:
Vanguard International Value Fund—Investor Shares: Vanguard STAR Fund, Valley Forge, PA (20.17%); Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund—Investor Shares: MAC & CO A/C CSBF8605412, Pittsburgh, PA (5.43%).
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Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Policies and Procedures
Introduction
Vanguard and the boards of trustees of the Vanguard funds (Boards) have adopted Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Policies and Procedures (Policies and Procedures) to govern the disclosure of the portfolio holdings of each Vanguard fund. Vanguard and the Boards considered each of the circumstances under which Vanguard fund portfolio holdings may be disclosed to different categories of persons under the Policies and Procedures. Vanguard and the Boards also considered actual and potential material conflicts that could arise in such circumstances between the interests of Vanguard fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the fund’s investment advisor, distributor, or any affiliated person of the fund, its investment advisor, or its distributor, on the other. After giving due consideration to such matters and after the exercise of their fiduciary duties and reasonable business judgment, Vanguard and the Boards determined that the Vanguard funds have a legitimate business purpose for disclosing portfolio holdings to the persons described in each of the circumstances set forth in the Policies and Procedures and that the Policies and Procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that disclosure of portfolio holdings and information about portfolio holdings is in the best interests of fund shareholders and appropriately addresses the potential for material conflicts of interest.
The Boards exercise continuing oversight of the disclosure of Vanguard fund portfolio holdings by (1) overseeing the implementation and enforcement of the Policies and Procedures, the Code of Ethics, and the Policies and Procedures Designed to Prevent the Misuse of Inside Information (collectively, the portfolio holdings governing policies) by the chief compliance officer of Vanguard and the Vanguard funds; (2) considering reports and recommendations by the chief compliance officer concerning any material compliance matters (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act and Rule 206(4)-7 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940) that may arise in connection with any portfolio holdings governing policies; and (3) considering whether to approve or ratify any amendment to any portfolio holdings governing policies. Vanguard and the Boards reserve the right to amend the Policies and Procedures at any time and from time to time without prior notice at their sole discretion. For purposes of the Policies and Procedures, the term “portfolio holdings” means the equity and debt securities (e.g., stocks and bonds) held by a Vanguard fund and does not mean the cash investments, derivatives, and other investment positions (collectively, other investment positions) held by the fund.
Online Disclosure of Ten Largest Stock Holdings
Each actively managed Vanguard fund generally will seek to disclose the fund’s ten largest stock portfolio holdings and the percentag e of the fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter (quarter-end ten largest stock holdings with weightings ) online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 15 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Each Vanguard index fund generally will seek to disclose the fund’s ten largest stock portfolio holdings and the percentage of the fund’s total assets that each of these holdings represents as of the end of the most recent month (month-end ten largest stock holdings with weightings) online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 15 calendar days after the end of the month. In addition, Vanguard funds generally will seek to disclose the fund’s ten largest stock portfolio holdings and the aggregate percentage of the fund’s total assets (and, for balanced funds, the aggregate percentage of the fund’s equity securities) that these holdings represent as of the end of the most recent month (month-end ten largest stock holdings) online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 10 business days after the end of the month. Together, the quarter-end and month-end ten largest stock holdings are referred to as the ten largest stock holdings. Online disclosure of the ten largest stock holdings is made to all categories of persons, including individual investors, institutional investors, intermediaries, third-party service providers, rating and ranking organizations, affiliated persons of a Vanguard fund, and all other persons.
Online Disclosure of Complete Portfolio Holdings
Each actively managed Vanguard fund , excluding Vanguard money market funds and Vanguard Market Neutral Fund, generally will seek to disclose the fund’s complete portfolio holdings as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 30 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. In accordance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, each of the Vanguard money market funds will disclose the fund’s complete portfolio holdings as of the last business day of the prior month online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, no later than the fifth business day of the current month. The complete portfolio holdings information for money market funds will remain available online for at least six
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months after the initial posting. Vanguard Market Neutral Fund generally will seek to disclose the Fund’s complete portfolio holdings as of the end of the most recent calendar quarter online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the Fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 60 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter. Each Vanguard index fund generally will seek to disclose the fund’s complete portfolio holdings as of the end of the most recent month online at vanguard.com, in the “Portfolio” section of the fund’s Portfolio & Management page, 15 calendar days after the end of the month. Online disclosure of complete portfolio holdings is made to all categories of persons, including individual investors, institutional investors, intermediaries, third-party service providers, rating and ranking organizations, affiliated persons of a Vanguard fund, and all other persons. Vanguard’s Portfolio Review Department will review complete portfolio holdings before online disclosure is made and, except with respect to the complete portfolio holdings of the Vanguard money market funds, may withhold any portion of the fund’s complete portfolio holdings from online disclosure when deemed to be in the best interests of the fund after consultation with a Vanguard fund’s investment advisor.
Disclosure of Complete Portfolio Holdings to Service Providers Subject to Confidentiality and Trading Restrictions
Vanguard, for legitimate business purposes, may disclose Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings at times it deems necessary and appropriate to rating and ranking organizations; financial printers; proxy voting service providers; pricing information vendors; third parties that deliver analytical, statistical, or consulting services; and other third parties that provide services (collectively, Service Providers) to Vanguard, Vanguard subsidiaries, and/or the Vanguard funds. Disclosure of complete portfolio holdings to a Service Provider is conditioned on the Service Provider being subject to a written agreement imposing a duty of confidentiality, including a duty not to trade on the basis of any material nonpublic information.
The frequency with which complete portfolio holdings may be disclosed to a Service Provider, and the length of the lag, if any, between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed to the Service Provider, is determined based on the facts and circumstances, including, without limitation, the nature of the portfolio holdings information to be disclosed, the risk of harm to the funds and their shareholders, and the legitimate business purposes served by such disclosure. The frequency of disclosure to a Service Provider varies and may be as frequent as daily, with no lag. Disclosure of Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings by Vanguard to a Service Provider must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal in Vanguard’s Portfolio Review or Legal Department. Any disclosure of Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings to a Service Provider as previously described may also include a list of the other investment positions that make up the fund, such as cash investments and derivatives.
Currently, Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings are disclosed to the following Service Providers as part of ongoing arrangements that serve legitimate business purposes: Abel/Noser Corporation; Advisor Software, Inc.; Alcom Printing Group Inc.; Apple Press, L.C.; Bloomberg L.P.; Brilliant Graphics, Inc.; Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.; Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.; Canon Business Process Services ; FactSet Research Systems Inc.; Innovation Printing & Communications; Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc.; Intelligencer Printing Company; Investment Technology Group, Inc.; Lipper, Inc.; Markit WSO Corporation; McMunn Associates Inc.; Reuters America Inc.; R.R. Donnelley, Inc.; State Street Bank and Trust Company; Triune Color Corporation; and Tursack Printing Inc.
Disclosure of Complete Portfolio Holdings to Vanguard Affiliates and Certain Fiduciaries Subject to Confidentiality and Trading Restrictions
Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings may be disclosed between and among the following persons (collectively, Affiliates and Fiduciaries) for legitimate business purposes within the scope of their official duties and responsibilities, subject to such persons’ continuing legal duty of confidentiality and legal duty not to trade on the basis of any material nonpublic information, as such duties are imposed under the Code of Ethics, the Policies and Procedures Designed to Prevent the Misuse of Inside Information, by agreement, or under applicable laws, rules, and regulations: (1) persons who are subject to the Code of Ethics or the Policies and Procedures Designed to Prevent the Misuse of Inside Information; (2) an investment advisor, distributor, administrator, transfer agent, or custodian to a Vanguard fund; (3) an accounting firm, an auditing firm, or outside legal counsel retained by Vanguard, a Vanguard subsidiary, or a Vanguard fund; (4) an investment advisor to whom complete portfolio holdings are disclosed for due diligence purposes when the advisor is in merger or acquisition talks with a Vanguard fund’s current advisor; and (5) a newly hired investment advisor or sub-advisor to whom complete portfolio holdings are disclosed prior to the time it commences its duties.
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The frequency with which complete portfolio holdings may be disclosed between and among Affiliates and Fiduciaries, and the length of the lag, if any, between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed between and among the Affiliates and Fiduciaries, is determined by such Affiliates and Fiduciaries based on the facts and circumstances, including, without limitation, the nature of the portfolio holdings information to be disclosed, the risk of harm to the funds and their shareholders, and the legitimate business purposes served by such disclosure. The frequency of disclosure between and among Affiliates and Fiduciaries varies and may be as frequent as daily, with no lag. Any disclosure of Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings to any Affiliates and Fiduciaries as previously described may also include a list of the other investment positions that make up the fund, such as cash investments and derivatives. Disclosure of Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings or other investment positions by Vanguard, Vanguard Marketing Corporation, or a Vanguard fund to Affiliates and Fiduciaries must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal of Vanguard.
Currently, Vanguard fund complete portfolio holdings are disclosed to the following Affiliates and Fiduciaries as part of ongoing arrangements that serve legitimate business purposes: Vanguard and each investment advisor, custodian, and independent registered public accounting firm identified in each fund’s Statement of Additional Information.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings to Broker-Dealers in the Normal Course of Managing a Fund’s Assets
An investment advisor, administrator, or custodian for a Vanguard fund may, for legitimate business purposes within the scope of its official duties and responsibilities, disclose portfolio holdings (whether partial portfolio holdings or complete portfolio holdings) and other investment positions that make up the fund to one or more broker-dealers during the course of, or in connection with, normal day-to-day securities and derivatives transactions with or through such broker-dealers subject to the broker-dealer’s legal obligation not to use or disclose material nonpublic information concerning the fund’s portfolio holdings, other investment positions, securities transactions, or derivatives transactions without the consent of the fund or its agents. The Vanguard funds have not given their consent to any such use or disclosure and no person or agent of Vanguard is authorized to give such consent except as approved in writing by the Boards of the Vanguard funds. Disclosure of portfolio holdings or other investment positions by Vanguard to broker-dealers must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal of Vanguard.
Disclosure of Nonmaterial Information
The Policies and Procedures permit Vanguard fund officers, Vanguard fund portfolio managers, and other Vanguard representatives (collectively, Approved Vanguard Representatives) to disclose any views, opinions, judgments, advice, or commentary, or any analytical, statistical, performance, or other information, in connection with or relating to a Vanguard fund or its portfolio holdings and/or other investment positions (collectively, commentary and analysis) or any changes in the portfolio holdings of a Vanguard fund that occurred after the end of the most recent calendar quarter (recent portfolio changes) to any person if (1) such disclosure serves a legitimate business purpose, (2) such disclosure does not effectively result in the disclosure of the complete portfolio holdings of any Vanguard fund (which can be disclosed only in accordance with the Policies and Procedures), and (3) such information does not constitute material nonpublic information. Disclosure of commentary and analysis or recent portfolio changes by Vanguard, Vanguard Marketing Corporation, or a Vanguard fund must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal of Vanguard.
An Approved Vanguard Representative must make a good faith determination whether the information constitutes material nonpublic information, which involves an assessment of the particular facts and circumstances. Vanguard believes that in most cases recent portfolio changes that involve a few or even several securities in a diversified portfolio or commentary and analysis would be immaterial and would not convey any advantage to a recipient in making an investment decision concerning a Vanguard fund. Nonexclusive examples of commentary and analysis about a Vanguard fund include (1) the allocation of the fund’s portfolio holdings and other investment positions among various asset classes, sectors, industries, and countries; (2) the characteristics of the stock and bond components of the fund’s portfolio holdings and other investment positions; (3) the attribution of fund returns by asset class, sector, industry, and country; and (4) the volatility characteristics of the fund. Approved Vanguard Representatives may, at their sole discretion, deny any request for information made by any person, and may do so for any reason or for no reason. Approved Vanguard Representatives include, for purposes of the Policies and Procedures, persons employed by or associated with Vanguard or a subsidiary of Vanguard who have been authorized by Vanguard’s Portfolio Review
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Department to disclose recent portfolio changes and/or commentary and analysis in accordance with the Policies and Procedures.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings Related Information to the Issuer of a Security for Legitimate Business Purposes
Vanguard, at its sole discretion, may disclose portfolio holdings information concerning a security held by one or more Vanguard funds to the issuer of such security if the issuer presents, to the satisfaction of Vanguard’s Fund Financial Services unit, convincing evidence that the issuer has a legitimate business purpose for such information. Disclosure of this information to an issuer is conditioned on the issuer being subject to a written agreement imposing a duty of confidentiality, including a duty not to trade on the basis of any material nonpublic information. The frequency with which portfolio holdings information concerning a security may be disclosed to the issuer of such security, and the length of the lag, if any, between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed to the issuer, is determined based on the facts and circumstances, including, without limitation, the nature of the portfolio holdings information to be disclosed, the risk of harm to the funds and their shareholders, and the legitimate business purposes served by such disclosure. The frequency of disclosure to an issuer cannot be determined in advance of a specific request and will vary based upon the particular facts and circumstances and the legitimate business purposes, but in unusual situations could be as frequent as daily, with no lag. Disclosure of portfolio holdings information concerning a security held by one or more Vanguard funds to the issuer of such security must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal in Vanguard’s Portfolio Review or Legal Department.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings as Required by Applicable Law
Vanguard fund portfolio holdings (whether partial portfolio holdings or complete portfolio holdings) and other investment positions that make up a fund shall be disclosed to any person as required by applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Examples of such required disclosure include, but are not limited to, disclosure of Vanguard fund portfolio holdings (1) in a filing or submission with the SEC or another regulatory body, (2) in connection with seeking recovery on defaulted bonds in a federal bankruptcy case, (3) in connection with a lawsuit, or (4) as required by court order. Disclosure of portfolio holdings or other investment positions by Vanguard, Vanguard Marketing Corporation, or a Vanguard fund as required by applicable laws, rules, and regulations must be authorized by a Vanguard fund officer or a Principal of Vanguard.
Prohibitions on Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
No person is authorized to disclose Vanguard fund portfolio holdings or other investment positions (whether online at vanguard.com , in writing, by fax, by e-mail, orally, or by other means) except in accordance with the Policies and Procedures. In addition, no person is authorized to make disclosure pursuant to the Policies and Procedures if such disclosure is otherwise unlawful under the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act). Furthermore, Vanguard’s management, at its sole discretion, may determine not to disclose portfolio holdings or other investment positions that make up a Vanguard fund to any person who would otherwise be eligible to receive such information under the Policies and Procedures, or may determine to make such disclosures publicly as provided by the Policies and Procedures.
Prohibitions on Receipt of Compensation or Other Consideration
The Policies and Procedures prohibit a Vanguard fund, its investment advisor, and any other person or entity from paying or receiving any compensation or other consideration of any type for the purpose of obtaining disclosure of Vanguard fund portfolio holdings or other investment positions. “Consideration” includes any agreement to maintain assets in the fund or in other investment companies or accounts managed by the investment advisor or by any affiliated person of the investment advisor.
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INVESTMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
The Trust currently uses eight investment advisors:
The Trust previously employed two other firms as investment advisors:
For funds that are advised by independent third-party advisory firms unaffiliated with Vanguard, the board of trustees of each fund hires investment advisory firms, not individual portfolio managers, to provide investment advisory services to such funds. Vanguard negotiates each advisory agreement, which contains advisory fee arrangements, on an arm’s length basis with the advisory firm. Each advisory agreement is reviewed annually by each fund’s board of trustees, taking into account numerous factors, which include, without limitation, the nature, extent, and quality of the services provided; investment performance; and the fair market value of the services provided. Each advisory agreement is between the Trust and the advisory firm, not between the Trust and the portfolio manager. The structure of the advisory fee paid to each unaffiliated investment advisory firm is described in the following sections. In addition, the firm has established policies and procedures designed to address the potential for conflicts of interest. Each firm’s compensation structure and management of potential conflicts of interest are summarized by the advisory firm in the following sections for the fiscal year ended 2013 .
A fund is a party to an investment advisory agreement with each of its independent third-party advisors whereby the advisor manages the investment and reinvestment of the portion of the fund’s assets that the fund’s board of trustees determines to assign to the advisor. In this capacity, each advisor continuously reviews, supervises, and administers the investment program for its portion of the fund’s assets. Hereafter, each portion will be referred to as the advisor’s Portfolio. Each advisor discharges its responsibilities subject to the supervision and oversight of Vanguard’s Portfolio Review Group and the officers and trustees of the fund. Vanguard’s Portfolio Review Group is responsible for recommending changes in a fund’s advisory arrangements to the fund’s board of trustees, including changes in the amount of assets allocated to each advisor and recommendations to hire, terminate, or replace an advisor.
I. Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund
Vanguard, through its Equity Investment Group, provides investment advisory services to Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund. The Diversified Equity Fund is a fund of funds that invests in other Vanguard mutual funds (underlying funds). The Diversified Equity Fund benefits from the investment advisory services provided to the underlying funds and, as a shareholder of those funds, indirectly bears a proportionate share of those funds’ advisory fees and expenses. For more information about the investment advisory services provided to the underlying funds, please refer to each fund’s Statement of Additional Information.
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1. Other Accounts Managed
Michael H. Buek, William Coleman, and Walter Nejman co-manage Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $1.4 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Buek, Mr. Coleman, and Mr. Nejman also co-managed 17 other registered investment companies with total assets of $208 billion (none of which had advisory fees based on account performance).
Michael H. Buek co-manages Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $1.4 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Buek also managed nine other registered investment companies with total assets of $200 billion , two other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $ 916.6 millio n, and one other account with total assets of $5.7 billion (none of which had advisory fees based on account performance).
William Coleman co-manages Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $1.4 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Coleman also managed three other registered investment companies with total assets of $ 363.3 milli on, one other pooled investment vehicle with total assets of $5.6 billion, and one other account with total assets of $6 13.8 mill ion (none of which had advisory fees based on account performance).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
At Vanguard, individual portfolio managers may manage multiple accounts for multiple clients. In addition to mutual funds, these accounts may include separate accounts, collective trusts, or offshore funds. Managing multiple funds or accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest including, for example, conflicts among investment strategies and conflicts in the allocation of investment opportunities. Vanguard manages potential conflicts between funds or accounts through allocation policies and procedures, internal review processes, and oversight by trustees and independent third parties. Vanguard has developed trade allocation procedures and controls to ensure that no one client, regardless of type, is intentionally favored at the expense of another. Allocation policies are designed to address potential conflicts in situations where two or more funds or accounts participate in investment decisions involving the same securities.
3. Description of Compensation
All Vanguard portfolio managers are Vanguard employees. This section describes the compensation of the Vanguard employees who manage Vanguard mutual funds. As of October 31, 2013 , a Vanguard portfolio manager’s compensation generally consists of base salary, bonus, and payments under Vanguard’s long-term incentive compensation program. In addition, portfolio managers are eligible for the standard retirement benefits and health and welfare benefits available to all Vanguard employees. Also, certain portfolio managers may be eligible for additional retirement benefits under several supplemental retirement plans that Vanguard adopted in the 1980s to restore dollar-for-dollar the benefits of management employees that had been cut back solely as a result of tax law changes. These plans are structured to provide the same retirement benefits as the standard retirement plans.
In the case of portfolio managers responsible for managing multiple Vanguard funds or accounts, the method used to determine their compensation is the same for all funds and investment accounts. A portfolio manager’s base salary is determined by the manager’s experience and performance in the role, taking into account the ongoing compensation benchmark analyses performed by Vanguard’s Human Resources Department. A portfolio manager’s base salary is generally a fixed amount that may change as a result of an annual review, upon assumption of new duties, or in response to a market adjustment of the position.
A portfolio manager’s bonus is determined by a number of factors. One factor is gross, pre-tax performance of the fund relative to expectations for how the fund should have performed, given the fund’s investment objective, policies, strategies, and limitations and the market environment during the measurement period. This performance factor is not based on the amount of assets held in the fund’s portfolio. For the Diversified Equity Fund, the performance factor depends on how closely the portfolio manager outperforms these expectations and maintains the risk parameters of the fund over a three-year period. Additional factors include the portfolio manager’s contributions to the investment management functions within the sub-asset class, contributions to the development of other investment professionals and supporting staff, and overall contributions to strategic planning and decisions for the investment group. The target bonus is expressed as a percentage of base salary. The actual bonus paid may be more or less than the target bonus, based on how well the manager satisfies the objectives previously descibed. The bonus is paid on an annual basis.
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Under the long-term incentive compensation program, all full-time employees receive a payment from Vanguard’s long-term incentive compensation plan based on their years of service, job level, and, if applicable, management responsibilities. Each year, Vanguard’s independent directors determine the amount of the long-term incentive compensation award for that year based on the investment performance of the Vanguard funds relative to competitors and Vanguard’s operating efficiencies in providing services to the Vanguard funds.
4. Ownership of Securities
Vanguard employees, including portfolio managers, allocate their investments among the various Vanguard funds based on their own individual investment needs and goals. Vanguard employees, as a group, invest a sizable portion of their personal assets in Vanguard funds. As of October 31, 2013 , Vanguard employees collectively invested more than $4.1 billion in Vanguard funds. F. William McNabb III, Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President of Vanguard and the Vanguard funds, invests substantially all of his personal financial assets in Vanguard funds.
As of October 31, 2013 , the named portfolio managers did not own any share s of Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund.
II. Vanguard International Value Fund
The Fund pays each of its independent third-party investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Index over the preceding 60-month period (for Lazard and ARGA) or the preceding 36-month period (for Edinburgh Partners).
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , the Fund incurred aggregate investment advisory fees of approximately $13,306,000 (before a performance-based decrease of $3,363,000), $11,322,000 (before a performance-based decrease of $1,821,000), and $12,122,000 (before a performance-based increase of $726,000), respectively.
A. ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA)
ARGA, located in Stamford, Connecticut, is an investment management firm founded in 2010 by A. Rama Krishna.
1. Other Accounts Managed
A. Rama Krishna and Steven Morrow co-manage a portion of Vanguard International Value Fund; as of October 31, 2013 the Fund held assets of $8 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Krishna and Mr. Morrow also co-managed three other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $20.2 million (advisory fees based on account performance ) and four other accounts with total assets of $139.1 million (advisory fees not based on account performance).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
ARGA’s compliance procedures aim to identify and prevent potential conflicts of interest related to client, employee, and proprietary activities. Potential conflicts of interest include instances when ARGA desires to purchase or sell the same securities for the ARGA Portfolio and other accounts, which could result, if such conflict is not managed properly, in unfair treatment to one account or another. Another potential conflict could occur if employees had knowledge of future ARGA trades and, on the basis of such information, made their own personal trades, which could harm the ARGA Portfolio and other ARGA accounts.
Specific procedures addressing conflicts of interest are described in the following paragraphs.
Mr. Krishna and Mr. Morrow are Chief Investment Officer and Director of Research, respectively, of ARGA. In addition to the Fund, ARGA manages other accounts on a discretionary basis ( and where, as of October 31, 2013, Mr. Krishna is one of a number of investors within certain commingled funds ) that use the valuation-based investment strategy utilized for the ARGA Portfolio. ARGA expects to manage additional such accounts in the future. To avoid any incentive to favor one account over another in the allocation of investment opportunities (particularly where there are differing performance fee arrangements), ARGA has implemented strict fairness policies with respect to trading practices and allocation procedures. On a monthly basis, ARGA examines trade allocations among client portfolios and confirms their consistency with its fiduciary obligation to allocate investment opportunities fairly. ARGA also periodically monitors
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dispersion of client account returns within the same investment strategy to verify that no preferential treatment has occurred. As expected, in instances such as clients directing trades through particular brokers, ARGA may place non-simultaneous trade orders for the ARGA Portfolio and another client, which may affect the execution price of the security to the detriment of one or the other.
To ensure ARGA employees do not use knowledge of the ARGA Portfolio’s trading for personal gain, all firm personnel and their immediate family members living in the same household must identify any and all personal investment accounts and disclose, on a quarterly basis, all reportable transactions and investment activity where they may have a direct or indirect beneficial interest. If any employee or an immediate family member living in the same household is contemplating the purchase or sale of any security or an interest in a private placement vehicle, he or she is required to obtain preclearance from ARGA. ARGA does not engage in proprietary trading.
While ARGA follows these procedures to eliminate potential conflicts of interest, there is no guarantee they will detect and prevent every situation where potential conflicts could arise.
3. Description of Compensation
The goal of ARGA’s compensation structure is to align the interests of investment professionals with those of its clients and the firm. Accordingly, ARGA rewards behavior by investment professionals that results in long-term success for its clients and the company.
Mr. Krishna has equity ownership in ARGA; accordingly, he is entitled to a share of the firm's profits, if and when earned. He does not receive a base salary or performance bonus. ARGA compensates Mr. Morrow through a combination of base salary, performance bonus, and profit sharing, if appropriate. This also applies to most other individuals at ARGA. Base salary is a fixed amount that may change based on an annual review or market conditions. Bonus is determined by both individual performance and financial success of the firm. Over the long term, the firm expects bonus and profit sharing to make up the highest proportion of compensation. Profit sharing, if and when profits are earned by ARGA, is reserved for individuals across the firm who are key partners in delivering superior levels of excellence for ARGA’s clients. Where relevant at higher levels of individual compensation, a portion of both the bonus and profit sharing is likely to be deferred, thereby encouraging long-term retention of key employees.
ARGA formally reviews performance by each individual based on a framework that is relevant for the individual’s area of responsibility and overall adherence to the firm’s values. ARGA does not tie portfolio manager compensation specifically to the performance of the ARGA Portfolio relative to the Fund’s benchmark, as that could cause individuals to stray from ARGA’s long-term, valuation-based investment discipline. For investment professionals, ARGA reviews both quantitative and fundamental factors. Quantitative factors may include productivity in terms of companies’ research coverage and construction of global industry models. Fundamental factors focus on depth of company and industry research, quality of company models and embedded forecasts, contribution to discussions with company management, and ability to identify key business issues and paths to possible resolution. In addition to evaluating individuals on their own contribution, the firm assesses their commitment to the success of other ARGA employees and ARGA as a whole.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Krishna and Mr. Morrow did not own any shares of Vanguard International Value Fund.
B. Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners)
Edinburgh Partners is an investment research and management firm founded in 2003 and based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Dr. Sandy Nairn is one of the founders of and is Director and Chief Executive of Edinburgh Partners. The business is majority-owned by employees, with the remainder held by institutional investors.
1. Other Accounts Managed
Dr. Sandy Nairn manages a portion of Vanguard International Value Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $8 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Dr. Nairn also managed two other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $1 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $55.8 million ) and three other accounts with total assets of $1.1 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $627 million ).
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2. Material Conflicts of Interest
Edinburgh Partners has adopted policies and procedures (including oversight monitoring) designed to detect, manage, and mitigate the effects of potential conflicts of interest in the area of employee personal trading, managing accounts for multiple clients (including affiliated investment companies), and allocating investment opportunities. The Compliance Department at Edinburgh Partners monitors investment activities including, but not limited to, portfolio turnover, receipt of gifts and entertainment, and trade allocation, in an attempt to ensure that each client is dealt with fairly and that the investment activities are undertaken in line with the adopted policies and procedures and are in accordance with regulatory requirements.
3. Description of Compensation
Compensation is based on total reward, with bonus forming a significant element for partners; for others, base salary will form the major part of compensation. This bonus is paid from an operating profit bonus pool. The bonus element is related to all aspects of contribution to the objectives of the firm. For investment partners, the key driver is their research input and investment performance.
Typically, Edinburgh Partners aims to balance the mix of fixed compensation and variable compensation to reflect the value and responsibility attributable to each specific role. A proportion of variable compensation may be deferred from time to time and aligned to support the long-term performance of the company.
In addition, all investment partners and other key employees have an equity stake in the business. The compensation package for all employees is determined by the board.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Dr. Nairn did not own any shares of Vanguard International Value Fund.
C. Lazard Asset Management LLC (Lazard)
Lazard is a registered investment advisor and is a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Lazard Freres & Co. LLC and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Lazard Ltd., both of which also are Delaware limited liability companies.
1. Other Accounts Managed
Michael A. Bennett co-manages a portion of Vanguard International Value Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $8 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Bennett also co-managed 13 other registered investment companies with total assets of $ 8.2 billion (advisory fees not based on account performance), five other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $473.5 million (advisory fees not based on account performance), and 249 other accounts with total assets of $18.5 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $93.9 million).
Michael G. Fry co-manages a portion of Vanguard International Value Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $8 billion. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Fry also co-managed 10 other registered investment companies with total assets of $5.2 billion ( advisory fees not based on account performance), four other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $110 million (advisory fees not based on account performance), and 204 other accounts with total assets of $12.9 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $93.9 million).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
Although the potential for conflicts of interest exists when an investment advisor and portfolio managers manage other accounts with similar investment objectives and strategies to those of the Lazard Portfolio (Similar Accounts), Lazard has procedures in place that are designed to ensure that all accounts are treated fairly and that the Lazard Portfolio is not disadvantaged, including procedures regarding trade allocations and “conflicting trades” (e.g., long and short positions in the same security, as described in this section). In addition, the Fund, as a registered investment company, is subject to different regulations from certain of the Similar Accounts and, consequently, may not be permitted to engage in all the investment techniques or transactions, or to engage in such techniques or transactions to the same degree, as the Similar Accounts.
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Potential conflicts of interest may arise because of Lazard’s management of the Lazard Portfolio and Similar Accounts. For example, conflicts of interest may arise with both the aggregation and allocation of securities transactions and allocation of limited investment opportunities, as Lazard may be perceived as causing accounts it manages to participate in an offering to increase Lazard’s overall allocation of securities in that offering, or to increase Lazard’s ability to participate in future offerings by the same underwriter or issuer. Allocations of bunched trades, particularly trade orders that were only partially filled because of limited availability, and allocation of investment opportunities generally, could raise a potential conflict of interest, as Lazard may have an incentive to allocate securities that are expected to increase in value to preferred accounts. Initial public offerings, in particular, are frequently of very limited availability. Additionally, portfolio managers may be perceived to have a conflict of interest because of the large number of Similar Accounts, in addition to the Lazard Portfolio, that they are managing on behalf of Lazard. Although Lazard does not track each individual portfolio manager’s time dedicated to each account, Lazard periodically reviews each portfolio manager’s overall responsibilities to ensure that he or she is able to allocate the necessary time and resources to effectively manage the Lazard Portfolio. In addition, Lazard could be viewed as having a conflict of interest to the extent that Lazard and/or portfolio managers have a materially larger investment in a Similar Account than their investment in the Lazard Portfolio.
A potential conflict of interest may be perceived to arise if transactions in one account closely follow related transactions in a different account, such as when a purchase increases the value of securities previously purchased by the other account or when a sale in one account lowers the sale price received in a sale by a second account. Lazard manages hedge funds that are subject to performance/incentive fees. Certain hedge funds managed by Lazard may also be permitted to sell securities short. When Lazard engages in short sales of securities of the type in which the Lazard Portfolio invests, Lazard could be seen as harming the performance of the Lazard Portfolio for the benefit of the account managing short sales if the short sales cause the market value of the securities to fall. As described above, Lazard has procedures in place to address these conflicts. Additionally, portfolio managers/analysts and portfolio management teams are generally not permitted to manage long-only assets alongside long/short assets, although may from time to time manage both hedge funds and long-only accounts, including open-end and closed-end registered investment companies.
3. Description of Compensation
Lazard compensates portfolio managers by a competitive salary and bonus structure, which is determined both quantitatively and qualitatively. Salary and bonus are paid in cash, stock, and restricted interests in funds managed by Lazard or its affiliates. Portfolio managers are compensated on the performance of the aggregate group of portfolios managed by the teams of which they are a member rather than for a specific fund or account. Various factors are considered in the determination of a portfolio manager’s compensation. All of the portfolios managed by a portfolio manager are comprehensively evaluated to determine his or her positive and consistent performance contribution over time. Further factors include the amount of assets in the portfolios as well as qualitative aspects that reinforce Lazard’s investment philosophy. Total compensation is generally not fixed, but rather is based on the following factors: (1) leadership, teamwork, and commitment; (2) maintenance of current knowledge and opinions on companies owned in the portfolio; (3) generation and development of new investment ideas, including the quality of security analysis and identification of appreciation catalysts; (4) ability and willingness to develop and share ideas on a team basis; and (5) the performance results of the portfolio managed by the investment teams of which the portfolio manager is a member.
Variable bonus is based on the portfolio manager’s quantitative performance as measured by his or her ability to make investment decisions that contribute to the returns of the accounts managed by the teams of which the portfolio manager is a member, by comparison of each account to a predetermined benchmark (as set forth in a prospectus or other governing document, or otherwise, such as the benchmark corresponding to a particular investment strategy managed by Lazard) over the current fiscal year and the longer-term performance (3-, 5-, or 10-year, if applicable) of such account as well as performance of the account relative to peers. The portfolio manager’s bonus can also be influenced by subjective measurement of the manager’s ability to help others make investment decisions.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Bennett and Mr. Fry did not own any sha res of Vanguard International Value Fund.
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III. Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund
The Fund pays each of its independent third-party investment advisors a base fee plus or minus a performance adjustment. Each base fee, which is paid quarterly, is a percentage of average daily net assets managed by the advisor during the most recent fiscal quarter. The base fee has breakpoints, which means that the percentage declines as assets go up. The performance adjustment, also paid quarterly, is based on the cumulative total return of each advisor’s portion of the Fund relative to that of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index through July 31, 2012, and the FTSE Emerging Index thereafter over the preceding 36-month period. The Fund’s performance adjustment will not be fully operable until the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2014.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012 and 2013, the Fund incurred aggregate investment advisory fees of approximately $434,000 (before a performance-based increase of $4,000) and $908,000 (before a performance-based increase of $32,000), respectively.
A. M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G)
M&G is a wholly owned subsidiary of Prudential plc (an insurance company based in the United Kingdom and not related to The Prudential Insurance Company of America).
1. Other Accounts Managed
Matthew Vaight manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Vaight also managed two other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $3 billion (neither of which had advisory fees based on account performance).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
At M&G, individual portfolio managers may manage multiple accounts for multiple clients. In addition to mutual funds, these other accounts may include non-U.S. collective investment schemes, insurance companies, and segregated pension funds. M&G manages potential conflicts between funds or with other types of accounts through allocation policies and procedures, internal review processes, and oversight by directors. M&G has developed trade allocation procedures and controls to ensure that no one client, regardless of type, is intentionally favored at the expense of another. Allocation policies are designed to address potential conflicts in situations where two or more funds participate in investment decisions involving the same securities.
3. Description of Compensation
Mr. Vaight is compensated in line with standard M&G practice.
M&G has a strong and integrated set of compensation practices designed to reflect the logic, internally within M&G, of people’s value as well as their outputs. Each component of the remuneration package has a role to play in the effective and appropriate reward of individuals in order to attract, retain, and motivate. M&G believes it is also important to ensure that in total the components are coherent and relate appropriately to each other, delivering the reward levels that M&G wants to make available for different levels of performance. The components are as follows:
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In addition, each portfolio manager is eligible for the standard retirement benefits and health benefits generally available to all M&G employees.
M&G’s remuneration package is regularly reviewed by outside consultants to ensure that it is competitive in the London investment management market.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013, Mr. Vaight di d not own any shares of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund.
B. Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree)
Oaktree is a leading global investment management firm focused on alternative markets. The firm emphasizes an opportunistic, value-oriented and risk-controlled approach to investments in distressed debt, corporate debt (including high-yield debt and senior loans), control investing, convertible securities, real estate, and listed equities. Oaktree was founded in 1995 by a group of principals who have worked together since the mid-1980s. Headquartered in Los Angeles, the firm has over 600 employees and offices in 13 cities worldwide.
Howard Marks is Chairman and Principal of Oaktree. Mr. Marks serves as a trustee (since 2002) of the Investment Board of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Gutmann, a trustee of the Fund, also serves on the Board of the University of Pennsylvania in her capacity (since 2004) as President of the University. Although not required to do so, Dr. Gutmann voluntarily abstains from voting on the Fund’s investment advisory agreement with Oaktree.
1. Other Accounts Managed
Frank J. Carroll III co-manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Carroll also managed one other account with total assets of $286 million (advisory fee not based on account performance). As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Carroll also co-managed three other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $489 million (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $311 million) and two other accounts with total assets of $169 million (advisory fees not based on account performance).
Timothy D. Jensen co-manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Jensen also co-managed three other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $489 million (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $311 million) and two other accounts with total assets of $169 million (advisory fees not based on account performance).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
At Oaktree, individual portfolio managers may manage multiple accounts for multiple clients. In addition to the Oaktree Portfolio, these other accounts may include separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles. Conflicts of interest may arise when an individual portfolio manager has responsibilities for the investments of more than one account because the portfolio manager may be unable to devote equal time and attention to each account. Additionally, individual portfolio managers may make investment decisions on behalf of one account that have the potential to negatively impact another account. Conflicts of interest may also arise when a portfolio manager has a particular financial incentive, such as performance-based management fees, relating to an account. In such an instance, a portfolio manager may perceive an incentive to devote more time to developing and analyzing strategies or allocating securities for accounts for which Oaktree could share in investment gains. Oaktree manages potential conflicts between funds and other types of accounts through allocation policies and procedures and internal review processes. Oaktree has developed trade allocation systems and controls to ensure that no one client, regardless of type, is intentionally favored at the expense of another. Allocation policies are designed to address potential conflicts in situations where two or more funds or accounts participate in investment decisions involving the same securities.
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3. Description of Compensation
The compensation structure of the portfolio managers is determined by Oaktree in accordance with its own internal policies, which are summarized here. Portfolio manager compensation generally consists of distributions under Oaktree’s equity plan and participation in the profitability of the funds and accounts they manage. Equity participation vests over a multiyear period. The value of the portfolio managers’ equity participation is a function of the firm’s profitability and the individual’s responsibilities and performance and is not specifically dependent on the performance of the fund s and accounts they manage, on an absolute basis or relative to th e s pecific benchmark of such funds and accounts , or the growth of assets of such funds and accounts (or of any client) except to the extent that such growth contributes to the firm’s overall asset growth, which in turn contributes to the firm’s overall profitability. The portfolio managers also receive a percentage of the profits generated by the fund s and accounts they manage. As a result, their compensation generally increases and decreases with the size and performance of such fund s and accounts .
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Carroll did no t own any shares of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund. Mr. Jensen owned shares of the Fund within the $500,001–$1,000,000 rang e.
C. Pzena Investment Management, LLC (Pzena)
Pzena, based in New York, New York, was founded in 1995. In 2007, the firm completed an initial public offering, whereby the majority ownership of the firm was retained by the members of the Executive Committee and other employees.
1. Other Accounts Managed
Caroline Cai co-manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Ms. Cai also managed four other registered investment companies with total assets of $1.2 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $54 million), 17 other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $3.4 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $253.5 million), and 19 other accounts with total assets of $3.8 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for two of these accounts with total assets of $136.8 million).
Allison Fisch co-manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Ms. Fisch also managed two other registered investment companies with total assets of $313.6 million (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $54 million), one other pooled investment vehicle with total assets of $199 million (advisory fee not based on account performance), and two other accounts with total assets of $134 million (advisory fees not based on account performance).
John P. Goetz co-manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million. As of October 31, 2013 , Mr. Goetz also managed nine other registered investment companies with total assets of $9 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for two of these accounts with total assets of $4.7 billion), 28 other pooled investment vehicles with total assets of $4.7 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for one of these accounts with total assets of $253.5 million), and 54 other accounts with total assets of $6.1 billion (advisory fees based on account performance for four of these accounts with total assets of $279.5 million).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest may arise in managing the Pzena Portfolio’s investments, on the one hand, and the portfolios of Pzena’s other clients and/or accounts (together “Accounts”), on the other. Set forth below is a brief description of some of the material conflicts that may arise and Pzena’s policy or procedure for handling them. Although Pzena has designed such procedures to prevent and address conflicts, there is no guarantee that these procedures will detect every situation in which a conflict could arise.
The management of multiple Accounts inherently carries the risk that there may be competing interests for the portfolio management team’s time and attention. Pzena seeks to minimize this by utilizing one investment approach (i.e., classic value investing) and by managing all Accounts on a product-specific basis. All Accounts with the same investment style,
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whether they are mutual fund accounts, institutional accounts, or individual accounts, are managed using the same investment discipline, strategy, and proprietary investment model.
If the portfolio management team identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for more than one Account, the Pzena Portfolio may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity. However, Pzena has adopted procedures for allocating portfolio transactions across Accounts so that each Account is treated fairly. First, all orders are allocated among portfolios of the same or similar mandates at the time of trade creation/initial order preparation. Factors affecting allocations include availability of cash, the existence of client-imposed trading restrictions or prohibitions, and the tax status of the account. The only changes to the allocations made at the time of the creation of the order occur if there is a partial fill for an order. Depending upon the size of the execution, Pzena may choose to allocate the executed shares through pro-rata breakdown or on a random basis. As with all trade allocations, each Account generally receives pro-rata allocations of any new issue or IPO security that is appropriate for its investment objective. Permissible reasons for excluding an Account from an otherwise acceptable IPO or new-issue investment include the Account having FINRA restricted person status, lack of available cash to make the purchase, or a client-imposed trading prohibition on IPOs or on the business of the issuer.
With respect to securities transactions for the Accounts, Pzena determines which broker to use to execute each order, consistent with its duty to seek best execution. Pzena aggregates like orders when it believes doing so is beneficial to the Accounts. However, for certain Accounts, Pzena may be limited by clients with respect to the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades through a particular broker. In these cases, Pzena may place separate, non-simultaneous transactions for the Pzena Portfolio and another Account, which may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction to the detriment of one or the other.
Conflicts of interest may arise when members of the portfolio management team transact personally in securities investments made or to be made for the Pzena Portfolio or other Accounts. To address this, Pzena has adopted a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics designed to prevent and detect personal trading activities that may interfere or conflict with client interests (including Fund shareholders’ interests) or its current investment strategy. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics generally requires that most transactions in securities by Pzena’s Access Persons and certain related persons, whether or not such securities are purchased or sold on behalf of the Accounts, be cleared prior to execution by appropriate approving parties and compliance personnel. Securities transactions for “Access Persons” personal accounts also are subject to reporting requirements and annual and quarterly certification requirements. Access Person is defined to include persons who have access to nonpublic information about client securities transactions, portfolio recommendations, or holdings and thus covers all of Pzena’s full-time employees except those whose job functions are solely clerical. In addition, no Access Person shall be permitted to effect a short-term trade (i.e., to purchase and subsequently sell within 60 calendar days, or to sell and subsequently purchase within 60 calendar days) of securities that (1) are issued by a mutual fund which is advised or sub-advised by Pzena or (2) are the same (or equivalent) securities purchased or sold by or on behalf of the advisory accounts unless and until the advisory accounts have effected a transaction that is the same as the Access Person’s contemplated transaction. Finally, orders for proprietary accounts (i.e., accounts of Pzena’s principals, affiliates, or employees or their immediate family that are managed by Pzena) are subject to written trade allocation procedures designed to ensure fair treatment of client accounts.
Pzena manages some Accounts under performance-based fee arrangements. Pzena recognizes that this type of incentive compensation creates the risk for potential conflicts of interest. This structure may create inherent pressure to allocate investments having a greater potential for higher returns to those Accounts with higher performance fees. To prevent conflicts of interest associated with managing accounts with different fee structures, Pzena generally requires portfolio decisions to be made on a product-specific basis. Pzena also requires pre-allocation of all client orders based on specific fee-neutral criteria set forth above. Additionally, Pzena requires average pricing of all aggregated orders. Finally, Pzena has adopted a policy prohibiting portfolio managers (and all employees) from placing the investment interests of one client or a group of clients with the same investment objectives above the investment interests of any other client or group of clients with the same investment objectives. These measures help Pzena mitigate some of the conflicts that its management of private investment companies would otherwise present.
3. Description of Compensation
Ms. Cai, Ms. Fisch, and Mr. Goetz and the other investment professionals at Pzena are compensated through a combination of a fixed base salary, performance bonus, and equity ownership, if appropriate, due to superior personal performance. The time frame Pzena examines for bonus compensation is annual. Pzena considers both quantitative and
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qualitative factors when determining performance bonuses; however, performance bonuses are not based on Fund performance or assets of the Fund. For investment professionals, Pzena examines such things as effort, efficiency, ability to focus on the correct issues, stock modeling ability, and ability to successfully interact with company management. However, Pzena always looks at the person as a whole and the contributions that he or she has made and is likely to make in the future. Pzena avoids a compensation model that is driven by individual security performance, as this can lead to short-term thinking, which is contrary to the firm’s value investment philosophy. Ultimately, the equity ownership is the primary tool used by Pzena for attracting and retaining the best people. This ties personnel to long-term performance as the value of their ownership stake depends on Pzena delivering superior long-term results to investors. Ms. Cai, Ms. Fisch, and Mr. Goetz are equity owners of Pzena.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Ms. Cai owned shares of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund in the $10,001–$50,000 range; Ms. Fisch owned shares of the Fund in the $50,001–$100,000 range; and Mr. Goetz owned shares of the Fund in the $100,001–$500,000 range.
D. Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management)
Wellington Management is a Massachusetts private limited liability partnership with principal offices at 280 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210. As of July 1, 2013, the firm is owned by 131 partners, all fully active in the firm. Wellington Management is a professional investment counseling firm that provides investment services to investment companies, employee benefit plans, endowments, foundations, and other institutions. Wellington Management and its predecessor organizations have provided investment advisory services for over 80 years.
1. Other Accounts Managed
Cheryl M. Duckworth manages a portion of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund ; as of October 31, 2013 , the Fund held assets of $222.5 million . As of October 31, 2013 , Ms. Duckworth also managed three other registered investment companies with total assets of $412.3 million (advisory fees not based on account performance).
2. Material Conflicts of Interest
Individual investment professionals at Wellington Management manage multiple accounts for multiple clients. These accounts may include mutual funds, separate accounts (assets managed on behalf of institutions, such as pension funds, insurance companies, foundations, or separately managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries), bank common trust accounts, and hedge funds. The Wellington Management Portfolio’s manager listed in the prospectus who is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Wellington Management Portfolio (Portfolio Manager) generally manages accounts in several different investment styles. These accounts may have investment objectives, strategies, time horizons, tax considerations, and risk profiles that differ from those of the Fund. The Portfolio Manager makes investment decisions for each account, including the Wellington Management Portfolio, based on the investment objectives, policies, practices, benchmarks, cash flows, and tax and other relevant investment considerations applicable to that account. Consequently, the Portfolio Manager may purchase or sell securities, including IPOs, for one account and not another account, and the performance of securities purchased for one account may vary from the performance of securities purchased for other accounts. Alternatively, these accounts may be managed in a similar fashion to the Wellington Management Portfolio, and thus the accounts may have similar, and in some cases nearly identical, objectives, strategies, and/or holdings to that of the Fund.
A Portfolio Manager or other investment professional at Wellington Management may place transactions on behalf of other accounts that are directly or indirectly contrary to investment decisions made on behalf of the Wellington Management Portfolio or may make investment decisions that are similar to those made for the Wellington Management Portfolio, both of which have the potential to adversely impact the Wellington Management Portfolio depending on market conditions. For example, an investment professional may purchase a security in one account while appropriately selling that same security in another account. Similarly, the Portfolio Manager may purchase the same security for the Wellington Management Portfolio and one or more other accounts at or about the same time. In those instances the other accounts will have access to their respective holdings prior to the public disclosure of the Wellington Management Portfolio holdings. In addition, some of these accounts have fee structures, including performance fees,
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which are or have the potential to be higher, in some cases significantly higher, than the fees Wellington Management receives for managing the Wellington Management Portfolio. Because incentive payments paid by Wellington Management to the Portfolio Manager are tied to revenues earned by Wellington Management and, where noted, to the performance achieved by the manager in each account, the incentives associated with any given account may be significantly higher or lower than those associated with other accounts managed by a given Portfolio Manager. Finally, the Portfolio Manager may hold shares or investments in the other pooled investment vehicles and/or other accounts identified above.
Wellington Management’s goal is to meet its fiduciary obligation to treat all clients fairly and provide high-quality investment services to all of its clients. Wellington Management has adopted and implemented policies and procedures, including brokerage and trade allocation policies and procedures, which it believes address the conflicts associated with managing multiple accounts for multiple clients. In addition, Wellington Management monitors a variety of areas, including compliance with primary account guidelines, allocation of IPOs, and compliance with the firm’s Code of Ethics, and places additional investment restrictions on investment professionals who manage hedge funds and certain other accounts. Furthermore, senior investment and business personnel at Wellington Management periodically review the performance of Wellington Management’s investment professionals. Although Wellington Management does not track the time an investment professional spends on a single account, Wellington Management does periodically assess whether an investment professional has adequate time and resources to effectively manage the investment professional’s various client mandates.
3. Description of Compensation
Wellington Management receives a fee based on the assets under management of the Wellington Management Portfolio as set forth in the Investment Advisory Agreement between Wellington Management and Vanguard Trustees’ Equity Fund on behalf of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund. Wellington Management pays its investment professionals out of its total revenues, including the advisory fees earned with respect to the Wellington Management Portfolio.
Wellington Management’s compensation structure is designed to attract and retain high-caliber investment professionals necessary to deliver high-quality investment management services to its clients. Wellington Management’s compensation of the Portfolio Manager includes a base salary. The base salary for each Portfolio Manager who is a partner of Wellington Management is generally a fixed amount that is determined by the Managing Partners of the firm. The Portfolio Manager may also be eligible for bonus payments based on his or her overall contribution to Wellington Management’s business operations. Senior management at Wellington Management may reward individuals as it deems appropriate based on other factors. Each partner of Wellington Management is eligible to participate in a partner-funded tax qualified retirement plan, the contributions to which are made pursuant to an actuarial formula. Ms. Duckworth is a partner of the firm.
4. Ownership of Securities
As of October 31, 2013 , Ms. Duckworth owned shares of Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund within the $50,001–$100,000 ran ge.
Duration and Termination of Investment Advisory Agreements
The current investment advisory agreements with Edinburgh Partners and Lazard are renewable for successive one-year periods, only if (1) each renewal is specifically approved by a vote of the Fund’s board of trustees, including the affirmative votes of a majority of trustees who are not parties to the contract or interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of any such party, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of considering such approval or (2) each renewal is specifically approved by a vote of a majority of the Fund's outstanding voting securities. An agreement is automatically terminated if assigned and may be terminated without penalty at any time either (1) by vote of the board of trustees of the Fund on thirty (30) days’ written notice to the advisor (no prior written notice to ARGA), (2) by a vote of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities in 30 days’ written notice to the advisor (no prior written notice to ARGA), or (3) by the advisor upon ninety (90) days’ written notice to the Fund.
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The initial investment advisory agreements with ARGA, M&G, Oaktree, Pzena, and Wellington Management are binding for a two-year period. At the end of that time, the agreements will become renewable for successive one-year periods, subject to the above conditions.
Vanguard provides at-cost investment advisory services to Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund pursuant to the terms of the Fifth Amended and Restated Funds’ Service Agreement. This agreement will continue in full force and effect until terminated or amended by mutual agreement of the Vanguard funds and Vanguard.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
The advisor decides which securities to buy and sell on behalf of Vanguard International Value Fund and Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund and then select s the brokers or dealers that will execute the trades on an agency basis or the dealers with whom the trades will be effected on a principal basis. For each trade, the advisor must select a broker-dealer that it believes will provide “best execution.” Best execution does not necessarily mean paying the lowest spread or commission rate available. In seeking best execution, the SEC has said that an advisor should consider the full range of a broker-dealer’s services. The factors considered by the advisor in seeking best execution include, but are not limited to, the broker-dealer’s execution capability, clearance and settlement services, commission rate, trading expertise, willingness and ability to commit capital, ability to provide anonymity, financial responsibility, reputation and integrity, responsiveness, access to underwritten offerings and secondary markets, and access to company management, as well as the value of any research provided by the broker-dealer. In assessing which broker-dealer can provide best execution for a particular trade, the advisor also may consider the timing and size of the order and available liquidity and current market conditions. Subject to applicable legal requirements, the advisor may select a broker based partly on brokerage or research services provided to the advisor and its clients, including the Funds. The advisor may cause a Fund to pay a higher commission than other brokers would charge if the advisor determines in good faith that the amount of the commission is reasonable in relation to the value of services provided. The advisor also may receive brokerage or research services from broker-dealers that are provided at no charge in recognition of the volume of trades directed to the broker. To the extent research services or products may be a factor in selecting brokers, services and products may include written research reports analyzing performance or securities, discussions with research analysts, meetings with corporate executives to obtain oral reports on company performance, market data, and other products and services that will assist the advisor in its investment decision-making process. The research services provided by brokers through which a Fund effects securities transactions may be used by the advisor in servicing all of its accounts, and some of the services may not be used by the advisor in connection with the Fund.
Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund will purchase and sell shares of the underlying Vanguard funds by dealing directly with the issuer of the underlying funds. The Fund will incur no brokerage commissions for these transactions.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , the Funds paid the following approximate amounts in brokerage commissions:
| Vanguard Fund | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| International Value Fund | $7,572,000 | $6,537,000 | $6,773,000 |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund 1 | $46,000 | $154,000 | $334,000 |
1 Vanguard Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund did not commence operations until June 27, 2011. Significant cash flow into the Fund during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012 and 2013, resulted in more frequent portfolio transactions and led to an increase in brokerage commissions for both years.
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Some securities that are considered for investment by the Funds may also be appropriate for other Vanguard funds or for other clients served by the advisors. If such securities are compatible with the investment policies of a Fund and one or more of the advisor’s other clients, and are considered for purchase or sale at or about the same time, then transactions in such securities may be aggregated by the advisor and the purchased securities or sale proceeds may be allocated among the participating Vanguard funds and the other participating clients of the advisor in a manner deemed equitable by the advisor. Although there may be no specified formula for allocating such transactions, the allocation methods used, and the results of such allocations, will be subject to periodic review by the Funds’ board of trustees.
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The ability of Vanguard and external advisors to purchase or dispose of investments in regulated industries, the derivatives markets, and certain international markets, or to exercise rights on behalf of a Fund, may be restricted or impaired because of limitations on the aggregate level of investment unless regulatory or corporate consents are obtained. As a result, Vanguard and external advisors on behalf of a Fund may be required to limit purchases, sell existing investments, or otherwise restrict or limit the exercise of shareholder rights by the Fund, including voting rights.
As of October 31, 2013 , each Fund held securities of its “regular brokers or dealers,” as that term is defined in Rule 10b-1 of the 1940 Act, as follows:
| V anguard Fund | Regular Broker or Dealer (or Parent) | Aggregate Holdings |
| International Value Fund | Barclays Inc. | $ 45,880,000 |
| BNP Paribas Securities Corp. | 81,614,000 | |
| HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. | 106,222,000 | |
| Royal Bank of Scotland PLC | 140,070,000 | |
| Diversified Equity Fund | — | — |
| Emerging Markets Select Stock Fund | — | — |
PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES
The Board of Trustees (the Board) of each Vanguard fund that invests in stocks has adopted proxy voting procedures and guidelines to govern proxy voting by the fund. The Board has delegated oversight of proxy voting to the Proxy Oversight Committee (the Committee), made up of senior officers of Vanguard and subject to the operating procedures and guidelines described below. The Committee reports directly to the Board. Vanguard is subject to these procedures and guidelines to the extent that they call for Vanguard to administer the voting process and implement the resulting voting decisions, and for these purposes the guidelines have been approved by the Board of Directors of Vanguard.
The overarching objective in voting is simple: to support proposals and director nominees that maximize the value of a fund’s investments—and those of fund shareholders—over the long term. Although the goal is simple, the proposals the funds receive are varied and frequently complex. As such, the guidelines adopted by the Board provide a rigorous framework for assessing each proposal. Under the guidelines, each proposal must be evaluated on its merits, based on the particular facts and circumstances as presented.
For ease of reference, the procedures and guidelines often refer to all funds. However, our processes and practices seek to ensure that proxy voting decisions are suitable for individual funds. For most proxy proposals, particularly those involving corporate governance, the evaluation will result in the same position being taken across all of the funds and the funds voting as a block. In some cases, however, a fund may vote differently, depending upon the nature and objective of the fund, the composition of its portfolio, and other factors.
The guidelines do not permit the Board to delegate voting responsibility to a third party that does not serve as a fiduciary for the funds. Because many factors bear on each decision, the guidelines incorporate factors the Committee should consider in each voting decision. A fund may refrain from voting some or all of its shares or vote in a particular way if doing so would be in the fund’s and its shareholders’ best interests. These circumstances may arise, for example, if the expected cost of voting exceeds the expected benefits of voting, if exercising the vote would result in the imposition of trading or other restrictions, or if a fund (or all Vanguard funds in the aggregate) were to own more than the permissible m aximum percentage of a company’s stock (as determined by the company’s governing documents or by applicable law, regulation, or regulatory agreement ).
In evaluating proxy proposals, we consider information from many sources, including, but not limited to, the investment advisor for the fund, the management or shareholders of a company presenting a proposal, and independent proxy research services. We will give substantial weight to the recommendations of the company’s board, absent guidelines or other specific facts that would support a vote against management. In all cases, however, the ultimate decision rests with the members of the Committee, who are accountable to the fund’s Board.
While serving as a framework, the following guidelines cannot contemplate all possible proposals with which a fund may be presented. In the absence of a specific guideline for a particular proposal (e.g., in the case of a transactional issue or
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contested proxy), the Committee will evaluate the issue and cast the fund’s vote in a manner that, in the Committee’s view, will maximize the value of the fund’s investment, subject to the individual circumstances of the fund.
I. The Board of Directors
A. Election of directors
Good governance starts with a majority-independent board, whose key committees are made up entirely of independent directors. As such, companies should attest to the independence of directors who serve on the Compensation, Nominating, and Audit committees. In any instance in which a director is not categorically independent, the basis for the independence determination should be clearly explained in the proxy statement.
Although the funds will generally support the board’s nominees, the following factors will be taken into account in determining each fund’s vote:
| Factors For Approval | Factors Against Approval |
| Nominated slate results in board made up of a majority of | Nominated slate results in board made up of a majority of |
| independent directors. | non-independent directors. |
| All members of Audit, Nominating, and Compensation | Audit, Nominating, and/or Compensation committees include |
| committees are independent of management. | non-independent members. |
| Incumbent board member failed to attend at least 75% of meetings | |
| in the previous year. | |
| Actions of committee(s) on which nominee serves are inconsistent with | |
| other guidelines (e.g., excessive equity grants, substantial non-audit fees, | |
| lack of board independence). |
B. Contested director elections
In the case of contested board elections, we will evaluate the nominees’ qualifications, the performance of the incumbent board, and the rationale behind the dissidents’ campaign, to determine the outcome that we believe will maximize shareholder value.
C. Classified boards
The funds will generally support proposals to declassify existing boards (whether proposed by management or shareholders), and will block efforts by companies to adopt classified board structures in which only part of the board is elected each year.
II. Approval of Independent Auditors
The relationship between the company and its auditors should be limited primarily to the audit, although it may include certain closely related activities that do not, in the aggregate, raise any appearance of impaired independence. The funds will generally support management’s recommendation for the ratification of the auditor, except in instances in which audit and audit-related fees make up less than 50% of the total fees paid by the company to the audit firm. We will evaluate on a case-by-case basis instances in which the audit firm has a substantial non-audit relationship with the company (regardless of its size relative to the audit fee) to determine whether independence has been compromised.
III. Compensation Issues
A. Stock-based compensation plans
Appropriately designed stock-based compensation plans, administered by an independent committee of the board and approved by shareholders, can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management, employees, and directors. The funds oppose plans that substantially dilute their ownership interest in the company, provide participants with excessive awards, or have inherently objectionable structural features.
An independent compensation committee should have significant latitude to deliver varied compensation to motivate the company’s employees. However, we will evaluate compensation proposals in the context of several factors (a company’s industry, market capitalization, competitors for talent, etc.) to determine whether a particular plan or proposal balances
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the perspectives of employees and the company’s other shareholders. We will evaluate each proposal on a case-by-case basis, taking all material facts and circumstances into account.
The following factors will be among those considered in evaluating these proposals:
B. Bonus plans
Bonus plans, which must be periodically submitted for shareholder approval to qualify for deductibility under Section 162(m) of the IRC, should have clearly defined performance criteria and maximum awards expressed in dollars. Bonus plans with awards that are excessive, in both absolute terms and relative to a comparative group, generally will not be supported.
C. Employee stock purchase plans
The funds will generally support the use of employee stock purchase plans to increase company stock ownership by employees, provided that shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value and that shares reserved under the plan amount to less than 5% of the outstanding shares.
D. Advisory votes on executive compensation (Say on Pay)
In addition to proposals on specific equity or bonus plans, the funds are required to cast advisory votes approving many companies’ overall executive compensation plans (so-called Say on Pay votes). In evaluating these proposals, we consider a number of factors, including the amount of compensation that is at risk, the amount of equity-based compensation that is linked to the company’s performance, and the level of compensation as compared to industry peers. The funds will generally support pay programs that demonstrate effective linkage between pay and performance over time and that provide compensation opportunities that are competitive relative to industry peers. On the other hand, pay programs in which significant compensation is guaranteed or insufficiently linked to performance will be less likely to earn our support.
E. Executive severance agreements (golden parachutes)
Although executives’ incentives for continued employment should be more significant than severance benefits, there are instances—particularly in the event of a change in control—in which severance arrangements may be appropriate. Severance benefits payable upon a change of control AND an executive’s termination (so-called “double trigger” plans) are generally acceptable to the extent that benefits paid do not exceed three times salary and bonus. Arrangements in which the benefits exceed three times salary and bonus should be justified and submitted for shareholder approval. We do not generally support guaranteed severance absent a change in control or arrangements that do not require the termination of the executive (so-called “single trigger” plans).
IV. Corporate Structure and Shareholder Rights
The exercise of shareholder rights, in proportion to economic ownership, is a fundamental privilege of stock ownership that should not be unnecessarily limited. Such limits may be placed on shareholders’ ability to act by corporate charter or by-law provisions, or by the adoption of certain takeover provisions. In general, the market for corporate control should be allowed to function without undue interference from these artificial barriers.
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The funds’ positions on a number of the most commonly presented issues in this area are as follows:
A. Shareholder rights plans (poison pills)
A company’s adoption of a so-called poison pill effectively limits a potential acquirer’s ability to buy a controlling interest without the approval of the target’s board of directors. Such a plan, in conjunction with other takeover defenses, may serve to entrench incumbent management and directors. However, in other cases, a poison pill may force a suitor to negotiate with the board and result in the payment of a higher acquisition premium.
In general, shareholders should be afforded the opportunity to approve shareholder rights plans within a year of their adoption. This provides the board with the ability to put a poison pill in place for legitimate defensive purposes, subject to subsequent approval by shareholders. In evaluating the approval of proposed shareholder rights plans, we will consider the following factors:
| Factors For Approval | Factors Against Approval |
| Plan is relatively short-term (3-5 years). | Plan is long term (>5 years). |
| Plan requires shareholder approval for renewal. | Renewal of plan is automatic or does not require shareholder approval. |
| Plan incorporates review by a committee of independent | Board with limited independence. |
| directors at least every three years (so-called TIDE provisions). | |
| Ownership trigger is reasonable (15-20%). | Ownership trigger is less than 15%. |
| Highly independent, non-classified board. | Classified board. |
| Plan includes permitted-bid/qualified-offer feature (chewable | |
| pill) that mandates a shareholder vote in certain situations. |
B. Cumulative voting
The funds are generally opposed to cumulative voting under the premise that it allows shareholders a voice in director elections that is disproportionate to their economic investment in the corporation.
C. Supermajority vote requirements
The funds support shareholders’ ability to approve or reject matters presented for a vote based on a simple majority. Accordingly, the funds will support proposals to remove supermajority requirements and oppose proposals to impose them.
D. Right to call meetings and act by written consent
The funds support shareholders’ right to call special meetings of the board (for good cause and with ample representation) and to act by written consent. The funds will generally vote for proposals to grant these rights to shareholders and against proposals to abridge them.
E. Confidential voting
The integrity of the voting process is enhanced substantially when shareholders (both institutions and individuals) can vote without fear of coercion or retribution based on their votes. As such, the funds support proposals to provide confidential voting.
F. Dual classes of stock
We are opposed to dual class capitalization structures that provide disparate voting rights to different groups of shareholders with similar economic investments. We will oppose the creation of separate classes with different voting rights and will support the dissolution of such classes.
V. Corporate and Social Policy Issues
Proposals in this category, initiated primarily by shareholders, typically request that the company disclose or amend certain business practices. The Board generally believes that these are “ordinary business matters” that are primarily the responsibility of management and should be evaluated and approved solely by the corporation’s board of directors. Often, proposals may address concerns with which the Board philosophically agrees, but absent a compelling economic
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impact on shareholder value (e.g., proposals to require expensing of stock options), the funds will typically abstain from voting on these proposals. This reflects the belief that regardless of our philosophical perspective on the issue, these decisions should be the province of company management unless they have a significant, tangible impact on the value of a fund’s investment and management is not responsive to the matter.
VI. Voting in Foreign Markets
Corporate governance standards, disclosure requirements, and voting mechanics vary greatly among the markets outside the United States in which the funds may invest. Each fund’s votes will be used, where applicable, to advocate for improvements in governance and disclosure by each fund’s portfolio companies. We will evaluate issues presented to shareholders for each fund’s foreign holdings in the context with the guidelines described above, as well as local market standards and best practices. The funds will cast their votes in a manner believed to be philosophically consistent with these guidelines, while taking into account differing practices by market. In addition, there may be instances in which the funds elect not to vote, as described below.
Many foreign markets require that securities be “blocked” or reregistered to vote at a company’s meeting. Absent an issue of compelling economic importance, we will generally not subject the fund to the loss of liquidity imposed by these requirements.
The costs of voting (e.g., custodian fees, vote agency fees) in foreign markets may be substantially higher than for U.S. holdings. As such, the fund may limit its voting on foreign holdings in instances in which the issues presented are unlikely to have a material impact on shareholder value.
VII. Voting Shares of a Company that has an Ownership Limitation
Certain companies have provisions in their governing documents that restrict stock ownership in excess of a specified limit. Typically, these ownership restrictions are included in the governing documents of real estate investment trusts, but may be included in other companies’ governing documents.
A company’s governing documents normally allow the company to grant a waiver of these ownership limits, which would allow a fund (or all Vanguard-advised funds) to exceed the stated ownership limit. Sometimes a company will grant a waiver without restriction. From time to time, a company may grant a waiver only if a fund (or funds) agrees to not vote the company’s shares in excess of the normal specified limit. In such a circumstance, a fund may refrain from voting shares if owning the shares beyond the company’s specified limit is in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.
In addition, applicable law may require prior regulatory approval to permit ownership of certain regulated issuer’s voting securities above certain limits or may impose other restrictions on owners of more than a certain percentage of a regulated issuer’s voting shares. The Board has authorized the funds to vote shares above these limits in the same proportion as votes cast by the issuer’s entire shareholder base (i.e., mirror vote) or to refrain from voting excess shares if mirror voting is not practicable. For example, rules administered by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”) generally require that a person seeking to own more than 10% of a bank regulated by the FRB seek prior approval. Vanguard has obtained regulatory approval that allows Vanguard funds to own up to 15% of a class of a bank’s outstanding voting shares without seeking prior regulatory approval, provided the funds’ shares in excess of 10% are mirror voted or not voted at all.
These ownership limits may be applied at the individual fund level, across all Vanguard-advised funds, or across all Vanguard funds, regardless of whether they are advised by Vanguard.
VIII. Voting on a Fund’s Holdings of Other Vanguard Funds
Certain Vanguard funds (owner funds) may, from time to time, own shares of other Vanguard funds (underlying funds). If an underlying fund submits a matter to a vote of its shareholders, votes for and against such matters on behalf of the owner funds will be cast in the same proportion as the votes of the other shareholders in the underlying fund.
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IX. The Proxy Voting Group
The Board has delegated the day-to-day operations of the funds’ proxy voting process to the Proxy Voting Group, which the Committee oversees. Although most votes will be determined, subject to the individual circumstances of each fund, by reference to the guidelines as separately adopted by each of the funds, there may be circumstances when the Proxy Voting Group will refer proxy issues to the Committee for consideration. In addition, at any time, the Board has the authority to vote proxies, when, at the Board’s or the Committee’s discretion, such action is warranted.
The Proxy Voting Group performs the following functions: (1) managing proxy voting vendors; (2) reconciling share positions; (3) analyzing proxy proposals using factors described in the guidelines; (4) determining and addressing potential or actual conflicts of interest that may be presented by a particular proxy; and (5) voting proxies. The Proxy Voting Group also prepares periodic and special reports to the Board, and any proposed amendments to the procedures and guidelines.
X. The Proxy Oversight Committee
The Board, including a majority of the independent trustees, appoints the members of the Committee who are senior officers of Vanguard.
The Committee does not include anyone whose primary duties include external client relationship management or sales. This clear separation between the proxy voting and client relationship functions is intended to eliminate any potential conflict of interest in the proxy voting process. In the unlikely event that a member of the Committee believes he or she might have a conflict of interest regarding a proxy vote, that member must recuse himself or herself from the committee meeting at which the matter is addressed, and not participate in the voting decision.
The Committee works with the Proxy Voting Group to provide reports and other guidance to the Board regarding proxy voting by the funds. The Committee has an obligation to conduct its meetings and exercise its decision-making authority subject to the fiduciary standards of good faith, fairness, and Vanguard’s Code of Ethics. The Committee shall authorize proxy votes that the Committee determines, at its sole discretion, to be in the best interests of each fund’s shareholders. In determining how to apply the guidelines to a particular factual situation, the Committee may not take into account any interest that would conflict with the interest of fund shareholders in maximizing the value of their investments.
The Board may review these procedures and guidelines and modify them from time to time. The procedures and guidelines are available on Vanguard’s website at vanguard.com .
You may obtain a free copy of a report that details how the funds voted the proxies relating to the portfolio securities held by the funds for the prior 12-month period ended June 30 by logging on to Vanguard’s website at vanguard.com or the SEC’s website at www .sec.gov.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Each Fund’s Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2013 , appearing in the Funds‘ 2013 Annual Reports to Shareholders, and the reports thereon of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, also appearing therein, are incorporated by reference into this Statement of Additional Information. For a more complete discussion of each Fund’s performance, please see the Funds‘ Annual and Semiannual Reports to Shareholders, which may be obtained without charge.
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PART C
VANGUARD TRUSTEES’ EQUITY FUND
OTHER INFORMATION
Item 28. Exhibits
| (a) | Articles of Incorporation, Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, filed on June 9, 2011, Post-Effective Amendment No. 58, are hereby incorporated by reference. |
| (b) | By-Laws, filed on December 23, 2010, Post-Effective Amendment No. 53, are hereby incorporated by reference. |
| (c) | Instruments Defining Rights of Security Holders, reference is made to Articles III and V of the Registrant’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, refer to Exhibit (a) above. |
| (d) | Investment Advisory Contracts, for Lazard Asset Management LLC, filed on July 27, 2006, Post-Effective Amendment No. 44; for Edinburgh Partners Limited, filed on July 21, 2008, Post-Effective Amendment No. 49; and for For ARGA Invesment Management, LP, filed on August 2, 2012, Post-Effective Amendment No. 62, are hereby incorporated by reference. |
| For M&G Investment Management Limited, Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., Pzena Investment Management, LLC, and Wellington Management Company, LLP, are filed herewith . The Vanguard Group, Inc. provides investment advisory services to Vanguard Diversified Equity Fund at cost pursuant to the Amended and Restated Funds’ Service Agreement, refer to Exhibit (h) below. | |
| (e) | Underwriting Contracts, not applicable. |
| (f) | Bonus or Profit Sharing Contracts, reference is made to the section entitled “Management of the Funds” in the Registrant’s Statement of Additional Information. |
| (g) | Custodian Agreements, for Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., filed on February 24, 2010, Post- Effective Amendment No. 52, is hereby incorporated by reference. For Bank of New York Mellon, is filed herewith. |
| (h) | Other Material Contracts, Fifth Amended and Restated Funds’ Service Agreement, filed on February 24, 2012, Post-Effective Amendment No. 60, is hereby incorporated by reference. |
| (i) | Legal Opinion, not applicable. |
| (j) | Other Opinions, Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, is filed herewith . |
| (k) | Omitted Financial Statements, not applicable. |
| (l) | Initial Capital Agreements, not applicable. |
| (m) | Rule 12b-1 Plan, not applicable. |
| (n) | Rule 18f-3 Plan, is filed herewith. |
| (o) | Reserved. |
| (p) | Codes of Ethics, for Lazard Asset Management LLC, filed on July 27, 2006, Post-Effective Amendment No. 44; for Edinburgh Partners Limited, filed on July 21, 2008, Post-Effective Amendment No. 49; for the Vanguard Group, Inc., filed on February 24, 2010, Post-Effective Amendment No. 52; and for M&G Investment Management Limited, Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., and Pzena Investment Management, LLC, filed on March 28, 2011, Post- Effective Amendment No. 56. For ARGA Invesment Management, LP and for Wellington |
| Management | Company, LLP, are filed herewith. |
Item 29. Persons Controlled by or under Common Control with Registrant
Registrant is not controlled by or under common control with any person.
Item 30. Indemnification
The Registrant’s organizational documents contain provisions indemnifying trustees and officers against liability incurred in their official capacities. Article VII, Section 2 of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides that the Registrant may indemnify and hold harmless each and every trustee and officer from and against any and all claims, demands, costs, losses, expenses, and damages whatsoever arising out of or related to the performance of his or her duties as a Trustee or officer. Article VI of the By-Laws generally provides that the Registrant shall indemnify its trustees and officers from any liability arising out of their past or present service in that capacity. Among other things, this provision excludes any liability arising by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or the reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the trustee’s or officer’s office with the Registrant.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) may be permitted for directors, officers, or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Item 31. Business and Other Connections of Investment Advisor
ARGA Investment Management, LP (ARGA) is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of ARGA, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by ARGA pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-77018)
Edinburgh Partners Limited (Edinburgh Partners) is an investment advisor registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of Edinburgh Partners, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Edinburgh Partners pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-63714).
Lazard Asset Management, LLC (Lazard) is an investment advisor registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of Lazard, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Lazard pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-61701).
M&G Investment Management Limited (M&G) is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of M&G, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by M&G pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-21981).
Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (Oaktree), is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and partners of Oaktree, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and partners during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Oaktree pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-48923).
Pzena Investment Management, LLC (Pzena) is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of Pzena, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Pzena pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-50838).
Wellington Management Company, LLP (Wellington Management) is an investment advisor registered under the Advisers Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and partners of Wellington Management, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and partners during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Wellington Management pursuant to the Advisers Act (SEC File No. 801-15908).
The Vanguard Group, Inc. (Vanguard) is an investment advisor registered under the Advisors Act. The list required by this Item 31 of officers and directors of Vanguard, together with any information as to any business, profession, vocation, or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by such officers and directors during the past two years, is incorporated herein by reference from Form ADV filed by Vanguard pursuant to the Advisors Act (SEC File No. 801-11953).
Item 32. Principal Underwriters
| (a) | Vanguard Marketing Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Vanguard Group, Inc., is the principal underwriter of each fund within the Vanguard group of investment companies, a family of more than 170 mutual funds. |
| (b) | The principal business address of each named director and officer of Vanguard Marketing Corporation is 100 Vanguard Boulevard, Malvern, PA 19355. |
| Richard D. Carpenter | Principal | None | |
| Jack T. Wagner | Principal | None | |
| Michael L. Kimmel | Assistant Secretary | None | |
| Caroline Cosby | Secretary | None | |
| (c) | Not Applicable. | ||
Item 33. Location of Accounts and Records
The books, accounts, and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31 (a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules promulgated thereunder will be maintained at the offices of the Registrant, 100 Vanguard Boulevard, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355; the Registrant’s Transfer Agent, The Vanguard Group, Inc., 100 Vanguard Boulevard, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355; the Registrant’s Custodians, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109-3661, Bank of New York Mellon, One Wall Street, New York, New York 10286 ; and the Registrant’s investment advisors at their respective locations identified in the Statement of Additional Information.
Item 34. Management Services
Other than as set forth in the section entitled “Management of the Funds” in Part B of this Registration Statement, the Registrant is not a party to any management-related service contract.
Item 35. Undertakings
Not Applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant hereby certifies that it meets all requirements for effectiveness of this Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the Securities Act of 1933 and has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment to this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the Town of Valley Forge and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on the 25th day of February , 2014.
VANGUARD TRUSTEES’ EQUITY FUND
BY:_________
/s/ F. William McNabb III*
____________
F. William McNabb III
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Post-Effective Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated:
| Signature | Title | Date |
| /s/ F. William McNabb III* | Chairman and Chief Executive | February 25, 2014 |
| Officer | ||
| F. William McNabb III | ||
| /s/ Emerson U. Fullwood* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Emerson U. Fullwood | ||
| /s/ Rajiv L. Gupta* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Rajiv L. Gupta | ||
| /s/ Amy Gutmann* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Amy Gutmann | ||
| /s/ JoAnn Heffernan Heisen* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| JoAnn Heffernan Heisen | ||
| /s/ F. Joseph Loughrey* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| F. Joseph Loughrey | ||
| /s/ Mark Loughridge* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Mark Loughridge | ||
| /s/ Scott C. Malpass* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Scott C. Malpass | ||
| /s/ André F. Perold* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| André F. Perold | ||
| /s/ Alfred M. Rankin, Jr.* | Trustee | February 25, 2014 |
| Alfred M. Rankin, Jr. | ||
*By: /s/ Heidi Stam
Heidi Stam, pursuant to a Power of Attorney filed on March 27, 2012, see File Number 2-11444, Incorporated by Reference.
| INDEX TO EXHIBITS | |
| Investment Advisory Contracts for M&G Invesmtment Management Limited, | |
| Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., Pzena Investment Management, LLC, and | |
| Wellington Management Company | Ex-99.D |
| Custodian Agreement, for The Bank of New York Mellon | Ex-99.G |
| Other Opinions, Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | Ex-99.J |
| Rule 18f-3 Plan | Ex-99.N |
| Codes of Ethics for ARGA Investment Management, LP | |
| and Wellington Management Company, LLP | Ex-99.P |
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