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| Share Name | Share Symbol | Market | Type | Share ISIN | Share Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vivo Energy Plc | LSE:VVO | London | Ordinary Share | GB00BDGT2M75 | ORD USD0.50 |
| Price Change | % Change | Share Price | Bid Price | Offer Price | High Price | Low Price | Open Price | Shares Traded | Last Trade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 0.00% | 149.40 | 150.00 | 150.40 | 0.00 | 01:00:00 |
| Industry Sector | Turnover | Profit | EPS - Basic | PE Ratio | Market Cap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | N/A | 0 |
From Apr 2019 to Apr 2024
TIDMVVO
RNS Number : 9400Q
Vivo Energy PLC
03 March 2021
Vivo Energy plc
(LSE: VVO & JSE: VVO)
3 March 2021
2020 Full Year Results
Vivo Energy plc, the leading pan-African retailer and distributor of Shell and Engen-branded fuels and lubricants, today announces its consolidated financial results for the twelve-months ended 31 December 2020.
Christian Chammas, CEO of Vivo Energy plc, commented :
"2020 was a year like no other, but we saw a strong recovery in H2 and continued to deliver against our strategy. Full year performance was driven by a strong rebound in the second half with H2 Adjusted EBITDA slightly ahead of H2 2019 at $220m, leading to full year Adjusted EBITDA of $360m, down 16% on 2019. The recovery would not have been possible without the actions we took to support our stakeholders which meant that as demand recovered, we were ready and able to supply our customers and keep the continent moving. The strong recovery has reinforced our confidence in the future, and the Board has recommended a final dividend of 3.8 cents, in line with our progressive dividend policy. Our markets have not been knocked off course by the pandemic, with a young and growing population driving economic development and future fuel demand. We are focused on capturing this growth and at the same time believe our cash flows support a higher level of shareholder returns and so have increased the minimum pay-out ratio from 30% to 50% of attributable net income. We have started 2021 well and are confident we can continue to successfully navigate future challenges and deliver long-term growth and returns for all of our stakeholders."
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (1)
Hot Features
Premium
Twelve-month Twelve-month
period period
ended ended
($ in millions), if 31 Dec 31 Dec
not otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change
-------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------
Volumes (million litres) 9,637 10,417 -7%
Revenues 6,918 8,302 -17%
Gross Profit 617 675 -9%
Gross Cash Unit Margin
($/'000 litres) 72 71 +1%
Gross Cash Profit 697 743 -6%
EBITDA 360 416 -13%
Adjusted EBITDA 360 431 -16%
Net Income 90 150 -40%
Attributable Net Income 80 136 -41%
Diluted EPS (US cents) 6 11 -45%
Adjusted Net Income 90 162 -44%
Adjusted Diluted EPS
(US cents) 6 12 -50%
--------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------
(1) Refer to the non-GAAP financial measures definitions and reconciliations to the most comparable IFRS measures on pages 17 to 19.
Financial Highlights
-- Sales volume fell by 7% due to the impact of COVID-19 on mobility in our markets
-- Revenue was down 17%, reflecting the lower volumes sold and the lower crude oil price environment
-- Gross profit fell 9% to $617 million
-- Gross cash unit margin rose to $72/'000 litres due to positive pricing and mix effects in H2
-- Strong rebound in the second half drove H2 Adjusted EBITDA of $220 million, slightly ahead of H2 2019, leading to both full year Adjusted EBITDA and EBITDA of $360 million
-- Net income was down 40% to $90 million, impacted by negative operating leverage due to lower volumes
-- Diluted EPS of 6 cents and Basic headline EPS of 6 cents, were both 45% below 2019
-- Recommended final dividend of 3.8 cents per share, in line with the full year dividend proposed for 2019
Strategic and Operational Highlights
-- Strong HSSEQ performance, with Total Recordable Case Frequency of 0.10 across the Group -- Adapted sites to keep employees, service station colleagues and customers safe and secure
-- Expanded Retail network to 2,330 sites, by opening a net total of 104 new retail service stations
-- Delivering against strategy in Engen markets, by expanding Retail network by 14% during the year
-- Protected jobs of our employees and supported our dealers and hauliers -- Supported our communities through investment into over 130 community projects
-- Agreed our first project to supply hybrid solar power to a gold mining customer in West Africa
Outlook
The Group experienced a swift recovery in H2 2020, delivering strong financial performance and has growing confidence for the future, with the positive H2 2020 trends expected to continue into 2021. We navigated the first twelve months of the pandemic successfully, strengthening our market position in our key markets and continuing to invest in growing our network and offerings. Assuming the level of restrictions in our operating countries do not materially change, we anticipate that the progressive recovery in the Retail segment, driven by increasing mobility, will support business performance, with Aviation and Marine remaining subdued. We continue to invest in growing the business, with capital expenditure expected to be in line with 2020 levels, at around $160 million as we invest in growing and upgrading the retail network and our offerings across all 23 countries, with 90-110 net new sites targeted for the year.
We have leading market positions in structural growth markets across Africa, which are expected to see a rapid recovery in economic growth in 2021 and beyond, driven by the macro fundamentals on the continent. The pandemic slowed, but has not stopped this growth, and with a young and growing population, an emerging middle class and increasing car penetration, fuel demand in our markets will continue to grow in the coming years, underpinning our long term growth ambitions.
Throughout 2020 we maintained a strong balance sheet, and in Q3 completed a bond refinancing, which enhanced our capital structure and provides improved flexibility for capital allocation. Looking forward, we are focused on continuing to capture the growth opportunity that exists within our markets, and believe that at the same time, the level of cash flow generated within the Group and the balance sheet flexibility means that we are able to support a higher level of shareholder returns. We demonstrated our commitment to dividends by maintaining our progressive policy through the pandemic and believe that now is the right time to increase the minimum pay-out ratio from 30% to 50% of attributable net income, and intend for future dividends to grow in line with earnings.
End
Results presentation
Vivo Energy plc will host a webcast for analysts and investors today, 3 March 2021 at 09.00 GMT, which can be accessed at: https://webcasting.brrmedia.co.uk/broadcast/60228775a9190e2d3caa5759
For those wishing to ask a question, please dial in to the event by conference call:
Dial-in: +44 (0)330 336 9125 / +27 11 844 6118 Participant access code: 3813098
The replay of the webcast will be available after the event at https://investors.vivoenergy.com
Media contacts: Investor contact:
Vivo Energy plc Vivo Energy plc
Rob Foyle, Head of Communications Giles Blackham, Head of Investor
+44 7715 036 407 Relations
rob.foyle@vivoenergy.com +44 20 3034 3735
giles.blackham@vivoenergy.com
Tulchan Communications LLP
Martin Robinson, Suniti Chauhan,
Harry Cameron
+44 20 7353 4200
vivoenergy@tulchangroup.com
Notes to editors:
Vivo Energy operates and markets its products in countries across North, West, East and Southern Africa. The Group has a network of over 2,300 service stations in 23 countries operating under the Shell and Engen brands and exports lubricants to a number of other African countries. Its retail offering includes fuels, lubricants, card services, shops, restaurants and other non-fuel services. It provides fuels, lubricants and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to business customers across a range of sectors including marine, mining, construction, power, transport, wholesalers and manufacturing. The Company employs around 2,700 people and has access to over 1,000,000 cubic metres of fuel storage capacity and has a joint venture, Shell and Vivo Lubricants B.V., that sources, blends, packages and supplies Shell-branded lubricants.
Vivo Energy plc has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a member of the FTSE 250 index, with a secondary inward listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
For more information about Vivo Energy, please visit www.vivoenergy.com
Forward looking-statements
This report includes forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company's control and all of which are based on the Directors' current beliefs and expectations about future events. Forward-looking statements are sometimes identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "believe", "expects", "may", "will", "could", "should", "shall", "risk", "intends", "estimates", "aims", "plans", "predicts", "continues", "assumes", "positioned", "anticipates" or "targets" or the negative thereof, other variations thereon or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this report and include statements regarding the intentions, beliefs or current expectations of the Directors or the Group concerning, among other things, the future results of operations, financial condition, prospects, growth, strategies of the Group and the industry in
which it operates. No assurance can be given that such future results will be achieved; actual events or results may differ materially as a result of risks and uncertainties facing the Group. Such risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to vary materially from the future results indicated, expressed, or implied in such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements contained in this report speak only as of the date of this report. The Company and the Directors expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update these forward-looking statements contained in the document to reflect any change in their expectations or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which such statements are based unless required to do so by applicable la w.
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER'S STATEMENT
If 2019 was a year of firsts for Vivo Energy, 2020 was a year like no other. In 40 years of working, across four continents and through many macroeconomic cycles, I have never experienced the conditions we saw during the year.
My overriding memory of the year, however, is one of pride and togetherness. It was remarkable how each and every one of our employees, contractors and partners stood up and made a difference in the fight against COVID-19.
Our position at the heart of our host economies means that we played a critical role in fuelling the continent's response to COVID-19, not only by keeping sites open and customers fuelled, but also by supporting our many stakeholders through a difficult time.
Impact of COVID-19 on our markets
We started the year full of optimism, with the integration of the Engen-branded markets effectively completed, and strong performance in our Shell-branded markets. It was only late in Q1 that we started to feel the impact from measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in our markets. However, recognising the risk posed by the spread of the virus, we had already taken the first of many actions to protect our people, preventing international travel from the end of January, and updating existing business continuity plans to reflect potential scenarios.
Few would have foreseen that at the pandemic's peak in April and May, nine of our 23 markets would follow Europe into complete lockdown of their economies, as a preventive measure against the spread of the virus. These markets represented 50% of our Group volumes the previous year, with some of these markets experiencing declines of up to 70% in monthly volumes during H1. All of our other host countries also implemented movement restrictions such as curfews as well as social distancing measures.
Vivo Energy's first priority has, and always will be, the health and safety of our people, our customers, and the communities where we operate. We acted quickly and decisively, implementing a range of preventive and protective health and safety measures including remote working and split shift patterns. We also took actions to protect our customers when they visit our sites.
The resilience that the African continent has shown during the COVID-19 pandemic has been nothing short of remarkable. At the outset of the pandemic, many experts rightly feared a human and economic catastrophe across the region, however, Africa is a young and vibrant continent, with a median age in our host countries of less than 25 years old. In facing a disease that disproportionately impacts the old, this demographic should provide real protection against major illness. It has been encouraging to see that healthcare systems have not been overrun, and the majority of our countries have tried to keep their economies open and their people in employment following the initial lockdowns.
I do not wish to underplay the impact of the pandemic on our markets, with lower tourism, investment and economic activity, and uncertainty remains as long as the virus persists, but these are markets that have not been knocked off course. The young and growing population is driving economic development and Vivo Energy is helping to fuel that growth. The IMF expects GDP in 2020 to have fallen by 3.1% on average across our operating countries (excluding Reunion), but following a strong 4.5% rebound forecast for 2021, expects average GDP growth of 5.2% between 2022 and 2025. This would be one of the highest growth rates in the world - and we expect that it, together with our focus on growing market share, will provide a strong base for future growth.
Decisive action to protect our business and enable recovery
While the scale of the changes to the operating environment were unprecedented, our reaction was testament to the well--established culture and operating model we have in Vivo Energy. Our decentralised model meant that we had the right people on the ground to react quickly to the changing conditions, managing working capital, credit and cash as well as working with our stakeholders to make sure we supported each other. The investment in our Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system meant that we had real time data with which to inform decision making, and this helped the Senior Executive Team to make the right decisions and guide our local teams.
As a result, we were able to limit the many impacts of the pandemic on our business, reducing supply and protecting our balance sheet through April and May. Fuel is, and will continue to be, the lifeblood of our economies, enabling economic activity and development. As the strictest mobility restrictions were lifted, demand returned rapidly at our retail sites in June and through the second half of the year. Only the Aviation and Marine businesses, which have represented less than 4% of the Group gross cash profit on average over the past three years, have remained subdued due to international travel restrictions.
The swift demand recovery and our nimble supply chain meant that we have been able to deliver strong performance through the second half of the year, which limited the reduction in full year gross cash profit to 6% against 2019. This fall is driven by volumes being down just 7% against 2019, despite a reduction of volumes during April and May of approximately 30%, the Aviation and Marine impact and restrictions continuing through the year in many markets. We also saw Group gross cash unit margin remain largely stable over the previous year at $72 per thousand litres, with H1 gross cash unit margin impacted by inventory impacts, and H2 seeing a reversal of this and benefiting from the mix effect as well as the supply and pricing environment.
This robust performance led to adjusted EBITDA of $360 million, down 16% against the previous year, and Basic earnings per share of 6 cents, 45% lower than 2019 as our normally beneficial operating leverage worked against us due to the lower volumes.
While the full year performance was lower than 2019, H2 2020 performance was in line with the previous year and demonstrates the resilience of our business despite the turbulence in the markets.
2020 was a challenging year on a number of levels, and I was delighted at how we responded. However, our share price has not recovered in line with performance and remains at disappointing levels. I believe that as we deliver against our growth plans, and show our commitment to shareholder returns, this will be recognised in time by the market and reflected in our valuation.
supporting Our stakeholders
With a vision to become the most respected energy business in Africa, we've always aimed to provide a positive impact for all of our stakeholders. I believe this is firmly demonstrated by our actions through the current pandemic and reflects the integration of sustainable business practices into our culture and operations.
We have supported and protected our stakeholders through the pandemic and worked closely with our dealer network and our transporters to protect the jobs of the front-line staff employed by them while volumes were low. We have also played our part in supporting the communities in which we operate by delivering over 130 community investment projects ranging from donations of food, fuel and protective equipment to the blending of hand sanitiser.
We have continued to carefully manage our impact on the environment, keep our people safe, healthy, well trained and supported, as well as having stringent oversight to mitigate some of the inherent risks in our markets around fraud, bribery and corruption.
One area that has rightly come to prominence during the past year is climate change, and we outline further in the report our commitment to playing our part in reducing the impact of carbon emissions and the long-term transition to low carbon energies. This fits firmly with our purpose to safely provide innovative and responsible energy solutions to Africa, which enable growth and development of the continent and its people. In our markets we expect there will be a significantly longer transition than in Europe, due to a lack of infrastructure, affordability and reliable access to electricity, meaning that demand for fuels are forecast to continue to grow rapidly over the medium term. We have a central part to play in making sure those fuels are as clean as possible, that we provide our customers with the offerings they need and that when commercial alternatives become a reality, we will be well--positioned to capitalise on them.
Capital Structure
Maintaining a conservative balance sheet in order to provide maximum future flexibility is a core element of our strategy. Due to the nature of our operating model, each market self-funds its needs through both organic cash generation, as well as access to local facilities. These local facilities in aggregate amount to $1.6 billion, with each country's access to finance scaled according to its needs. The level of access to local facilities and our close management of working capital meant that the business was comfortably able to weather the storm at the height of the mobility restrictions.
At the Group level, we've explored for some time the opportunity to re-finance an amortising facility that was due to mature in 2022, in order to remove the need to repay circa $80 million of capital per annum. In September 2020, bond market conditions improved and we successfully priced a $350 million debt offering with a seven-year tenor at 5.125%. The offering was multiple times oversubscribed and increases the Group's flexibility for future capital allocation while significantly extending the debt maturities at attractive rates. The bond has an investment grade rating of Baa3 from Moody's and ratings of BB+ from Fitch and S&P reflecting the underlying strength of our business model and financial position.
Earlier in the year, as a result of the uncertainty created by the pandemic, the Group did not pay the final dividend in respect of 2019 in June 2020, as previously expected. This was a prudent decision taken by the Board at the height of the restrictions and impact on the business. The Board also opted not to pay an interim dividend in respect of H1 2020 at the half--year results due to the short time period of recovery that had been underway. However, following the continued recovery in trading through the third quarter, the Board declared an interim dividend of $34 million, which is the amount that would have been paid to shareholders had the final dividend of the year ended 31 December 2019 been paid, rather than withdrawn.
Due to the positive performance continuing in Q4, the Board has recommended a final dividend of 3.8 cents per share ($48 million) in respect of 2020. This is in line with our stated progressive dividend policy and equal to the proposed 2019 full year dividend of 3.8 cents, despite the impacts of COVID-19 on the business during the year. If approved at our AGM, the final dividend will be paid to shareholders on 25 June 2021.
Looking Ahead
The Group experienced a swift recovery in H2 2020, delivering strong financial performance and has growing confidence for the future, with the positive H2 2020 trends expected to continue into 2021. We navigated the first twelve months of the pandemic successfully, strengthening our market position in our key markets and continuing to invest in growing our network and offerings. Assuming the level of restrictions in our operating countries do not materially change, we anticipate that the progressive recovery in the Retail segment, driven by increasing mobility, will support business performance, with Aviation and Marine remaining subdued. We continue to invest in growing the business, with capital expenditure expected to be in line with 2020 levels, at around $160 million as we invest in growing and upgrading the retail network and our offerings across all 23 countries, with 90-110 net new sites targeted for the year.
We have leading market positions in structural growth markets across Africa, which are expected to see a rapid recovery in economic growth in 2021 and beyond, driven by the macro fundamentals on the continent. The pandemic slowed, but has not stopped this growth, and with a young and growing population, an emerging middle class and increasing car penetration, fuel demand in our markets will continue to grow in the coming years, underpinning our long term growth ambitions.
Throughout 2020 we maintained a strong balance sheet, and in Q3 completed a bond refinancing, which enhanced our capital structure and provides improved flexibility for capital allocation. Looking forward, we are focused on continuing to capture the growth opportunity that exists within our markets, and believe that at the same time, the level of cash flow generated within the Group and the balance sheet flexibility means that we are able to support a higher level of shareholder returns. We demonstrated our commitment to dividends by maintaining our progressive policy through the pandemic and believe that now is the right time to increase the minimum pay-out ratio from 30% to 50% of attributable net income, and intend for future dividends to grow in line with earnings.
Christian Chammas
Chief Executive Officer
OPERATING REVIEW
OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS BY SEGMENT
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Volumes (million litres) ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Retail 5,456 5,900 -8% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Commercial 4,045 4,380 -8% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Lubricants 136 137 -1% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Total 9,637 10,417 -7% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Gross profit ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Retail (including Non-fuel retail) 387 411 -6% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Commercial 156 192 -19% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Lubricants 74 72 +3% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Total 617 675 -9% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Gross cash unit margin ($/'000 litres) ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Retail (excluding Non-fuel retail) 76 71 +7% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Commercial 45 49 -8% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Lubricants 570 547 +4% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Total 72 71 +1% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Gross cash profit ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Retail (including Non-fuel retail) 438 454 -4% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Commercial 181 214 -15% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Lubricants 78 75 +4% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Total 697 743 -6% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Adjusted EBITDA ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Retail 216 242 -11% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Commercial 92 135 -32% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Lubricants 52 54 -4% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Total 360 431 -16% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------
RETAIL
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Volumes (million litres) 5,456 5,900 -8% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Gross profit (including Non-fuel retail) 387 411 -6% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Gross cash unit margin (excluding Non-fuel retail) ($/'000 litres) 76 71 +7% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Retail fuel gross cash profit 412 421 -2% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Non-fuel retail gross cash profit 26 33 -21% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Adjusted EBITDA 216 242 -11% ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------
overview
With a growing footprint across the African continent, Retail is at the heart of our business and has driven our business recovery during the second half of the year. Our modern, safe and clean sites provide our customers with access to high quality products, services and increased convenience wherever we operate.
2020 ReVIEW
Our Retail business segment delivered resilient results despite the impact of COVID-19 on our operating environment. The segment made a strong start to the year before COVID-19 related containment measures led to a significant decrease in demand. As mobility restrictions were gradually eased across our host countries, we registered strong improvements in volumes, gross cash profit and adjusted EBITDA in the second half of the year.
Retail fuel
Retail fuel volumes were 8% lower in 2020. Strong trading at the beginning of the year was more than offset by COVID-19 mobility restrictions imposed across our portfolio in late Q1, significantly impacting results in Q2, particularly in April and May. As measures were lifted, there was a strong rebound in demand, due to fuel being a consumer staple, which continued through H2. While we saw a rapid recovery in volumes, with some countries experiencing year-on-year growth in H2, mobility restrictions remained in place across many countries, suppressing demand.
To drive the recovery process, we implemented a range of initiatives to support our sites and attract customers by positioning our retail stations as the safest sites to refuel in the industry, offering auxiliary services and improving convenience. We completed the 'Shining Engen' programme in January 2020 and undertook a 'Shining Shell' programme through the rest of the year, providing enhancements to over 300 sites. We continued to grow our network, opening a net total of 104 sites, despite fluctuations in product demand, which supported volume growth in H2.
In line with our strategy to expand our position in Engen-branded markets, we acquired new sites in Zambia and Rwanda, increasing our networks by 21% and 35% respectively. In Tanzania, a large Engen--branded market, we have organically grown our network from seven sites in March 2019 to 20 sites in December 2020.
Gross cash unit margin was higher than the previous year at $76 per thousand litres. In H1, unit margins were impacted by the combined impact of the reduction in demand that increased inventory levels and the sharp fall in crude oil prices in March and April, which led to negative inventory effects on the stock on hand. Unit margins improved in H2 as a result of the supply and pricing environment in a number of our markets, together with strong margin performance in premium fuels.
Non-fuel retail
We continued to develop our Non-fuel retail segment, with a net total of 58 convenience retail shops and pharmacies and 20 food outlets added at our service stations. Our financial performance was impacted by COVID-19 restrictions, but remained robust, with gross cash profit of $26 million, down 21% in 2020. The mobility restrictions led to lower traffic at our sites, affected store opening hours and, in some cases led to store closures for periods during the year. We noted strong improvement in most markets in H2, however in certain markets, such as Morocco, ongoing restrictions on travel between regions have impacted sales at large motorway sites, which are traditionally large contributors.
Due to the pandemic, we saw an evolution in consumer behaviour. Our QSR takeaway and drive-through offerings became more vital and we adapted our offerings accordingly, including working with delivery partners in a number of our markets. In convenience retail, we have changed product lines to meet increased demand for personal health products, as well as trialling click and collect propositions.
We continued to expand our portfolio of joint ventures with QSR partners to enable the faster roll-out of new restaurants. We completed a joint venture in Namibia for the KFC brand, now the sixth country in which we have exclusive use of the KFC brand, and launched our first joint venture in Tunisia with Pomme de Pain.
COMMERCIAL
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Volumes (million litres) 4,045 4,380 -8% ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Gross profit 156 192 -19% ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Gross cash unit margin ($/'000 litres) 45 49 -8% ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Gross cash profit 181 214 -15% ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------ Adjusted EBITDA 92 135 -32% ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- ------
overview
We ensure reliable supply of high quality fuels and LPG products to a wide range of customers in the mining, construction, power, road transport, aviation and marine sectors. We provide those products with extensive and trusted services, to ensure we add value beyond the products we sell.
2020 Review
Our Commercial segment volumes were lower by 8% year-on-year, mainly due to the impact of weaker Aviation and Marine volumes arising from travel restrictions imposed as a result of COVID-19. However, volume--performance in Core Commercial was strong. Gross cash unit margins of $45 per thousand litres was down 8% year--on-year primarily due to the negative inventory effects on the stock on hand in H1 2020. Gross cash profit of $181 million (2019: $214 million) was therefore 15% lower than the previous year.
Core commercial
Our Core Commercial business offers a range of services including the supply of bulk fuel to customers in the transportation, mining, construction and power sectors, as well as LPG to both consumers and industry. Core Commercial accounted for 85% (2019: 75%) of total Commercial volumes and 93% (2019: 82%) of overall Commercial gross cash profit. Volumes were 5% higher year--on--year mainly due to two months of additional contribution from the Engen--branded markets, aided by our tactical approach to the resellers market to take advantage of disrupted supply chains, as well as a robust performance in the LPG business due to the use of gas for home cooking. Furthermore, many of our key mining customers continued to operate as they were not significantly impacted by COVID-19. Volumes in H2 2020 compared to the prior period, were negatively impacted by the completion of a large circa 12-month supply contract in September, however underlying trends remained positive.
Gross cash unit margin was down 9% year--on--year due to negative inventory effects and lower margin sales to resellers, export customers and industrial users in the LPG business. This was partially offset by favourable supply margins in some markets. As a result, unit margins were $49 per thousand litres (2019: $54 per thousand litres) in Core Commercial.
Aviation and Marine
The contribution from Aviation and Marine fell significantly due to the impact of travel restrictions arising from COVID-19, accounting for just 15% of overall Commercial volumes (2019: 25%) and 7% of total Commercial gross cash profit (2019: 18%). These restrictions resulted in volumes being 46% lower than the previous year and unit margins falling to $21 per thousand litres (2019: $35 per thousand litres).
The Aviation business registered the largest drop in volumes, down 55% year-on-year as most airlines were restricted to cargo and repatriation flights across our markets at the peak of the pandemic. We experienced a small improvement in the second half of the year following the partial lifting of travel restrictions and the opening of borders in some countries, although we expect that Aviation volumes will remain subdued for some time. The Marine business also recorded lower volumes as a result of lower cargo and cruise line movements in key markets. Partially offsetting this, we secured profitable Marine spot sales in some markets resulting in a 28% increase in the unit margin.
lubricants
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Volumes (million litres) 136 137 -1% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Gross profit 74 72 +3% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Revenues 366 375 -2% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Gross cash unit margin ($/'000 litres) 570 547 +4% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Gross cash profit 78 75 +4% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Adjusted EBITDA 52 54 -4% ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- ------
overview
We offer an extensive range of leading-edge lubricants to different sectors, backed by approval from a wide range of equipment manufacturers. We sell lubricants on the forecourt and through distributors while also providing essential value to many Commercial customers via a wide range of specialist products and services.
2020 review
The performance of our Lubricants segment remained solid despite the drop in demand arising from COVID-19, which significantly impacted the performance of our Retail business in key markets. The gradual easing of mobility restrictions generated significant improvement in the second half of the year, with volumes remaining broadly flat year--on-year due to two months of additional contribution from Engen-branded entities and marketing initiatives implemented to aid the recovery process. Unit margins were up 4% year--on--year at $570 per thousand litres (2019: $547 per thousand litres) due to favourable base oil prices.
Gross cash profit of $78 million was therefore 4% up year-on-year due to good unit margins and volumes.
retail lubricants
We sell Retail lubricants on the forecourt in our service stations to Retail customers and also through distributors to other consumers (B2C). Retail lubricants accounted for 62% of total segment volume (2019: 61%) and 63% of segment gross cash profit (2019: 60%).
Volumes sold were flat year-on-year despite the significant impact of lower traffic at our retail sites arising from COVID-19 containment measures. Following the easing of COVID-19 measures, the strong H2 2020 performance was driven by a range of sales promotions, active selling on our forecourts and engagement with our distributors. This demonstrates the strong underlying demand for lubricants in our markets due to the age of the car parc and the strength of our Lubricants brand.
Unit margins were higher year-on--year at $577 per thousand litres (2019: $542 per thousand litres) due to improved sales of our premium lubricants in the second half of the year and favourable base oil prices.
commercial lubricants
We sell Commercial lubricants to customers across our operating units and also to export customers in other countries. Commercial volumes accounted for 38% of total Lubricants volume (2019: 39%) and 37% of gross cash profit (2019: 40%).
Volumes were down 4% to 52 million litres year-on-year mainly due to lower sales in several export markets. There were also lower sales volumes in the first half of the year in the construction and power sectors, which were impacted by lockdown restrictions. Significant improvements were, however, registered during the second half of the year as COVID-19 restrictions were gradually lifted.
Unit margins increased by 2% year-on-year to $569 per thousand litres (2019: $556 per thousand litres) due to the favourable product mix and lower base oil prices, partially offset by unfavourable exchange rate movements.
Financial review
CONSOLIDATED results of operations
summary income statement
US$ million 2020 2019 Change ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Revenues 6,918 8,302 -17% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Cost of sales (6,301) (7,627) -17% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Gross profit 617 675 -9% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Selling and marketing cost (226) (224) +1% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ General and administrative cost (176) (165) +7% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Share of profit of joint ventures and associates 16 22 -27% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Other income/(expense) 4 2 +100% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ EBIT 235 310 -24% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Finance expense - net (60) (64) -6% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ EBT 175 246 -29% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Income taxes (85) (96) -11% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Net income 90 150 -40% ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------ Earnings per share (US$) 2020 2019 Change ------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Basic 0.06 0.11 -45% ------------------------- ---- ---- ------ Diluted 0.06 0.11 -45% ------------------------- ---- ---- ------
NON-GAAP MEASURES
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 Change ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Volumes (million litres) 9,637 10,417 -7% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Gross cash profit 697 743 -6% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ EBITDA 360 416 -13% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Adjusted EBITDA 360 431 -16% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ ETR (%) 49% 39% n/a ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Adjusted net income 90 162 -44% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------ Adjusted diluted EPS (US$) 0.06 0.12 -50% ---------------------------------------- ----- ------ ------
analysis of consolidated results of operations
Volumes
After a strong start to the year, with double digit volume growth in January and February, volumes sold were 7% lower
year-on-year due to severe mobility restrictions imposed in the first half of the year to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Aviation, Marine and Retail businesses were significantly impacted by these restrictions, while Commercial fuel and LPG remained robust. The Group made significant recovery in the second half of the year as the containment measures were gradually eased. Aviation sales however remained subdued due to continuing restrictions on international travel.
Revenue
Revenue was 17% down year--on--year at $6,918 million (2019: $8,302 million), reflecting the significant decline in crude oil prices and contraction in demand due to the COVID-19 related mobility restrictions.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales were lower by $1,326 million, or 17%, to $6,301 million in 2020. The decrease is mainly due to lower purchases in line with sales volumes and lower cost of inventory due to the significant decrease in crude oil prices during the year.
Gross profit
Gross profit was $617 million, down 9% year--on-year mainly due to lower volumes, reflecting the effect of lower demand for oil products due to COVID-19.
Gross Cash profit
Gross cash profit was down 6% year-on-year to $697 million, mostly due to lower volumes, partially offset by higher gross cash unit margin. The Group started the year strongly, with over 20% growth in gross cash profit during the first two months of the year, before COVID-19 related restrictions caused an unprecedented drop in demand. The Group also took deliberate action at the peak of the pandemic to reduce inventory levels by making targeted sales of excess stock at lower margins. As restrictions were gradually eased across our markets, the Group saw a strong rebound in the second half of the year, with gross cash profit recovering well and unit margins benefiting from product mix and positive pricing. Accounting for hyperinflation however had a negative impact of c.$2 million (2019: +$3 million) on the gross cash profit.
Selling and Marketing cost
Selling and marketing cost remained broadly in line with 2019 and was mainly impacted by an additional two months cost contribution from Engen--branded markets and a first full year of amortisation relating to our newly implemented ERP system. This was partially offset by lower spend on marketing campaigns, a decrease in non-essential spend during the pandemic and favourable foreign currency exchange effects.
General and administrative cost
General and administrative cost, including special items, increased by $11 million to $176 million in 2020 (2019: $165 million). This was mainly due to two months' additional cost from Engen-branded markets, COVID-19 pandemic related donations provided to communities where Vivo Energy operates and higher depreciation and amortisation expense. The higher cost was partially offset by a positive foreign currency exchange effect.
Share of Profit from joint ventures and associates
Share of profit from joint ventures and associates decreased by $6 million to $16 million mainly due to the impact of
COVID-19 on SVL, our joint ventures in Morocco and our investments in QSR joint ventures that were negatively affected by temporary restaurant closures during lockdowns. In a number of markets, our QSRs were open and operating delivery and takeaway services in the second half of the year.
Other income
Other income of $4 million (2019: $2 million) mainly related to gains on disposal of PP&E.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA was $360 million, down 16% year-on-year. The decrease is mostly attributable to lower volumes linked to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, higher general and administrative cost and a lower share of profit from our joint ventures and associates.
Net finance expense
Net finance expense decreased by $4 million to $60 million, mainly due to foreign exchange gains and a lower impact resulting from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'. This was partially offset by higher interest expenses arising from increased use of short-term bank facilities at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic and an additional two months of contribution from the Engen--branded markets.
Income taxes
The ETR increased to 49% from 39% compared to the comparative period of 2019. The increase in the ETR is primarily due to the lower earnings before tax of $175 million (2019: $246 million) giving a higher relative impact of the permanent items and withholding tax on upstreamed dividends and central fees which are not linked to the current year earnings before tax level.
Net Income
Net income, including the impact of special items, was $90 million, down 40% from $150 million in 2019. Minority interest was $10 million for the year (2019: $14 million).
Earnings Per share
Basic earnings per share amounted to 6 cents per share (2019: 11 cents per share). Adjusted diluted earnings per share, excluding the impact of special items, were 6 cents per share (2019: 12 cents per share).
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION
Assets
Trade receivables decreased by $107 million from $451 million in 2019 to $344 million in 2020. The decrease was largely due to the impact of lower sales volumes, as a result of lower demand, and declining crude oil prices. Average monthly DSO(1) for the period was 16 days (2019: 17 days).
Other assets decreased by $50 million from $367 million in 2019 to $317 million, mainly due to a decrease in other government benefits receivable and prepayments, partially offset by loans to joint ventures.
Inventories decreased by $37 million from $517 million in 2019 to $480 million in 2020, mainly attributable to the decline in crude oil prices resulting in a lower stock value compared to 2019. Average inventory days for the period was 29 days (2019: 24 days), higher than 2019 as a result of lower market demand during the period.
Property, plant and equipment increased by $66 million from $823 million in 2019 to $889 million in 2020. Capital expenditure was the key driver for the increase, partially offset by depreciation for the period.
The increase in right-of-use assets of $25 million from $176 million in 2019 to $201 million in 2020 related to new leases, of which the majority were retail service stations, partially offset by depreciation for the period.
Investments in joint ventures and associates increased by $4 million, from $227 million in 2019 to $231 million in 2020, resulting from $16 million in share of profits and $14 million related to newly acquired joint ventures during the period. These new joint ventures are Kuku Foods with operations in Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda and Synergy Foods operating in Namibia. This increase was partially offset by a dividend received of $24 million.
Deferred tax assets increased by $12 million from $34 million in 2019 to $46 million in 2020 mainly due to the increase in leases and tax losses for the period.
Equity
Total equity increased by $8 million, from $804 million in 2019 to $812 million in 2020. The increase was primarily due to total comprehensive income for the year of $47 million, partially offset by dividends.
Liabilities
Trade payables decreased by $209 million from $1,257 million in 2019 to $1,048 million in 2020. The decrease was driven by lower purchases and costs, resulting from a global reduction in demand for fuel and declining crude oil prices. Average monthly DPO(1) for the period was 54 days (2019: 55 days).
Borrowings increased by $82 million from $600 million in 2019 to $682 million in 2020. The increase is mainly attributable to the proceeds from notes issued of $350 million, during September 2020, and increased short--term borrowing facilities to fund working capital requirements due to the impact of COVID-19 earlier in the year. The increase was partially offset by repayment of the Group's long and short-term loan obligations.
The increase in lease liabilities of $18 million from $125 million in 2019 to $143 million in 2020 related to new leases, in line with the increase in right of use assets, partially offset by the repayment of lease instalments for the period.
DIVIDS
The Board has adopted a progressive dividend policy while maintaining an appropriate level of dividend cover and sufficient financial flexibility in the Group.
As part of the Group's response to the impact of the pandemic, the Board prudently withdrew its recommendation to pay a final dividend for 2019 in order to protect its balance sheet. It also opted not to declare an interim dividend in respect of H1 2020 performance at the time. However, due to the rapid actions taken by the Group to protect our business, the resilience of our business model and the performance of the business in the second half of the year, our balance sheet remained strong. As a result, and in recognition of the importance of dividends to shareholders, the Board paid an interim dividend in December 2020, in place of the withdrawn 2019 final dividend.
The recommended 2020 final dividend of 3.8 cents per share represents performance during the full 12 months of 2020 and should be seen as the base for future dividends rather than the 2020 total dividends paid of 6.5 cents per share.
In March 2021, the Board decided to increase the minimum payout ratio from 30% to 50% of attributable net income to reflect the Group's cash flows, strong balance sheet and continuing growth ambitions. The dividend remains progressive and the intent is for future dividends to grow in line with earnings. The Group declares its dividends in US dollars.
1 Days sales outstanding (DSO) and days purchases outstanding (DPO) are based on monthly averages and on trade elements only.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
adjusted FREE CASH FLOW
US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Net income 90 150 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Adjustment for non-cash items and other 214 202 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Current income tax paid (89) (83) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Net change in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments(1) 48 176 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Cash flow from operating activities 263 445 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Net additions of PP&E and intangible assets2 (163) (147) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Free cash flow 100 298 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Special items3 12 27 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- Adjusted free cash flow 112 325 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- 1 Net change in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments includes finance expense. 2 Excluding cash flow from acquisition of businesses and other investing activities.
3 Cash impact of special items. Special items are explained and reconciled in the Non-GAAP financial measures.
Adjusted free cash flow decreased by $213 million, from $325 million in 2019 to $112 million in 2020. The decrease was mainly due to lower cash inflows from operating activities, which were negatively affected by a decrease in the net change in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments of $128 million and a decrease in net income of $60 million. In the prior year net changes in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments benefitted from the timing of prepayments in relation to the fuel importation contracts in Kenya and the timing of payments to suppliers. During 2020, the Group had fewer importation contracts further contributing to the year-on-year decrease. The fluctuations in working capital are resulting from the impact of declining crude oil prices and market demand experienced during the year, and are the main drivers for the decrease in net change in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments. Income tax paid amounted to $89 million for the year ended 31 December 2020 (2019: $83 million). Cash inflow from operating activities fully funded net capital expenditure of $163 million in 2020 (2019: $147 million).
capital expenditures
US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Maintenance 55 46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Growth 101 88 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Special projects 12 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Total 168 149 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Retail 100 78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Commercial 29 27 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Lubricants 3 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Other (technology, supply and distribution and general corporate costs) 36 42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Total 168 149 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Of which growth capital expenditure was: 101 88 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Retail 74 61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Commercial 23 21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Lubricants 2 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Other (technology, supply and distribution and general corporate costs) 2 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- ----
Due to the impact of COVID-19 on the business, we strategically slowed down non--essential capital expenditure during the first half of the year. As a result of the rapid actions taken by the Group to protect the business and the resilience of our business model, investment into Growth accelerated in the second half of the year to take advantage of the opportunities in some of our markets. The majority of Growth expenditure was attributable to Retail projects which included the expansion of our retail network and Non--fuel retail offerings as well as acquisition of dealer networks in some of our markets. The 'Shining sites' project was established in 2019 to enhance our Retail network and ensure compliance with our stringent standards. During 2020, 320 retail sites were 'shined'.
Special projects relate to investments in the Group's new ERP system and projects to utilise its full potential for the business. In 2019, the Group implemented SAP S/4HANA in 15 countries and during 2020 we expanded this to a number of our joint venture and Group companies. The implementation process will continue in 2021 within the eight Engen--branded countries and is expected to be fully completed by the end of the year.
ROACE decreased from 21% in 2019 to 12% in 2020. The decrease is mainly due to lower earnings and an increase in capital employed compared to prior year.
NET DEBT AND AVAILABLE LIQUIDITY
US$ million 31 December 2020 31 December 2019 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Long-term debt 408 371 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Lease liabilities 143 125 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Total debt excluding short-term bank borrowings 551 496 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Short-term bank borrowings(1) 274 229 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Less cash and cash equivalents (515) (517) ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- Net debt 310 208 ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ---------------- 1 Short-term bank borrowings exclude the current portion of the long-term debt. US$ million 31 December 2020 31 December 2019 ------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Net debt 310 208 ------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Adjusted EBITDA(1) 360 431 ------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Leverage ratio(1) 0.86x 0.48x ------------------- ---------------- ----------------
1 For the description and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures refer to the Non-GAAP financial measures below.
US$ million 31 December 2020 31 December 2019 --------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Cash and cash equivalents 515 517 --------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Available undrawn credit facilities 1,563 1,410 --------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Available short-term capital resources 2,078 1,927 --------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
Long-term debt includes a revolving credit facility and $350 million in notes with a coupon rate of 5.125% paid semi-annually that were issued in September 2020. The notes mature in seven years and are fully redeemable at maturity. Short--term bank borrowings include the individual operating entities' uncommitted unsecured short-term bank facilities consisting of a large number of uncommitted facilities (ranging from $1 million to $391 million). These facilities, which carry interest rates between 1.5% and 18.0% per annum, are extended by multiple local banks to operating units and are typically for a period of 12 months, automatically renewable. The Group's debt covenants are disclosed in the Consolidated financial statements note 23.
Net debt increased by $102 million from $208 million at 31 December 2019 to $310 million at 31 December 2020. The increase in net debt was mainly due to an increase in the Group's short-term bank borrowings and long-term debt.
Short-term bank borrowings increased as a result of increased facility utilisation to fund working capital requirements due to the impact of COVID-19 earlier in the year. The increase in long-term debt was mainly attributable to the notes issuance and new leases for the period, partially offset by settlement of the term loan.
Despite the difficult year, the Group maintained a healthy balance sheet with a leverage ratio of 0.86x in 2020. This increase is mainly attributable to a higher net debt and a lower adjusted EBITDA in the current year.
The available undrawn credit facilities of $1,563 million comprise the remaining balance of $240 million of the undrawn and uncommitted multi-currency revolving credit facility and $1,323 million of undrawn unsecured short--term bank facilities extended to our operating entities for working capital purposes.
The table below sets the Group's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the reporting date to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed are the contractual undiscounted cash flows:
US$ million 31 December 2020
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
Between
Less than 3 months Between Between Over
3 months and 1 year 1 and 2 years 2 and 5 years 5 years Total
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
Borrowings(1) 266 2 6 60 350 684
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
Trade payables 1,040 8 - - - 1,048
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
Lease liabilities 7 28 29 59 94 217
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
Other liabilities(2) 13 22 17 2 161 215
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
Total 1,326 60 52 121 605 2,164
--------------------- --------- ----------- -------------- -------------- ----------- -----
1 Borrowings exclude the undrawn multi-currency revolving credit facility of $240 million.
2 Other liabilities (note 26) exclude the elements that do not qualify as financial instruments.
The Group has purchase obligations, for capital and operational expenditure, under various agreements, made in the normal course of business. The purchase obligations are as follows, as at:
US$ million 31 December 2020 31 December 2019 --------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Purchase obligations 22 13 --------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Total 22 13 --------------------- ---------------- ----------------
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
Non-GAAP measures are not defined by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and, therefore, may not be directly comparable with other companies' non--GAAP measures, including those in our industry. Non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and are not intended to be a substitute for, or superior to, IFRS measurements.
The exclusion of certain items from non--GAAP performance measures does not imply that these items are necessarily
non-recurring. From time to time, we may exclude additional items if we believe doing so would result in a more transparent and comparable disclosure.
The Directors believe that reporting non--GAAP financial measures in addition to IFRS measures provides users with an enhanced understanding of results and related trends and increases the transparency and clarity of the core results of our operations. Non--GAAP measures are used by the Directors and management for performance analysis, planning, reporting and key management performance measures.
Term Description Term Description
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
Gross cash profit This is a measure of gross Gross cash unit margin Gross cash profit per unit.
profit after direct operating Unit is defined as 1,000 litres
expenses and before of sales volume. This is a
non-cash depreciation and useful
amortisation recognised in cost measure as it indicates the
of sales. Reference to 'cash' in incremental profit for each
this measure refers to non-cash additional unit sold.
depreciation and amortisation as
opposed to the elimination
of working capital movements.
Gross cash profit is a key
management performance measure.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
EBITDA Earnings before finance expense, Adjusted EBITDA EBITDA adjusted for the impact
finance income, income tax, of special items. This is a
depreciation and amortisation. useful measure as it provides
This measure provides the the
Group's operating profitability Group's operating profitability
and results before non-cash and results, before non-cash
charges charges and is an indicator of
and is a key management the core operations, exclusive
performance measure. of special items.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
Adjusted net Net income adjusted for the Adjusted diluted EPS Diluted EPS adjusted for the
income impact of special items. impact of special items.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
Special items Income or charges that are not Adjusted free cash flow Cash flow from operating
considered to represent the activities less net additions
underlying operational to PP&E and intangible assets
performance and excluding
and, based on their significance the impact of special items.
in size or nature, are presented This is a key operational
separately to provide further liquidity measure, as it
understanding of the financial indicates
and operational performance. the cash available to pay
dividends, repay debt or make
further investments in the
Group.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
Net debt Total borrowings and lease Leverage ratio Net debt, including lease
liabilities less cash and cash liability, divided by last 12
equivalents. months adjusted EBITDA.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
Adjusted EBIT Earnings before finance expense, Return on average capital Adjusted EBIT after income tax,
finance income and income taxes employed using the actual consolidated
adjusted for special items. (ROACE) ETR, divided by the average
The Group views adjusted EBIT as capital employed. Average
a useful measure because it capital employed is the average
shows the Group's profitability of opening and closing net
and the ability to generate assets
profits by excluding the impact plus borrowings and lease
of tax and the capital liabilities, less cash and cash
structure, equivalents and interest
as well as excluding income or bearing
charges that are not considered advances. ROACE is a useful
to represent the underlying measure because it shows the
operational performance. profitability of the Group
considering
the average amount of capital
used.
----------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP financial MEASURES
US$ million 2020 2019 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ Gross profit 617 675 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ Add back: depreciation and amortisation in cost of sales 80 68 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ Gross cash profit 697 743 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ Volume (million litres) 9,637 10,417 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ Gross cash unit margin ($/'000 litres) 72 71 --------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBT 175 246 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Finance expense - net 60 64 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBIT 235 310 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Depreciation, amortisation and impairment 125 106 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBITDA 360 416 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Adjustments to EBITDA related to special items: ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Hyperinflation(1) 2 - ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- IPO(2) and Engen acquisition related expenses3 1 11 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Write-off of non-current asset4 - 3 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Restructuring5 - 3 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Management Equity Plan6 (3) (2) ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Adjusted EBITDA 360 431 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- US$ million 2020 2019 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Net income 90 150 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjustments to net income related to special items: ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Hyperinflation(1) 2 - ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- IPO(2) and Engen acquisition related expenses3 1 11 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Write-off of non-current asset4 - 3 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Restructuring5 - 3 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Management Equity Plan6 (3) (2) ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Tax on special items - (3) ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjusted net income 90 162 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
1 The impacts of accounting for hyperinflation for Vivo Energy Zimbabwe, in accordance with IAS 29, are treated as special items since they are not considered to represent the underlying operational performance of the Group and based on their significance in size and unusual nature are excluded as the local currency depreciation against the US dollar does not align to the published inflation rates during the period.
2 IPO related items in 2020 and 2019 concern the IPO share awards which are accrued for over the vesting period.
3 On 1 March 2019 Vivo Energy Investments B.V., a subsidiary of the Group, acquired 100% of the issued shares in Vivo Energy Overseas Holdings Limited (VEOHL) (formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited). The cost of the acquisition and related integration project expenses are treated as special items.
4 The Group recognised a write-off in 2019 related to a government benefits receivable as a result of a retrospective price structure change by the government to finance their outstanding debt. Such retrospective changes of existing price structures are considered non-recurring and are not representative of the core operational business activities and performance and are, therefore, treated as special items.
5 Restructuring costs were incurred in 2019 mainly as a result of the integration of VEOHL into our business model. The impact from these activities do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and were, therefore, treated as a special item in 2019.
6 The Management Equity Plan vested at IPO in May 2018 and is exercisable on the first anniversary of admission for a period of 24 months. Changes in the fair value of the cash-settled share-based plan do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and should, therefore, be treated as a special item. The costs of share-based payment schemes introduced after the IPO are not treated as special items.
US$ 2020 2019 ------------------------------------ ---- ---- Diluted earnings per share 0.06 0.11 ------------------------------------ ---- ---- Impact of special items - 0.01 ------------------------------------ ---- ---- Adjusted diluted earnings per share 0.06 0.12 ------------------------------------ ---- ---- US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- EBIT 235 310 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Adjustments to EBIT related to special items: ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Hyperinflation(1) 2 - ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- IPO(2) and Engen acquisition related expenses3 1 11 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Write-off of non-current asset4 - 3 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Restructuring5 - 3 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Management Equity Plan6 (3) (2) ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Adjusted EBIT 235 325 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ETR (%)(7) 49% 39% ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Adjusted EBIT after tax 120 198 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- Average capital employed 1,021 956 ----------------------------------------------- ----- ---- ROACE 12% 21% ----------------------------------------------- ----- ----
1 The impacts of accounting for hyperinflation for Vivo Energy Zimbabwe, in accordance with IAS 29, are treated as special items since they are not considered to represent the underlying operational performance of the Group and based on their significance in size and unusual nature are excluded as the local currency depreciation against the US dollar does not align to the published inflation rates during the period.
2 IPO related items in 2020 and 2019 concern the IPO share awards which are accrued for over the vesting period.
3 On 1 March 2019 Vivo Energy Investments B.V., a subsidiary of the Group, acquired 100% of the issued shares in Vivo Energy Overseas Holdings Limited (VEOHL) (formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited). The cost of the acquisition and related integration project expenses are treated as special items.
4 The Group recognised a write-off in 2019 related to a government benefits receivable as a result of a retrospective price structure change by the government to finance their outstanding debt. Such retrospective changes of existing price structures are considered non-recurring and are not representative of the core operational business activities and performance and are, therefore, treated as special items.
5 Restructuring costs were incurred in 2019 mainly as a result of the integration of VEOHL into our business model. The impact from these activities do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and were, therefore, treated as a special item in 2019.
6 The Management Equity Plan vested at IPO in May 2018 and is exercisable on the first anniversary of admission for a period of 24 months. Changes in the fair value of the cash-settled share-based plan do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and should, therefore, be treated as a special item. The costs of share-based payment schemes introduced after the IPO are not treated as special items.
7 Represents the actual consolidated ETR without the impact of special items on the ETR.
PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Our activities are exposed to various risks and uncertainties. These are risks that we assess as relevant and significant to our business at this time, however other risks could emerge in the future.
Overall, our risk management programme focuses on the unpredictability of the global market and seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on financial performance. In addition to the risks and uncertainties presented below, our ability to simultaneously manage the multiple growth generating projects is closely monitored by all relevant control functions.
Brand & Reputational
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
1. Partner reputation and relationships
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our business depends on a small The termination of any key brand Our brand licence agreements contain
number of key contractual brand licence could have a material impact customary termination provisions
relationships with our brand on our ability to grow which provide that they
partners, Shell and Engen. We also or maintain our business and could can only be terminated in very
rely on our own business reputation have a material cost impact on specific circumstances rather than
and brand in order current operations. for mere convenience. Such
to successfully grow our business The deterioration of our brand name, termination provisions relate, inter
and develop new relationships with or of any of our business alia, to events of material breach,
other brand partners. relationships, including with insolvency etc. We
Our ability to grow and maintain our our existing brand partners, may have developed appropriate processes
business in our markets and beyond prevent collaboration opportunities and procedures to monitor and ensure
depends on the reputation with existing or new our compliance with
of our business partners and partners, thus hindering growth the terms of our brand agreements
relationships (including our brand plans of the Group. thus preserving both the
partners). A negative trend or development in relationships with our brand
the brand or reputation of one of partners
our key business partners and the sanctity of our key
could adversely impact our current contractual relationships. The
business and future growth plans if Group's corporate reputation risk
it were to adversely is one of the key risk categories
impact consumer sentiment towards subject to an ongoing assessment and
the brands under which we operate. mitigation in our risk
management approach. It is
continuously monitored and reported
as part of the risk register
and internal audit reporting.
We endeavour to only enter into
brand relationships with
well-established and reputable
partners
who are less likely to suffer
significant loss of reputation or
brand value. In all our key
contracts and relationships, we
ensure our partners adhere to
ethical, HSSEQ and other operational
standards that meet or exceed our
own standards. Stringent Know Your
Customer (KYC) procedures
are performed prior to entering any
contract over the Group's low level
threshold (and regardless
of any value when the counterparty
is related to a defined list of
sanctioned countries) and
repeated frequently. We promote and
develop the communities in which we
operate to help build
the Vivo Energy brand as the most
respected energy business in Africa.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
2. Criminal activity, fraud, bribery and compliance risk
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The countries where we operate are Violations of anti-bribery, We provide compliance training
exposed to high levels of risk anti--corruption laws, and other programmes to employees at all
relating to criminal activity, regulatory requirements may result levels.
fraud, bribery, theft and in significant criminal or civil Our Code of Conduct and KYC
corruption. sanctions, which could disrupt our procedures, along with various other
There are a number of regulatory business, damage its reputation policies and safeguards,
requirements applicable to the and result in a material adverse have been designed to prevent the
Group. The related risk of effect on the business, results of occurrence of fraud, bribery, theft
non--compliance with these operations and financial and corruption within
regulations has increased following condition. the Group.
the listing and the Engen We have a confidential
transaction. whistle--blowing helpline for
The COVID-19 pandemic and new ways employees, contractors, customers
of working have created increased and
opportunities for fraudsters, other third parties to raise ethical
with an increase in concerns or questions.
cyber-fraud activity reported. We regularly maintain and update our
information technology and control
systems within the
Group.
The Head of Ethics and Compliance
and the Head of Forensics are
involved in mitigating fraudulent
activities in the Group.
We strive to ensure our anti-bribery
management systems continue to be
certified compliant
under the ISO 37001 standard.
We have further strengthened our
controls in 2020 by providing online
training and guidance
for all staff on how to work from
home securely.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
pricing
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
3. Oil price fluctuations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The price of oil and oil products Higher supply costs in deregulated Exposure to commodity price risk is
may fluctuate, preventing us from markets result in higher prices for mitigated through careful inventory
realising our targeted our products and could and supply chain management
margins, specifically in the reduce our ability to achieve as well as dynamic pricing.
deregulated markets in which we targeted unit margins. We have adapted the management of
operate. Price fluctuations could negatively critical operational and finance
The COVID-19 pandemic led to an impact the value of stocks, activities, increasing
unprecedented volatility in oil resulting in stock losses. the frequency at which the Group
prices throughout 2020. monitors its supply commitments,
demand and stocks in the
current high volatility environment.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
4. Currency exchange risk
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We are exposed to foreign exchange Depreciation of foreign currency Our treasury policy requires each
risk, currency exchange controls, exchange rates could result in country to manage its foreign
currency shortage and severe financial losses. exchange risks. The Central
other currency--related risks. Treasury team approves all hedging
Our risk includes potential plans before they are actioned to
hyperinflation in several countries, ensure they are aligned
as we are currently experiencing with our strategic focus.
in Zimbabwe. We mitigate currency exchange risks
Emerging market currencies have been through margin and pricing
hit hard by the global market strategies.
sell-off on the back of Since the start of the pandemic, we
the COVID-19 pandemic. have increased the frequency at
which the Group monitors
its forex exposures.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
HEALTH, SAFETY, SECURITY & environment
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
5. Health and Safety
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We are exposed to accidents or We may incur potential liabilities We ensure all safety measures for
incidents relating to health, safety arising from HSSEQ our retail service stations, storage
and the environment and accidents/incidents. sites, and employees
from such accidents relating to Brand reputation can be severely are maintained at international
employees. impacted, along with employee standards.
We are further subject to HSSEQ laws confidence. We invest significantly in training
and regulations and industry Regulators and authorities may and technology to improve road
standards related to each impose fines, disrupt our operations transport safety.
of the countries in which we and disallow permits for The highest emphasis is placed on
operate. future ventures. process safety, and minimising
This is our principal risk most The health and safety of our staff security risks to our people,
impacted by COVID-19. Main risk and business partners are at risk our facilities and the communities
relates to staff or business due to COVID-19. Unavailability in which we operate.
partners contracting the virus, of staff, contractors or retailers We require all our contractors and
entailing threats to life and could also lead to closure of key partners to manage their HSSEQ
business continuity. sites. policies and practices in
line with ours.
On an ongoing basis, safety and
security drills, campaigns and
programmes are conducted to
ensure widespread knowledge of the
Group's HSSEQ principles and
procedures.
In addition to our ongoing, daily
attention to HSSEQ, we hold an
annual Safety Day, which
creates an opportunity for all
employees to refocus on the
importance of HSSEQ of our Group.
The day is used to reinforce safety
measures as well as raise awareness
of key issues.
Our BCCP has been reviewed (ensuring
presence of critical staff, in
particular those involved
in site security) and COVID-19
protocols developed and implemented
to cope with the pandemic
specific risks. This includes
international travel restrictions,
adherence to World Health
Organization guidelines and national
legislation, special PPE and
donning/doffing procedures,
revised site access and visit
controls, office and asset recovery
and reintegration plan and
engagement of key stakeholders
including hauliers and contractors.
Finally, recommendation
was made for all non-essential
physical work to be done remotely
and business meetings to
be virtual.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
6. ECONOMIC AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTABILITY
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Several countries and regions in An economic slowdown which We closely monitor evolving issues
which we operate have experienced adversely affects, for example, in markets.
economic and political disposable income, vehicle distance We ensure appropriate responses and
instability that could adversely driven, or infrastructure business continuity plans are
affect the economy of our markets. development, in one or more of developed to minimise disruptions.
these regions could negatively All local regulatory environments
impact and changes are closely monitored.
our sales and have a material
adverse effect on the business,
financial conditions and
operational
results.
The pandemic and its social and
economic consequences could
negatively impact the stability
of some of the countries where we
do operate, intensifying social
tensions.
------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
operational
our risk risk impact our mitigation ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- 7. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY AND SUPPLY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We are dependent upon the supply of The increased procurement costs We ensure optimal inventory fuels, lubricants, and additives could lower our margins. management through close monitoring from various suppliers. Limited supply of products and of inventory days, sales and When raw materials are needed storage facilities may result in other factors which may require urgently, asymmetric negotiations stock outs. This could further additional inventory levels. occur. The bargaining power result in breach of contract and We monitor our suppliers' political shifts to the supplier who in turn disruptions to our operations, and social environments, and can charge a higher price. leaving us susceptible to realign our purchasing strategies Furthermore, we are restricted by fines or penalties. as necessary. limited storage capacity within We have increased storage capacity some country facilities. at strategic locations within In the short-term, the pandemic led Africa, following the Engen
to an over-supply of crude oil acquisition.
leading to crude oil prices Since the outbreak of the pandemic,
declining to historically low we have adapted the management and
levels. The long-term impact on oil increased the frequency
producers remains unpredictable of monitoring of our supply
and there may be future impacts on commitments, demand and stocks.
production and supply capacity.
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------
8. business concentration risk
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A large part of the Group's Any unfavourable changes in market Overall diversification is the key
operations (and margins) are dynamics, such as the re-imposition strategy and control measure.
derived from Morocco when compared of pricing regulations The completion of the Engen
to other countries. for fuel, or downturns in the transaction has increased the
performance of the operations geographic diversification and
overall, may lead to a decline reduced
in the Group's performance. the relative weighting of the
Shell--branded operating units,
including Morocco, in the Group's
operations and volumes.
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------
9. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RISK
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our organisation is currently Inadequate processes and segregation Significant achievements have been
migrating to a new ERP, a critical of duties may impact the quality of completed in the 'enhancements and
project that will redesign the operations and fixes' programme designed
some of our operations, functions controls, making fraud detection to ensure the Group can take full
and controls. difficult. Data quality and advantage of its new ERP now
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the management issues may have operational in the 15
Group experienced an increase in financial, Shell--branded
phishing attacks and cyber-fraud operational or compliance countries. Deployment in the
activity reported. consequences leading to increased Engen--branded countries (most of
(financial and operating) costs them already operating with
and missed opportunities. a solution from the same vendor)
Cyber-crime can lead to significant has started and is expected to be
and direct financial losses, costly completed during 2021 allowing
and time--consuming a full integration of all operating
business disruption and impact units into the Group's platform.
reputation. The Group has developed its control
activities to strengthen its
cyber-defence capacity and
efficiency to identify and block
attacks. The last penetration test
conducted in 2020 by an
external firm confirmed that our
security controls are above
industry average.
----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------
strategic
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
10. Acquisition Integration
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We may be unable to identify or We may incur write-downs, impairment All acquisition decisions are
accurately evaluate suitable charges or unforeseen liabilities, intensively reviewed at several
acquisition candidates or to placing strain on stages with ultimate approval
complete or integrate past or financial resources. by the Board.
prospective acquisitions Occurrences of indebtedness could This ensures risks at all levels are
successfully and/or in a timely result in increased obligations and being assessed and mitigated
manner, include covenants or throughout the process.
which could materially adversely other restrictions that limit We ensure there are detailed
affect growth. operational flexibility. integration plans with realistic
timelines as well as designated
teams to execute the plans.
Tailored on-boarding and training is
delivered
post-acquisition to ensure a smooth
and efficient transition.
The Engen-branded operating units
acquired in 2019 operate in line
with the Group procedures
and policies. The integration
programme to align all key functions
and activities to the Group
standards has proved to be
efficient. Operations are measured
through key performance indicators.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
11. CLIMATE CHANGE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
The increasing global actions to Shift in customer behaviours, We have a range of initiatives
mitigate climate change and its expectations and the development and underway in order to limit our
impacts may lead to changes adoption of affordable environmental impact through
in our regulatory environments, clean technology may impact future efficiency measures, cleaner fuels
customer behaviours and access to fuel demand. and alternative product offerings.
capital in the future which Non-adherence to evolving We are developing an assessment of
could materially impact the Group's regulation, brand partner the potential impacts of climate
future prospects. expectations, technology adoption change on future fuel
and demand, access to finance,
customer needs exposes the Group to regulation and the impact of extreme
compliance and financial risks. weather events into our business
Brand reputation can be model, strategy and financial
severely impacted, along with planning process.
employee confidence. We have enhanced the Governance
Financial markets may focus capital oversight of ESG matters, including
away from carbon intensive climate change, and the
industries, increasing the Nominations and Governance Committee
cost of capital for the Group. now assists the Board with oversight
of the Group's climate
change and ESG plans and strategy
including its readiness to support
the transition to a lower
carbon future in our markets.
The Group intends to enhance its
future reporting regarding climate
change in order to comply
with the Task Force for Climate
Related Financial Disclosures in
line with the UK Government's
expectations.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
12. EPIDEMIC
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
We face the risk of prolonged The COVID-19 pandemic led to a We have adapted the management of
impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, dramatic drop in demand for oil and the critical operational and finance
or experience new and recurrent gas products due to the activities, increasing
epidemics, worldwide, that may have level of mobility restrictions the frequency at which the Group
dramatic effects on humans, imposed by governments. These monitors its credit, supply
economies and security. restrictions may be replicated commitments, demand, stocks,
in the event of future pandemics. payables and foreign exchange
The reduction in demand and exposures in a high--volatility
subsequent change in product pricing environment.
could have a material impact Despite the sudden and unexpected
on the entire fuel supply chain, outbreak of the pandemic, the Group
from suppliers and distributors to Business Continuity
dealers operating sites, Plans were immediately activated to
as well as on the stability of the keep employees, retailers and
impacted countries. contractors safe and ensure
Future pandemics may also lead to the security of our critical sites
different changes in government and operations. The Group has been
actions and consumer behaviour able to maintain supply
that require the Group to rapidly to its retail sites and commercial
adapt and manage its key operational customers.
and financial variables. In parallel, the Group provided
Africa has experienced several support to communities, made a
epidemic crises over the past series of donations and brought
decades, including Ebola in logistic assistance to public
2013-2016, COVID-19 operational management
with authorities taking strong facilities in several countries.
measures such as lockdowns and
curfews to limit the spread
of contaminations which in turn
severely impacted the economies.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
financial
our risk risk impact our mitigation
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
13. Credit management
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We face risks arising from credit This may result in financial loss as We maintain country-specific Credit
exposure to commercial and retail a result of bad debts and lost Policy Manuals which ensure a
customers as well as governments, revenue. harmonised, cost effective
including outstanding receivables Exceeding payment terms will result and value--adding credit process in
and committed transactions. in lower working capital, all classes of business.
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the potentially creating liquidity Continuous monitoring of outstanding
solvency and liquidity of most of challenges for the business. credit balances ensures our overall
our customers, with a risk remains within
heightened effect on the Aviation our tolerance.
sector. We impose strict guidelines and
procedures should customers exceed
the credit limits set.
Credit limits are set on an
individual basis following
assessment of the customer through
KYC procedures.
We use debtor factorisation when
considered cost effective.
We increased the frequency of our
credit exposures monitoring and took
rapid and coordinated
action to stabilise our business and
support our teams from the start of
the COVID-19 pandemic.
We saw elevated levels of overdue
accounts early in the pandemic but
worked successfully with
customers to support them with their
payments. At year--end, Credit KPIs
are within target.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
human resources and talent management
our risk risk impact our mitigation ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ 14. HUMAN RESOURCES AND TALENT MANAGEMENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our ability to attract, train and Increased costs caused by staff We benchmark compensation packages grow people as well as retain talent inefficiency. and employee policies against market is key to the continuing Interruptions to operations and practice. success of the Group. delay in new projects. We invest in employee training and During the pandemic, our human Key people leaving the Group, with career development. resources and talent management risk some joining competitors. We use on-boarding workshops to has been impacted by governmental Disputes, strikes and sub--standard ensure that new employees are
limitations on movements, delaying performance. familiar with our business,
some international assignments and Loss of staff enjoyment, motivation, our culture and their roles when
relocations. Some local connectedness and attachment to the joining the Group.
measures may also affect our ability company. We maintain constructive dialogue
to move talent between countries in with unions and workforce
the future. representatives.
We maintain detailed succession
plans and talent management
programmes.
The Group has deployed a new
communication approach and ways of
working to keep connected
with all staff throughout the
pandemic.
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
US$ million Notes 2020 2019
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Revenues 5 6,918 8,302
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Cost of sales (6,301) (7,627)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Gross profit 5 617 675
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Selling and marketing cost (226) (224)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
General and administrative cost 7 (176) (165)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Share of profit of joint ventures and associates 13 16 22
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Other income/(expense) 8 4 2
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) 6 235 310
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Finance income 12 7
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Finance expense (72) (71)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Finance expense - net 9 (60) (64)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Earnings before tax (EBT) 175 246
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Income taxes 10 (85) (96)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Net income 6 90 150
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Net income attributable to:
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Equity holders of Vivo Energy plc 80 136
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Non-controlling interest (NCI) 10 14
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
90 150
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Other comprehensive income (OCI)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Currency translation differences (23) (42)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Net investment hedge (loss)/gain (17) 3
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Re-measurement of retirement benefits (5) -
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Income tax relating to retirement benefits 1 -
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Change in fair value of financial instruments through OCI 14 1 1
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Other comprehensive income, net of tax (43) (38)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Total comprehensive income 47 112
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Equity holders of Vivo Energy plc 41 113
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Non-controlling interest (NCI) 6 (1)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
47 112
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Earnings per share (US$) 21
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Basic 0.06 0.11
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
Diluted 0.06 0.11
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------- -------
The notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NON-GAAP MEASURES
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 ---------------------------------------- ---- ---- EBITDA 360 416 ----------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjusted EBITDA 360 431 ----------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjusted net income 90 162 ----------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjusted diluted EPS (US$) 0.06 0.12 ----------------------------------------- ---- ----
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
31 December 31 December
US$ million Notes 2020 2019
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Assets
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Non-current assets
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Property, plant and equipment 11 889 823
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Right-of-use assets 27 201 176
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Intangible assets 12 222 226
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Investments in joint ventures and associates 13 231 227
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Deferred income taxes 10 46 34
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Financial assets at fair value through
other comprehensive income 14 12 9
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other assets 16 117 110
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
1,718 1,605
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Current assets
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Inventories 17 480 517
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Trade receivables 18 344 451
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other assets 16 200 257
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Income tax receivables 11 9
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Cash and cash equivalents 19 515 517
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
1,550 1,751
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Total assets 3,268 3,356
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Equity
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Share capital 20 633 633
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Share premium 4 4
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Retained earnings 252 199
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other reserves (122) (85)
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Attributable to equity holders of Vivo
Energy plc 767 751
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Non-controlling interest 45 53
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Total equity 812 804
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Liabilities
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Non-current liabilities
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Lease liabilities 27 119 104
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Borrowings 23 412 294
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Provisions 24, 25 104 102
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Deferred income taxes 10 72 66
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other liabilities 26 165 160
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
872 726
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Current liabilities
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Lease liabilities 27 24 21
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Trade payables 1,048 1,257
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Borrowings 23 270 306
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Provisions 24, 25 16 14
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other financial liabilities 15 9 3
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Other liabilities 26 171 178
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Income tax payables 46 47
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
1,584 1,826
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Total liabilities 2,456 2,552
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
Total equity and liabilities 3,268 3,356
--------------------------------------------- ------ ----------- -----------
The notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorised for issue on 2 March 2021 and were signed on its behalf by:
Christian Chammas Johan Depraetere
Chief Executive OFFICER Chief Financial Officer
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Attributable to equity holders of Vivo Energy plc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other reserves
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Currency Fair
Share Share Retained Retirement translation value Equity-settled incentive Total
US$ million Notes capital premium earnings Reserves(1) benefits difference reserves schemes(2) Total NCI equity
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- -------- ------------------------ ----- ---- ------
Balance at 1 January
2020 633 4 199 (54) 2 (43) 2 8 751 53 804
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- -------- ------------------------ ----- ---- ------
Net income - - 80 - - - - - 80 10 90
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Other comprehensive
income - - - - (4) (36) 1 - (39) (4) (43)
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Total comprehensive
income - - 80 - (4) (36) 1 - 41 6 47
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Share-based
expense 30 - - - - - - - 3 3 - 3
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Share issuance
related to
share awards 30 - - 1 - - - - (1) - - -
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Transactions
with NCI - - - - - - - - - (4) (4)
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Net impact of
IAS 293 - - 6 - - - - - 6 - 6
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Dividends
paid/declared4 22 - - (34) - - - - - (34) (10) (44)
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Balance at 31 December
2020 633 4 252 (54) (2) (79) 3 10 767 45 812
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Attributable to equity holders of Vivo Energy plc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other reserves
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Currency Equity-settled
Share Share Retained Retirement translation Fair value incentive Total
US$ million Notes capital premium earnings Reserves(1) benefits difference reserves schemes(2) Total NCI equity
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Balance at 1 January
2019 601 3 72 (136) 2 (19) 1 9 533 48 581
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Net income - - 136 - - - - - 136 14 150
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Other comprehensive
income - - - - - (24) 1 - (23) (15) (38)
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Total comprehensive
income - - 136 - - (24) 1 - 113 (1) 112
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Share-based
expense 30 - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Share issuance
related to
acquisition1 31 - - 82 - - - - 113 12 125
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Share issuance
related to
share awards 30 1 1 - - - - - (2) - - -
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Transactions
with NCI - - 2 - - - - - 2 4 6
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Net impact of
IAS 293 - - 19 - - - - - 19 - 19
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Dividends paid4 22 - - (30) - - - - - (30) (10) (40)
--------------- ----- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
Balance at 31 December
2019 633 4 199 (54) 2 (43) 2 8 751 53 804
---------------------- ------- ------- -------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----- ---- --------
The notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
1 Included in reserves is a merger reserve ($82m) relating to the premium on shares issued as part of the consideration of the acquisition of Vivo Energy Overseas Holdings Limited (VEOHL), formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited in March 2019.
2 Equity-settled incentive schemes include the Long-Term Incentive Plan ('LTIP') and the IPO Share Award Plan.
3 The net impact on retained earnings as a result of the index-based adjustments in Zimbabwe under IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
4 The dividends paid to the equity holders of Vivo Energy plc were paid out of distributable reserves.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
US$ million Notes 2020 2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Operating activities --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Net income 90 150 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Adjustment for: --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Income taxes 10 85 96 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Amortisation, depreciation and impairment 11, 12, 27 125 106 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Net gain on disposals of PP&E and intangible assets 8 (4) - --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Share of profit of joint ventures and associates 13 (16) (22) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Dividends received from joint ventures and associates 13 24 22 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Current income tax paid (89) (83) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Net change in operating assets and liabilities and other adjustments 28 48 176 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Cash flows from operating activities 263 445 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Investing activities --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired (9) (16) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Purchases of PP&E and intangible assets 11, 12 (168) (149) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Proceeds from disposals of PP&E and intangible assets 8, 11, 12 5 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Other investing activities - 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Cash flows from investing activities (172) (160) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Financing activities --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Proceeds from long-term debt 23 517 62 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Repayment of long-term debt 23 (492) (82) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Net (repayments)/proceeds (of)/from bank and other borrowings 23 26 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Repayment of lease liabilities 27 (31) (27) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Dividends paid (43) (40) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Interest paid (62) (51) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Cash flows from financing activities (85) (137) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (8) (24) --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (2) 124 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- -----
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year 517 393 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year 19 515 517 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- -----
The notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. General information
Vivo Energy plc (the 'Company') a public limited company, was incorporated on 12 March 2018 in the United Kingdom under the Companies Act 2006 (Registration number 11250655). The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange Main Market for listed securities and the Main Board of the securities exchange operated by the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. References to 'Vivo Energy' or the 'Group' mean the Company and its subsidiaries and subsidiary undertakings. These consolidated financial statements as at and for the period ended 31 December 2020 comprise the Company, its subsidiaries and subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures and associates.
On 1 March 2019, Vivo Energy Investments B.V. acquired a 100% shareholding in Vivo Energy Overseas Holding Limited (VEOHL) formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited. Upon completion of the transaction, Vivo Energy extended operations in eight new markets and added over 200 Engen-branded service stations to the existing network.
Vivo Energy distributes and sells fuel and lubricants to retail and commercial consumers in Africa and trades under brands owned by the Shell and Engen group of companies and, for aviation fuels only, under the Vitol Aviation brand. Furthermore, Vivo Energy generates revenue from Non-fuel retail activities including convenience retail and quick service restaurants by leveraging on its retail network.
2. Basis of preparation AND GOING CONCERN
The financial information does not constitute the Company's statutory accounts for the years ended 31 December 2020 or 31 December 2019, but is derived from those accounts. Statutory accounts for 2020 will be delivered to the Registrar of Companies in due course. The auditor has reported on those accounts; their reports were (i) unqualified, (ii) did not include a reference to any matters to which the auditor drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying their reports and (iii) did not contain a statement under section 498 (2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006. The audit of the statutory accounts for the year ended 31 December 2020 is now complete. Whilst the financial information included in this announcement has been computed in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") this announcement does not itself contain sufficient information to comply with IFRS.
This announcement was approved by the Board of Directors on 2 March 2021.
The Group has considered the impact of COVID-19 and the current economic environment in relation to the going concern basis of preparation for the consolidated financial statements. For the purposes of the going concern assessment the Directors have considered a period to 31 December 2022 using base case forecasts for this period taken from the 2021 five-year strategic plan. The Group has prepared the five-year strategic plan taking into consideration the impact of the current year and its effect on future performance. The Group has prepared a range of stress test scenarios including a severe but plausible downside sensitivity analysis. The plausible downside sensitivity assumes the impact and restrictions of COVID-19 experienced in 2020 continue to impact the 2021 financial performance with lower volume growth and gross cash unit margins in comparison to the base case scenario for 2021. During 2022, the Group does not expect to be severely impacted from COVID-19 and has therefore forecast a recovery in the financial position.
The Group has considered the impact of restrictions on its operations with Retail, Marine and Aviation most affected. For each of our segments we have sensitised volumes, gross cash unit margins, profits and cash flows, taking into account a similar but less extreme impact of COVID-19 for the next two years, than experienced in 2020. The impact over the next two years is not considered to be as severe as initially experienced in 2020 reflecting the reduced impact of second wave restrictions during the first few weeks of 2021. In our sensitivities, available mitigating measures, such as reducing uncommitted growth capex, dividend deferrals and other discretionary spend, do not prevent the Group from operating. The Group does not expect any significant structural changes to the business will be necessary under any of the scenarios considered. Based on management's assessment for the next two years, sufficient available liquidity exists and the Group has adequate resources to meet its operational obligations.
As of 31 December 2020, the Company has available short-term capital resources of $2,078m, which include $1,323m of uncommitted facilities. The Group is not reliant on these uncommitted facilities. Based on the cash flow projections for the next two years, management has confirmed that there is sufficient cash and committed facilities available. Notwithstanding this analysis, the Group has continued to have access to and utilise the uncommitted short-term funding lines throughout the year, and where necessary renew them in the normal course of business. Therefore, the Directors expect these uncommitted facilities to continue to be available to the Group for the foreseeable future. Under both the base case and severe but plausible downside scenarios, the financial covenants, relating to the Group's RCF, of minimum interest cover of 4x and maximum debt cover of 3x are forecast to be met over the next two years. At the time of approving the consolidated financial statements, the Directors maintain a reasonable expectation that the Company and the Group will have adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future and have therefore prepared the financial statements on a going concern basis.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements the Group has considered the impact that climate change may have on key accounting judgements and estimates including asset useful economic lives and asset valuations and impairments. At the year-end, whilst a number of countries in which the Group operates are signatories to the Paris Climate Agreement, none of the countries have introduced legislation or detailed policy initiatives associated with transitioning away from carbon based transportation fuels. Whilst the Group continues to introduce initiatives designed to reduce the carbon emissions from its direct operations and develop alternative product offerings, the Group considers that the transition towards a low carbon economy in its primary markets will be over a longer time period than will be seen in the UK and the European Union. As a result, the Group considers that the market for oil products across Africa will continue to grow within its medium-term planning horizons and this assumption is embedded within the Group's five-year strategic business plan which in turn supports a number of key forward-looking accounting judgements and estimates.
The Group's principal accounting policies are unchanged from those set out in the 2019 Annual Report and Accounts, which is available on the Company's website.
3. Financial risk management
3.1 Financial instruments by category
The table below sets out the Group's classification of each class of financial assets and financial liabilities and their fair values for the current year and the comparative year:
31 December 2020
----------------------------------------------
Measured Measured Total Fair value
at amortised at carrying
US$ million cost FVTOCI value
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Financial assets
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Trade receivables(1) 344 - 344 344
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Cash and cash equivalents 515 - 515 515
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Financial assets at FVTOCI - 12 12 12
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Other assets(2) 127 - 127 127
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
Total 986 12 998 998
--------------------------- ------------- -------- --------- ----------
1 Trade receivables include credit secured receivables of $180m.
2 Other assets (note 16) exclude the following elements that do not qualify as financial instruments: prepayments, VAT and duties receivable and other government benefits receivable.
31 December 2020
------------- --------------------------------
Measured Measured Total Fair value
at amortised at FVTPL carrying
US$ million cost value
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Financial liabilities
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Trade payables 1,048 - 1,048 1,048
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Borrowings 682 - 682 707
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Other liabilities1 215 - 215 215
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Lease liabilities 143 - 143 143
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Other financial liabilities - 9 9 9
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Total 2,088 9 2,097 2,122
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
1 Other liabilities (note 26) exclude the elements that do not qualify as financial instruments.
31 December 2019
-------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Measured at amortised cost Measured at Total Fair value
US$ million FVTOCI carrying value
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Financial assets
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Trade receivables(1) 451 - 451 451
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Cash and cash equivalents 517 - 517 517
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Financial assets at FVTOCI - 9 9 9
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Other assets(2) 115 - 115 115
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
Total 1,083 9 1,092 1,092
---------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- --------------- ----------
1 Trade receivables include credit secured receivables of $206m.
2 Other assets (note 16) exclude the following elements that do not qualify as financial instruments: prepayments, VAT and duties receivable and other government benefits receivable.
31 December 2019
------------- --------------------------------
Measured Measured Total Fair value
at amortised at FVTPL carrying
US$ million cost value
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Financial liabilities
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Trade payables 1,257 - 1,257 1,257
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Borrowings 600 - 600 600
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Other liabilities1 225 - 225 225
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Lease liabilities 125 - 125 125
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Other financial liabilities - 3 3 3
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
Total 2,207 3 2,210 2,210
---------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ----------
1 Other liabilities (note 26) exclude the elements that do not qualify as financial instruments.
3.2 Financial risk factors
The Group's activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including currency risk, price risk, cash flow interest rate risk and fair value interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group's overall risk management programme focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on the Group's financial performance.
Market risk
Foreign exchange risk
The Group operates internationally and is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures, primarily with respect to the US dollar. Foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions and recognised assets and liabilities.
Management has set up a policy to require Group companies to manage their foreign exchange risk. Group treasury is required to approve all hedging plans before execution. The Group has a number of natural hedges in place, where the timing of foreign currency payments is matched with the receipts in a similar currency. Forward contracts are used to manage the foreign exchange risk arising from future obligations.
Foreign currency exposure on the consolidated net monetary position is $156m (2019: $378m). Other monetary balances in other currencies are not material. If the non-US dollar held currency had weakened/strengthened by 10% against the US dollar with all other variables held constant, pre-tax profit for the year would have been $16m (2019: $38m) higher/lower, mainly as a result of foreign exchange gains/losses on translation of non-US dollar denominated receivables and payables.
Price risk
The Group generally seeks to manage its exposure to commodity price risk through careful inventory management and as at 31 December 2020 the Group was not significantly exposed to commodity price risk. In regulated markets, the Group has no price exposure as long as the sale of the inventory is matching the timing of the price structures updates, however in unregulated markets, such as Marine and Aviation, the Group may be exposed to price changes in the short-term if inventory is not carefully managed.
In Botswana, Guinea, Madagascar, Senegal and Morocco (for Butane only) the Group is financially compensated by the local government for the effect of these price restrictions. For further information see note 16. For some countries (such as Senegal) the transport costs are subsidised.
The Group does not hold equity securities for trading and is, therefore, not exposed to price risk.
Cash flow interest rate risk and fair value interest rate risk
The Group's interest rate risk arises from borrowings. It is Group policy to have short-term loan facilities at floating rate and medium to long--term facilities at floating or fixed rate. The Group has short-term overdraft facilities which carry a fixed interest rate exposing the Group to fair value interest rate risk. However, given that the rate is fixed for a short period of time, and that these facilities terms are subject to renegotiation, should interest rate move, the exposure is minimal. Long-term borrowings consist of notes at fixed interest rate, which exposes the Group to fair value interest rate risk (refer note 23).
Credit risk
Credit risk is managed on a Group basis, except for credit risk relating to accounts receivable balances. Each local entity is responsible for managing and analysing the credit risk for each of their new clients before standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, as well as credit exposures to wholesale and retail customers, including outstanding receivables and committed transactions. At reporting date, the Group noted no signi cant concentrations of credit risk to individual customers or counterparties. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivables.
All external customers must have their identity checked and credit worthiness assessed and approved prior to the signing of a binding agreement or contract. Credit worthiness is assessed for all customers based on commercial data, but also considers financial data when a credit limit exceeds $15,000 for Retail and $100,000 for Commercial. The utilisation of credit limits is regularly monitored and checks performed on outstanding debt at regular intervals. Where the environment allows, security (bank guarantees) will be taken to secure the Group's exposure. For banks and financial institutions, management of the operating entity are responsible for making the short-term placements with the banks after approval from Group Treasury.
The investment policy is based in order of importance on security, liquidity and yield. Management will assess the counterparty risks of the third-party based on financial strength, quality of management, ownership structure, regulatory environment and overall diversification. Group Treasury is required to approve all investment decisions to ensure they are made in line with the Group's credit policies. The Group has provided secured loans to individual employees (note 16).
In Morocco customer receivables to the amount of $16m (2019: $19m) were assigned to a factoring subsidiary of a commercial bank, the assigned amount was received in cash and the corresponding receivable was derecognised. For the late payment risk, the Group capped the exposure to six months' maximum of interest. This resulted in a continuous involvement accounting treatment where a substantial portion of the risk has been transferred. A continuous involvement liability of $0.3m (2019: $0.4m) was recognised. In addition, other government benefits receivable to the amount of $36m (2019: $9m) were assigned to a local commercial bank, the assigned amount was received in cash and the corresponding receivable was derecognised. For the late payment risk, the Group capped the exposure to 5.5 months' maximum of interest. A continuous involvement liability of $0.6m was recognised. The Group considers that the held to collect business model remains appropriate for these receivables and hence continues measuring them at amortised cost. The Group has arrived at this conclusion because the factoring of the Group's B2B receivables before maturing is done on an infrequent basis. Furthermore, the Group continues to guarantee the late payment risk up to 180 days. The business model is, therefore, not impacted because the risks and rewards as existing prior to the factoring remain after the factoring.
The Group's cash and cash equivalent balances are primarily held at banks with strong credit ratings where the exposure to credit risk is considered to be limited. The extent to which the Group's cash and cash equivalent balances, are held at banks, where there is considered to be an exposure to credit risk is set out below:
31 December 2020 31 December 2019
------- --------------------------- --------------------------
Credit rating US$ million Credit rating US$ million
------- -------------- ----------- ------------- -----------
Banks
------- -------------- ----------- ------------- -----------
Bank 1 A+ 74 AAAmmf 56
------- -------------- ----------- ------------- -----------
Bank 2 Ba1 67 A+ 49
------- -------------- ----------- ------------- -----------
Bank 3 Ba2 45 Ba1- 42
------- -------------- ----------- ------------- -----------
Liquidity risk
Prudent liquidity risk management implies maintaining sufficient cash and the availability of funding through an adequate amount of committed credit facilities. Due to the cyclical nature of the underlying businesses, the Directors aim to maintain flexibility in funding by keeping committed credit lines available.
Management monitors rolling forecasts of the Group's liquidity reserve on the basis of expected cash flow. This is generally carried out at local level in the operating companies of the Group in accordance with practice and limits set by Group policies. Where short-term liquidity is needed, the operating entities organise short-term facilities to cover the deficit which have to be authorised by Group Treasury.
The table below analyses the Group's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the reporting date to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.
31 December 2020
-------------------------------------------------------
Between Between Between
3 months 1 2
Less than and 1 and 2 and 5 Over
US$ million 3 months year years years 5 years Total
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Borrowings(1) 266 2 6 60 350 684
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Trade payables 1,040 8 - - - 1,048
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Lease liabilities 7 28 29 59 94 217
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Other liabilities(2) 13 22 17 2 161 215
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Total 1,326 60 52 121 605 2,164
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
1 Borrowings exclude, as of 31 December 2020 the undrawn multi-currency revolving credit facility of $240m (note 23).
2 Other liabilities (note 26) exclude the elements that do not qualify as financial instruments.
31 December 2019
-------------------------------------------------------
Between Between Between
3 months 1 2
Less than and 1 and 2 and 5 Over
US$ million 3 months year years years 5 years Total
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Borrowings(1) 225 81 85 211 - 602
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Trade payables 1,161 89 7 - - 1,257
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Lease liabilities 6 17 20 44 90 177
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Other liabilities(2) 49 24 18 4 130 225
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
Total 1,441 211 130 259 220 2,261
--------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------- -------- -----
1 Borrowings exclude, as of 31 December 2019, the undrawn multi-currency revolving credit facility of $236m (note 23).
2 Other liabilities (note 26) exclude the elements that do not qualify as financial instruments.
Net investment hedge
Foreign currency exposure arises from the Group's net investment in its several subsidiaries that have the Cape Verde Escudo (CVE) and the CFA Franc BCEAO (XOF) as functional currencies that are 100% pegged to the Euro (EUR). Therefore, the risk arises from fluctuation in spot exchange rates between these currencies (or the EUR) and the US dollar, which causes the amount of the net investment to vary.
The hedged risk in the net investment hedge is the risk of a variation the CVE and the XOF currencies (or the EUR) against the US dollar which will result in a variation in the carrying amount of the Group's net investment in these foreign operations.
On 24 September 2020, the Group issued $350m notes (refer note 23). In order to eliminate foreign exchange risk associated with the translation of the EUR pegged part of its net investment into its functional currency, the Group entered into a fixed-fixed cross-currency swap to exchange a portion of the US dollar denominated bonds to EUR. The cross-currency swap is applied for $150m of the bonds, maturing in three years.
In 2019 part of the Group's net investment in those subsidiaries was hedged by a EUR denominated secured bank loan with carrying amount $150m, which mitigated the foreign currency risk arising from the revaluation of the subsidiaries' net assets. The loan was designated as a hedging instrument for the changes in the value of the net investment that is attributable to changes in the spot rate.
To assess hedge effectiveness, the Group determines the economic relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item by comparing changes in the carrying amount of the swap that is attributable to a change in the spot rate with changes in the investment in the foreign operation due to movements in the spot rate (the offset method).
The amounts related to items designated as hedging instruments in the statement of financial position and the statement of comprehensive income were as follows:
31 December 2020
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carrying amount
-------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------
Line item in
the
statement
of financial
position where
the hedging
instrument
US$ million Nominal amount Assets Liabilities is included
-------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Cross currency swap 150 - 150 Borrowings
-------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Change in Change in
value value Hedge ineffectiveness Line item in
used for of hedging recognised profit
calculating instrument in or loss that
hedge for recognised profit or includes
2020 in OCI loss hedge ineffectiveness
-------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Cross currency swap (7) (7) - Not applicable
-------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
31 December 2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carrying amount
----------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------
Line item in
the
statement
of financial
position where
the hedging
instrument
US$ million Nominal amount Assets Liabilities is included
----------------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Foreign exchange denominated
debt 239 - 150 Borrowings
----------------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Change in Change in
value value Hedge ineffectiveness Line item in
used for of hedging recognised profit
calculating instrument in or loss that
hedge for recognised profit or includes
2019 in OCI loss hedge ineffectiveness
----------------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
Foreign exchange denominated
debt (3) (3) - Not applicable
----------------------------- -------------- ----------- --------------------- ----------------------
3.3 Capital management
The Group's capital management objective is to maintain a commercially sound consolidated statements of financial position with the aim of maximising the net cash return to the shareholders, while maintaining a level of capitalisation that is commercially defensible and which leads to an effective and optimised working capital structure.
Liquidity and capital resources are monitored through a review of the Group's net debt position, leverage ratio and available short-term capital resources. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings and lease liabilities (including current and non-current borrowings and lease liabilities as shown in the consolidated statements of financial position) less cash and cash equivalents. The leverage ratio is calculated as net debt divided by adjusted EBITDA. For details related to key covenants refer to note 23.
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Long-term debt (note 23) 408 371
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Lease liabilities (note 27) 143 125
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Total debt excluding short-term bank borrowings 551 496
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Short-term bank borrowings1 274 229
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Less: cash and cash equivalents (note 19) (515) (517)
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Net debt 310 208
------------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
1 Short-term bank borrowings exclude the current portion of long-term debt.
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------- ----------- -----------
Net debt 310 208
------------------- ----------- -----------
Adjusted EBITDA(1) 360 431
------------------- ----------- -----------
Leverage ratio 0.86x 0.48x
------------------- ----------- -----------
1 For the description and reconciliation of non-GAAP measures refer to Non-GAAP financial measures.
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Cash and cash equivalents 515 517
--------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Available undrawn credit facilities 1,563 1,410
--------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Available short-term capital resources 2,078 1,927
--------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it in light of changes in economic conditions in order to ensure sound capital management.
4. Critical accounting estimates and judgements
4.1 Accounting judgements
In the process of applying the Group's accounting policies, management has made the following judgements, apart from those involving estimates, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements:
Accounting for leases under IFRS 16
In establishing the lease term for each lease contract that has an option to extend, judgement has been applied to determine the extension period. When it is concluded that it is reasonably certain that the extension option will be utilised, the lease term is extended to include the reasonably certain period of five years. The lease agreements have the option to extend the leases and the option to terminate the leases. The extension options in different contracts vary between five years to unlimited period. The Group uses significant assumptions that all of the existing leases that are expiring within the following five years, and have an extension option, will be extended for an additional five-year period, when determining the lease term.
In addition, IFRS 16 requires lease payments to be discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. In case the interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate should be used. That is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow over a similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment. Accordingly, the Group elected to use the local borrowing rates for each operating unit at the commencement date. That is the rate at which local operating units would need to borrow to acquire the asset. For additional details relating to leases refer to note 27.
4.2 Estimation uncertainty
The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are discussed below.
Goodwill impairment assessment
The Group annually tests whether goodwill has suffered any impairment. The recoverable amount of each cash generating unit (CGU) was determined based on a Fair Value Less Cost of Disposal calculation which was based upon cash flow projections from the five-year business plan prepared for each CGU. The terminal value was estimated based upon a perpetuity growth rate of 1.6%, reflecting an inflationary level of growth beyond the five-year plan. Post-tax discount rate of 12.2% was used to discount the projected cash flows.
Based on the impairment test carried out, goodwill is not considered to be impaired. No impairment would occur, if the post-tax discount rate applied to the cash flow projection of each CGU had been 1% higher than management estimates and all other assumptions remain unchanged. The Retail fuel and Commercial fuel segments would only result in an indication of impairment if the post-tax discount rates increased to 19.4% and 18.2% respectively.
Government related assets and liabilities
The Group has various assets from and liabilities to governments and authorities with respect to government benefits receivable as well as for taxes and duties. The Group constantly assesses underlying inherent risks and assumptions and as a consequence related accounting estimates are determined and adjustments are made to the carrying amounts of those assets and liabilities, where necessary. A key element in the assessment of uncertainty of recoverability of government benefit receivables is the credit risk associated with these governments, this is considered in note 16.
Tax positions
The Group operates across many tax jurisdictions and the interpretation and application of tax law can be complex and requires judgement to assess the risk and estimate the potential outcomes. These outcomes can vary significantly from what has been provided. The Group recognises many individually immaterial provisions with a cumulative amount totalling $23m related to income tax and $37m related to indirect and other tax matters recorded in other assets, other liabilities and provisions. These are recorded for the amount that is expected to be settled where this can be reasonably estimated. This reflects management's assessment of the expected value of such risks based on a multiple scenario outcome and likelihood. Factors considered include the status of recent current tax audits and enquiries; the results of previous claims; the transfer pricing policies of the Group and any changes to the relevant tax environments. The timing of the resolution of the risks is uncertain and may take many years, however is expected to be within the next five years.
5. SEGMENT REPORTING
The Group operates under three reportable segments: Retail, Commercial and Lubricants.
Retail segment - Retail fuel is aggregated with Non-fuel retail. Both the operating segments derive revenue from retail customers who visit our retail sites. Retail fuel and Non-fuel revenues are aggregated as the segments are managed as one unit and have similar customers. The economic indicators that have been addressed in determining that the aggregated segments have similar economic characteristics are that they have similar expected future financial performance and similar operating and competitive risks.
Commercial segment - Commercial fuel, LPG, Aviation and Marine are aggregated in the Commercial segment as the operating segments derive revenues from commercial customers. The segments have similar economic characteristics. The economic indicators that have been addressed are the long-term growth and average long-term gross margin percentage.
Lubricants segment - Retail, B2C, B2B and Export Lubricants are the remaining operating segments. Since these operating segments meet the majority of aggregation criteria, they are aggregated in the Lubricants segment.
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-makers. The Directors monitor the operating results of business units separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation, segment performance assessment and interacting with segment managers.
The following tables present revenues and profit information regarding the Group's operating segments:
2020
--------------------------------------------
US$ million Retail Commercial Lubricants Consolidated
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Revenue from external customers 4,436 2,116 366 6,918
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Gross profit 387 156 74 617
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Add back: depreciation and amortisation 51 25 4 80
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Gross cash profit 438 181 78 697
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Adjusted EBITDA(1) 216 92 52 360
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
1 Refer to note 6 for the reconciliation to EBIT.
2019
--------------------------------------------
US$ million Retail Commercial Lubricants Consolidated
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Revenue from external customers 5,249 2,678 375 8,302
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Gross profit 411 192 72 675
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Add back: depreciation and amortisation 43 22 3 68
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Gross cash profit 454 214 75 743
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
Adjusted EBITDA(1) 242 135 54 431
---------------------------------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ------------
1 Refer to note 6 for the reconciliation to EBIT.
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Share of profit of joint ventures and associates
included in segment EBITDA
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Lubricants 8 12
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Retail 4 5
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Commercial 4 5
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Total 16 22
------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
The amount of revenues from external customers by location of the customers is shown in the table below.
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Revenue from external customers by principle
country
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Kenya 1,181 1,256
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Morocco 1,075 1,476
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Côte d'Ivoire 546 604
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Other 4,116 4,966
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
Total 6,918 8,302
--------------------------------------------- ------ ------
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Non-current assets by principle country
(excluding deferred tax)
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Morocco 245 208
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
The Netherlands 232 232
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Kenya 153 143
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other 1,042 988
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Total 1,672 1,571
---------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
6. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP measures
Non-GAAP measures are not defined by International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and, therefore, may not be directly comparable with other companies' non-GAAP measures, including those in the Group's industry. Non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and are not intended to be a substitute for, or superior to, IFRS measurements. The exclusion of certain items (special items) from non-GAAP performance measures does not imply that these items are necessarily non-recurring. From time to time, we may exclude additional items if we believe doing so would result in a more transparent and comparable disclosure.
The Directors believe that reporting non-GAAP financial measures in addition to IFRS measures, as well as the exclusion of special items, provides users with enhanced understanding of results and related trends and increases the transparency and clarity of the core results of operations. Non-GAAP measures are used by the Directors and management for performance analysis, planning, reporting and are used in determining senior management remuneration.
US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBT 175 246 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Finance expense - net 60 64 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBIT 235 310 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Depreciation, amortisation and impairment 125 106 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- EBITDA 360 416 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Adjustments to EBITDA related to special items: ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Hyperinflation(1) 2 - ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- IPO(2) and Engen acquisition related expenses3 1 11 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Write-off of non-current asset4 - 3 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Restructuring5 - 3 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Management Equity Plan6 (3) (2) ------------------------------------------------ ---- ---- Adjusted EBITDA 360 431 ------------------------------------------------ ---- ----
1 The impacts of accounting for hyperinflation for Vivo Energy Zimbabwe, in accordance with IAS 29, are treated as special items since they are not considered to represent the underlying operational performance of the Group and based on their significance in size and unusual nature are excluded as the local currency depreciation against the US dollar does not align to the published inflation rates during the period.
2 IPO related items in 2020 and 2019 concern the IPO share awards which are accrued for over the vesting period.
3 On 1 March 2019 Vivo Energy Investments B.V., a subsidiary of the Group, acquired 100% of the issued shares in Vivo Energy Overseas Holdings Limited (VEOHL) (formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited). The cost of the acquisition and related integration project expenses are treated as special items.
4 The Group recognised a write-off in 2019 related to a government benefits receivable as a result of a retrospective price structure change by the government to finance their outstanding debt. Such retrospective changes of existing price structures are considered non-recurring and are not representative of the core operational business activities and performance and are, therefore, treated as special items.
5 Restructuring costs were incurred in 2019 mainly as a result of the integration of VEOHL into our business model. The impact from these activities do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and were, therefore, treated as a special item in 2019.
6 The Management Equity Plan vested at IPO in May 2018 and is exercisable on the first anniversary of admission for a period of 24 months. Changes in the fair value of the cash-settled share-based plan do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and should, therefore, be treated as a special item. The costs of share-based payment schemes introduced after the IPO are not treated as special items.
US$ million 2020 2019 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Net income 90 150 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjustments to net income related to special items: ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Hyperinflation(1) 2 - ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- IPO(2) and Engen acquisition related expenses3 1 11 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Write-off of non-current asset4 - 3 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Restructuring5 - 3 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Management Equity Plan6 (3) (2) ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Tax on special items - (3) ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Adjusted net income 90 162 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- US$ million 2020 2019 ------------------------ ---- ---- Diluted EPS 0.06 0.11 ------------------------ ---- ---- Impact of special items - 0.01 ------------------------ ---- ---- Adjusted diluted EPS 0.06 0.12 ------------------------ ---- ----
1 The impacts of accounting for hyperinflation for Vivo Energy Zimbabwe, in accordance with IAS 29, are treated as special items since they are not considered to represent the underlying operational performance of the Group and based on their significance in size and unusual nature are excluded as the local currency depreciation against the US dollar does not align to the published inflation rates during the period.
2 IPO related items in 2020 and 2019 concern the IPO share awards which are accrued for over the vesting period.
3 On 1 March 2019 Vivo Energy Investments B.V., a subsidiary of the Group, acquired 100% of the issued shares in Vivo Energy Overseas Holdings Limited (VEOHL) (formerly known as Engen International Holdings (Mauritius) Limited). The cost of the acquisition and related integration project expenses are treated as special items.
4 The Group recognised a write-off in 2019 related to a government benefits receivable as a result of a retrospective price structure change by the government to finance their outstanding debt. Such retrospective changes of existing price structures are considered non-recurring and are not representative of the core operational business activities and performance and are, therefore, treated as special items.
5 Restructuring costs were incurred in 2019 mainly as a result of the integration of VEOHL into our business model. The impact from these activities do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and were, therefore, treated as a special item in 2019.
6 The Management Equity Plan vested at IPO in May 2018 and is exercisable on the first anniversary of admission for a period of 24 months. Changes in the fair value of the cash-settled share-based plan do not form part of the core operational business activities and performance and should, therefore, be treated as a special item. The costs of share-based payment schemes introduced after the IPO are not treated as special items.
The Group defines Headline earnings as earnings based on net income attributable to owners of the Group, before items of a capital nature, net of income tax as required for companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Headline earnings per share ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Net income attributable to owners 80 136 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Re-measurements: ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Net gain on disposal of PP&E and intangible assets (4) - ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Write-off of non-current asset(1) - 3 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Income tax on re-measurements 1 (1) ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Headline earnings 77 138 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Weighted average number of ordinary shares (million) 1,266 1,255 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Headline EPS (US$) 0.06 0.11 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Diluted number of shares (million) 1,266 1,255 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Diluted headline EPS (US$) 0.06 0.11 ------------------------------------------------------ ------ ----- Effective tax rate 49% 39% ------------------------------------------------------ ------ -----
1 The Group recognised a write-off in 2019 related to a government benefits receivable as a result of a retrospective price structure change by the government to finance their outstanding debt. Such retrospective changes of existing price structures resulted in the re-measurement of an asset and is therefore excluded.
7. General and administrative cost
Employee benefits
US$ million 2020 2019
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Wages, salaries and other employee benefits 163 159
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Restructuring, severance and other involuntary
termination costs(1) 7 3
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Retirement benefits 10 7
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Share-based payment expense - (1)
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
180 168
----------------------------------------------- ---- ----
1 Total restructuring costs amount to $7m (2019: $3m) of which some elements are reflected in other employee benefits categories.
Included in the employee benefit expense for the year ended 31 December 2020, was social security expense of $1m (2019: $1m) and other pension costs relating to employees employed in the UK.
Employee benefits have been charged in:
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------- ---- ----
General and administrative cost 102 96
-------------------------------- ---- ----
Selling and marketing cost 43 39
-------------------------------- ---- ----
Cost of sales 35 33
-------------------------------- ---- ----
180 168
-------------------------------- ---- ----
The monthly average number of full-time equivalent employees were as follows:
2020 2019
--------------------------- ------ ------
Sales and distribution 1,904 1,845
--------------------------- ------ ------
Administration and support 794 755
--------------------------- ------ ------
2,698 2,600
--------------------------- ------ ------
Depreciation and amortisation
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and amortisation of intangible assets are separately disclosed in note 11, 12 and 27 respectively.
Audit fees
US $'000 2020 2019 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Parent company and consolidated financial statements 1,248 1,656 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Subsidiaries(1) 1,175 1,383 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Audit fees(2) 2,423 3,039 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Audit-related fees(3) 377 692 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Tax advisory fees - 5 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Other assurance services(4) 227 193 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Other non-audit services - 11 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Other fees total 604 901 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Total fees 3,027 3,940 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ 1 Audit fees for foreign entities are expressed at the average exchange rate for the year.
2 Audit fees in 2019 comprise fees for the business combination in relation to the VEOHL acquisition and the SAP S/4HANA implementation.
3 Audit-related fees relate to interim financial statements reviews.
4 Other assurance services relate mainly to comfort letter procedures in respect to note issuance and volume certificates to support brand royalty expenses.
8. Other income/(expense)
US$ million 2020 2019
---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Net gain on disposals of PP&E and intangible assets 4 -
---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Gain on financial instruments - 1
---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Other income - 1
---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
4 2
---------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
9. Finance income and expense
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Finance expense
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Interest on bank and other borrowings and on lease
liabilities(1) (39) (35)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Interest on long-term debt including amortisation
of set-up fees (25) (24)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Net impact of hyperinflation(2) (3) (5)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Accretion expense net defined benefit liability (2) (2)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Foreign exchange loss - (1)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Other (3) (4)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
(72) (71)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Finance income
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Interest from cash and cash equivalents 8 7
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Foreign exchange gain 4 -
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
12 7
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Finance expense - net (60) (64)
--------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
1 Includes an amount of $12m (2019: $11m) finance expense for leases in respect to IFRS 16 'Leases'.
2 Represents the net monetary loss impact from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
10. Income taxes
Current income taxes
Analysis of income tax expense:
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Current tax
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Current income tax (96) (95)
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Current income tax prior years 8 (2)
-------------------------------- ----- -----
(88) (97)
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Deferred tax
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Deferred income tax 6 1
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Deferred income tax prior years (3) -
-------------------------------- ----- -----
3 1
-------------------------------- ----- -----
Income tax expense (85) (96)
-------------------------------- ----- -----
The reconciliation of income taxes, computed at the statutory tax rate, to income tax expense was as follows:
US$ million 2020 2019
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
EBT 175 246
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Statutory tax rate 19% 19%
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Income tax expense at statutory tax rate (33) (47)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Increase/(decrease) resulting from:
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Impact of tax rates in foreign jurisdictions (18) (23)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Income not subject to tax 6 7
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Expenses not tax deductible (11) (11)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Non-recognition of tax benefits in relation to
current period tax losses or temporary differences (10) (5)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Recognition and utilisation of previously unrecognised
tax losses or temporary differences(1) 3 6
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Withholding tax (19) (19)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Other(2) (3) (4)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Income tax expense (85) (96)
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
Effective tax rate 49% 39%
---------------------------------------------------------- ----- -----
1 In 2019, $1m was recognised after the business acquisition and was supported by developments in the acquired markets.
2 Amongst others, includes movements related to uncertain tax positions.
Deferred income taxes
The significant components of the Company's recognised deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
31 December 2020 31 December 2019
------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------
US$ million Asset Liability Asset Liability
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Property, plant and equipment 1 (43) 1 (31)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Intangible assets - (22) - (23)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Retirement benefits 10 (1) 9 (1)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Provisions 17 - 17 (2)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Withholding taxes - (16) - (15)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Tax losses carried forward(1) 13 - 12 -
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Other 33 (18) 17 (16)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
74 (100) 56 (88)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Offsetting of balances (28) 28 (22) 22
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
Total 46 (72) 34 (66)
------------------------------ ------ ---------- ------ ----------
1 $4m of the recognised deferred tax asset for tax losses carried forward, is supported by expected future taxable profits (2019: $8m).
The changes in the net deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
Balance at the beginning of year, net (32) (15)
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
In profit 3 1
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
In other comprehensive income 1 (1)
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
Business acquisition - (19)
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
Other - 1
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
Foreign exchange differences 2 1
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
(26) (32)
-------------------------------------- ----- -----
Unrecognised deferred tax assets relate to carry forward losses of $98m (2019: $93m) and tax credit carry forwards of $12m (2019: $4m). Of the unrecognised carry forward losses $1m will expire at the end of 2023, $7m at the end of 2024, $15m at the end of 2025 and $75m at the end of 2026 or later.
The unrecognised taxable temporary differences associated with undistributed retained earnings of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates amounts to $25m (2019: $20m).
11. Property, plant and equipment
2020
--------------------------------- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ ------
Machinery and other
US$ million Land Buildings equipment Construction in progress Total
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Cost at 1 January 2020 55 319 552 92 1,018
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Additions 2 16 25 109 152
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Disposals (5) (4) (17) (9) (35)
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Transfers - 7 69 (76) -
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Foreign exchange
differences1 - 1 13 - 14
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Cost at 31 December 2020 52 339 642 116 1,149
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Accumulated depreciation at
1 January 2020 - (54) (141) - (195)
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Depreciation - (17) (65) - (82)
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Disposals - 3 17 - 20
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Foreign exchange
differences1 - - (3) - (3)
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Accumulated depreciation at
31 December 2020 - (68) (192) - (260)
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Net carrying value at 31
December 2020 52 271 449 117 889
--------------------------- ---- --------- -------------------------- ------------------------ --------
1 Foreign exchange differences include the impact from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
2019
--------------------------------- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -----
Machinery and other
US$ million Land Buildings equipment Construction in progress Total
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Cost at 1 January 2019 33 229 453 68 783
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Additions - 6 25 93 124
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Business acquisition1 22 71 61 9 163
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Disposals - (4) (29) - (33)
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Transfers 1 24 53 (78) -
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Foreign exchange
differences2 (1) (7) (11) - (19)
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Cost at 31 December 2019 55 319 552 92 1,018
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Accumulated depreciation at
1 January 2019 - (43) (118) - (161)
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Depreciation - (16) (56) - (72)
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Disposals - 3 28 - 31
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Foreign exchange
differences2 - 2 5 - 7
--------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ -------
Accumulated depreciation at 31 December 2019 - (54) (141) - (195) --------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ ------- Net carrying value at 31 December 2019 55 265 411 92 823 --------------------------- ---- --------- --------------------------- ------------------------ ------- 1 Includes PP&E recognised on acquisition of VEOHL of $149m.
2 Foreign exchange differences include the impact from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
No assets have been pledged as security. Depreciation charge of $82m (2019: $72m) is included in cost of sales for $73m (2019: $64m), in selling and marketing cost for $1m (2019: $1m) and in general and administrative cost for $8m (2019: $7m).
12. Intangible assets
2020
---------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
US$ million Shell licence agreement Goodwill Computer software Other Total
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Cost at 1 January 2020 139 81 75 57 352
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Additions - - 16 - 16
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Foreign exchange differences1 - (2) - - (2)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Cost at 31 December 2020 139 79 91 57 366
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Accumulated amortisation at 1 January
2020 (82) - (19) (25) (126)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Amortisation (5) - (9) (4) (18)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Accumulated amortisation at 31 December
2020 (87) - (28) (29) (144)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Net carrying value at 31 December 2020 52 79 63 28 222
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
1 Foreign exchange differences include the impact from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
2019
---------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
US$ million Shell licence agreement Goodwill Computer software Other Total
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Cost at 1 January 2019 143 21 51 32 247
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Additions - - 25 - 25
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Business acquisition - 65 - 25 90
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Foreign exchange differences1 (4) (5) (1) - (10)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Cost at 31 December 2019 139 81 75 57 352
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Accumulated amortisation at 1 January
2019 (77) - (16) (20) (113)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Amortisation (5) - (3) (5) (13)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Accumulated amortisation at 31 December
2019 (82) - (19) (25) (126)
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
Net carrying value at 31 December 2019 57 81 56 32 226
--------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- ----------------- ----- ------
1 Foreign exchange differences include the impact from the application of IAS 29 'Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies'.
Amortisation charge of $18m (2019: $13m) is included in cost of sales for $3m (2019: $1m), selling and marketing cost for $12m (2019: $9m) and general and administrative cost for $3m (2019: $3m).
Impairment test for goodwill
The Group tests whether goodwill has suffered any impairment on an annual basis. The recoverable amount of the CGUs was determined based on Fair Value Less Cost of Disposal calculation which requires the use of assumptions. The calculations use cash flow projections based on an approved business plan covering a five-year period. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are extrapolated using the estimated long-term growth rate shown below. The terminal value was calculated using the Gordon Growth formula.
Goodwill is monitored at the operating segment level on a non-aggregated basis. The Group has several non-aggregated operating segments, however, the goodwill is allocated to Retail fuel and Commercial fuel given that substantially all activities of the acquired businesses relate to these two operating segments. Both the goodwill acquired in the 2019 Engen acquisition and the goodwill acquired from previous acquisitions are allocated and considered for impairment testing together at the non-aggregated operating segments Retail fuel and Commercial fuel. For this purpose, a discounted cash flow analysis was used to compute the recoverable amount using the approved plan. This results in 81% of the carrying amount of goodwill being allocated to Retail fuel and 19% of the carrying amount being allocated to Commercial fuel.
The following tables sets out the key assumptions for those CGUs that have a significant goodwill allocated to them:
2020
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
Retail Commercial
fuel fuel
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
Volume compounded annual growth rate 6.2% 4.8%
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
Gross cash profit compounded annual growth rate 5.8% 5.3%
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
Post-tax discount rate 12.2% 12.2%
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
Long-term growth rate 1.6% 1.6%
------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------
The methodology applied to each of the key assumptions used is as follows:
Assumptions Approach used to determine values
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
Volume growth Volume growth over the five-year forecast
period; based on past performance and management
expectations of market developments.
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
Gross cash profit growth Based on past performance and management
expectations of the future.
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
Post-tax discount rate Based on specific risks relating to the
industry and country. Factors considered
for the industry include regulatory environment,
market competition, and barriers to entry.
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
Long-term growth rate Based on the IMF GDP projections for the
markets where Vivo Energy operates. Sensitivity
analysis was performed for changes in long-term
growth rate by -1.5% and +2.0%.
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------
The Group considers the post-tax discount rate to be the most sensitive assumption. No impairment would occur, if the post-tax discount rate applied to the cash flow projection of each CGU had been 1% higher than management estimates and all other assumptions in the table above are unchanged. Goodwill in relation to the Retail fuel and Commercial fuel CGU's would only result in an indication of impairment if the post-tax discount rates increased to 19.4% and 18.2%, respectively. There are no reasonable possible changes that could occur to key assumptions that would reduce the recoverable amount below the carrying amount.
13. Investments in joint ventures and associates
The Group also has interests in a number of associates and joint ventures that are accounted for using the equity method. A comprehensive listing of the Group's joint ventures and associates can be found in note 15 of the Company financial statements.
US$ million 2020 2019 ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 1 January 227 223 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Acquisition of businesses 14 5 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Share of profit 16 22 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Dividend received (24) (22) ----------------------------- ---- ---- Foreign exchange differences (2) (1) ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 31 December 231 227 ----------------------------- ---- ----
In December 2017, the Group acquired a 50% interest in Shell and Vivo Lubricants B.V. (SVL) that is considered a material investment to the Group. SVL is the principal supplier of manufacturing, sales and distribution for lubricants products in Africa. The investment is a joint venture investment and measured using the equity method. SVL is jointly owned by Vivo Energy Investments B.V. (50%) and Shell Overseas Investments B.V. (50%).
The table below provides summarised financial information for the carrying amount of the investment in SVL.
US$ million 2020 2019 ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 1 January 164 163 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Share of profit 8 12 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Dividend received (15) (11) ----------------------------- ---- ---- Foreign exchange differences (1) - ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 31 December 156 164 ----------------------------- ---- ----
The total assets of SVL as per 31 December 2020 are $220m (2019: $241m), of which $139m (2019: $156m) relate to current (including cash and cash equivalents of $30m (2019: $28m)) and $81m (2019: $85m) to non-current assets. The current liabilities are $73m (2019: $89m) (including borrowings of $15m (2019: $21m)) and non-current liabilities of $11m (2019: $6m). The revenue for the year ending 31 December 2020 was $255m (2019: $281m), and profit after income tax was $18m (2019: $21m). Other comprehensive income, net of tax, for the year amounted to $1m (2019: loss of $1m). The 2020 profit includes amortisation and depreciation of $9m (2019: $8m), net finance expense of $1m (2019: $1m) and income tax expense of $13m (2019: $9m).
The carrying value of SVL includes a notional goodwill of $96m calculated as the difference between the cost of the investment and the investor's share of the fair values of the investee's identifiable assets and liabilities acquired. Since the notional goodwill is not shown as a separate asset, it is not required to be separately tested for impairment, nor does it trigger an annual impairment test.
There are no contingent liabilities relating to the Group's investments in joint ventures and associates.
14. Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
The Group has classified equity investments as financial instruments at FVTOCI (without recycling). These investments are measured using inputs for the asset or liability that are in absence of observable market data, based on net asset value of the related investments (level 3 in the IFRS 13 'Fair Value Measurement' hierarchy).
The value is based on the net asset value of the related investments and therefore no sensitivity analysis is presented.
US$ million 2020 2019 ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 1 January 9 8 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Fair value adjustment 2 1 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Foreign exchange differences 1 - ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 31 December 12 9 ----------------------------- ---- ----
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income relate to the Group's investment in Société de Gestion des Stocks Pétroliers de Côte d'Ivoire S.A. (GESTOCI) in which it holds an interest of circa 17%. The Group does not have significant influence or joint control in the investee. The investment is not held for trading and not a contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business combination, therefore, at initial recognition the Group has elected to account for the investment at fair value through other comprehensive income.
No dividends were received from GESTOCI in 2020 and 2019. Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are categorised as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and are the only level 3 financial assets within the Group. There were no changes made during the year to valuation methods or the processes to determine classification and no transfers were made between the levels in the fair value hierarchy.
15. OTHER FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Other financial assets and liabilities are derivative instruments comprising forward foreign exchange contracts and cross-currency swaps with a fair value of $(9)m (2019: $(3)m). In 2020 the Group settled an interest rate swap on long-term borrowings and entered into a fixed-fixed cross-currency swap. Other financial assets and liabilities are categorised as level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. There have been no transfers between any levels during the year.
The specific valuation techniques used to value financial instruments that are carried at fair value using level 2 techniques are:
- The fair value of cross-currency swaps is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows based on current market data provided by third party banks; and
- The fair value of forward foreign exchange contracts is calculated by comparison with current forward prices of contracts for comparable remaining terms.
16. Other assets
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Prepayments 86 99
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Amounts due from dealers and joint ventures 60 33
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
VAT and duties receivable 59 61
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other government benefits receivable 45 92
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Deposits 13 13
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Indemnification asset on legal and tax
claims 12 13
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Employee loans 7 7
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other(1) 35 49
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
317 367
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Current 200 257
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Non-current 117 110
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
317 367
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
1 The amount mainly comprises of other non-current receivables.
Other government benefits receivable
US$ million Credit rating 31 December 2020 31 December 2019
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Senegal Ba3 24 38
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Morocco BB+ 10 22
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Guinea None available 3 7
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Botswana BBB+ 1 3
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Madagascar None available - 10
------------ --------------- ---------------- ----------------
Other 7 12
----------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
45 92
---------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
The Group is exposed to credit risk in relation to other government benefits receivables. Based on management's review on the recoverability of these receivables it believes the credit risk in relation to these balances is relatively low. Other government benefits receivable are partially provided for and presented net of provisions for impairment of $24m (2019: $18m). For the year $103m (2019: $133m) of other government benefits were recognised in cost of sales for compensation of costs incurred.
17. Inventories
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------ ----------- -----------
Fuel 401 436
------------ ----------- -----------
Lubricants 77 79
------------ ----------- -----------
Other 2 2
------------ ----------- -----------
480 517
------------ ----------- -----------
Cost of sales as disclosed on the face of the consolidated statements of comprehensive income include the total expense for inventory during the year for $5,976m (2019: $7,379m). The carrying value of inventory represents the net realisable value. Provisions for write-downs of inventories to the net realisable value amounted to $8m as per 31 December 2020 (2019: $7m).
18. Trade receivables
Trade receivables were as follows, as at:
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Trade receivables 410 506
------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Less: loss allowance of trade receivables (66) (55)
------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Trade receivables - net 344 451
------------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
The fair values of trade receivables approximate their carrying value as they are deemed short-term in their nature and recoverable within 12 months.
Movements in the loss allowance of trade receivables are as follows:
US$ million 2020 2019 ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 1 January 55 41 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Additions(1) 14 22 ----------------------------- ---- ---- Reversals (6) (4) ----------------------------- ---- ---- Utilisation (1) (2) ----------------------------- ---- ---- Foreign exchange differences 4 (2) ----------------------------- ---- ---- At 31 December 66 55 ----------------------------- ---- ---- 1 Additions in 2019 include an amount of $10m related to acquired assets of VEOHL.
19. Cash and cash equivalents
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Cash 479 348
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Cash equivalents:
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Short-term placements 36 65
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Money market funds and other cash equivalents - 104
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
515 517
------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
20. Share capital and reserves
Share capital consists of 1,266,941,899 ordinary shares at the nominal value of $0.50 each. At 31 December 2020, 1,266,808,716 shares have been issued and fully paid and entitle the holder to participate in dividends and 133,183 treasury shares. The shares held by the trust are not considered as treasury shares for the purposes of Listing Rules disclosure. On a show of hands, every holder of ordinary shares present at a meeting in person or by proxy is entitled to one vote, and upon a poll each share is entitled to one vote. Shareholders will, under general law, be entitled to participate in any surplus assets in a winding up of the Company in proportion to their shareholding.
Other reserves are disclosed in the consolidated statements of changes in equity.
2020 2019
--------------------------- ---------------------------
Number Number
Ordinary shares of shares US$ million of shares US$ million
----------------------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
At 1 January 1,266,073,050 633 1,201,798,866 601
----------------------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
Capital contribution/shares issued - - 63,203,653 31
----------------------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
Share issuance related to share
awards/Directors' subscriptions 868,849 - 1,070,531 1
----------------------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
At 31 December 1,266,941,899 633 1,266,073,050 633
----------------------------------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
21. Earnings per share
Basic and diluted EPS were computed as follows:
US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Basic earnings per share ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Net income 90 150 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Attributable to owners 80 136 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Weighted average number of ordinary shares (million) 1,266 1,255 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ Basic earnings per share (US$) 0.06 0.11 ----------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ US$ million, unless otherwise indicated 2020 2019 ---------------------------------------- ------ ----- Diluted earnings per share ---------------------------------------- ------ ----- Earnings attributable to owners 80 136 ---------------------------------------- ------ ----- Diluted number of shares (million) 1,266 1,255 ---------------------------------------- ------ ----- Diluted earnings per share (US$) 0.06 0.11 ---------------------------------------- ------ ----- US$ 2020 2019 ------------------------------------ ----- ----- Adjusted diluted earnings per share ------------------------------------ ----- ----- Diluted earnings per share 0.06 0.11 ------------------------------------ ----- ----- Impact of special items - 0.01 ------------------------------------ ----- ----- Adjusted diluted earnings per share 0.06 0.12 ------------------------------------ ----- -----
22. Dividends
Given the impact of COVID-19 on the business in the first half of 2020, the Board withdrew its recommendation to pay a final dividend for 2019 and did not declare an interim dividend for the first half of 2020 in July. On 18 December 2020 the Company paid an interim dividend of 2.65 cents per share, which is the amount that would have been paid to shareholders had the final dividend of the year ended 31 December 2019 been paid rather than withdrawn. This interim dividend was paid out of distributable reserves and is reflected in the statement of changes in equity.
The Board has recommended a final dividend of circa 3.8 cents per share, amounting to $48m, which is in respect of the full twelve months of 2020. Payment of this dividend is expected on 25 June 2021 to shareholders of record at close of business on 28 May 2021. The dividend will be paid out of distributable reserves as at 31 December 2020 and is not recognised in the statement of changes in equity.
US$ million 2020 2019 ----------------- ---- ---- Interim dividend 34 14 ----------------- ---- ---- Final dividend 48 - ----------------- ---- ---- Total 82 14 ----------------- ---- ----
23. Borrowings
US$ million Drawn on Interest rate Maturity 31 December 2020 31 December 2019
--------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
Notes(1) 24/09/2020 5.125% 24/09/2027 349 -
--------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
VEI BV Term Loan2 09/06/2017 Libor + 2.50%/3.00% 09/06/2022 - 308
--------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
VEI BV Revolving Credit Facility3 27/02/2019 Euribor + 1.50%/1.85% 59 63
--------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
Bank borrowings 274 229
---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
682 600
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
Current 270 306
---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
Non-current 412 294
---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
682 600
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------------- ----------------
1 The amounts are net of financing costs. Notes amount is $350m; financing costs are $1m.
2 The amounts are net of financing costs. Loan amount was $310m in 2019; financing costs were $2m in 2019.
3 The amount includes financing costs of circa $1m (2019: $1m).
Current borrowings consist of bank borrowings which carry interest rates between 1.5% and 18% per annum. Included in bank borrowings is an amount of $50m (2019: $17m) relating to trade financing.
The fair value of the notes is approximately $374m based on quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period. The carrying amounts of other Group's non-current and current borrowings approximate the fair value.
The VEI BV Term Loan facility was entered into on 9 June 2017. Interest was paid quarterly at a rate of Libor +2.5% per annum. The incremental facility was drawn down on 18 December 2017 and carried an interest of Libor +2.5% for the amortised portion and Libor +3.0% for the bullet portion. The facility was refinanced in September 2020 when the Group issued $350m notes with a coupon rate of 5.125% paid semi-annually and maturing in 7 years. The notes are fully redeemed at maturity.
In May 2018, the Company established a multi-currency revolving credit facility of $300m. The multi-currency revolving credit facility was initially utilised, in February 2019, with a drawdown of $64m, to fund the acquisition of VEOHL. Majority of the RCF facility matures in May 2023.
Besides the RCF, the Group has various unsecured short-term bank facilities extended to operating entities for working capital purposes. The undrawn, unsecured short-term bank facilities of $1,323m include a large number of uncommitted facilities held with a number of different banks. Most of these facilities are subject to an annual renewal process.
The tables below provide an analysis of cash and non-cash movements in borrowings for the period:
US$ million 2020
--------- --------------- ------
Long-term
debt Bank borrowings Total
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
1 January 371 229 600
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
Proceeds from long-term debt(1) 517 - 517
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
Repayment of long-term debt(2) (492) - (492)
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
Proceeds/repayment of bank borrowings - 26 26
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
Foreign exchange movements 7 8 15
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
Other(3) 5 11 16
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
31 December 408 274 682
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- ------
1 Mainly represents the issuance of fully redeemable notes to the amount of $350m on 24 September 2020 and RCF drawdowns.
2 Includes repayments of the Term Loan and RCF.
3 Other includes financing costs and non-cash items.
US$ million 2019
--------- --------------- -----
Long-term
debt Bank borrowings Total
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
1 January 392 208 600
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Proceeds from long-term debt 62 - 62
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Repayment of long-term debt (82) - (82)
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Proceeds/repayment of bank borrowings - 1 1
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Borrowings acquired in acquisition of
business(1) - 27 27
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Foreign exchange movements (3) (7) (10)
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
Other(2) 2 - 2
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
31 December 371 229 600
-------------------------------------- --------- --------------- -----
1 Represents the borrowings acquired through the acquisition of VEOHL as at 1 March 2019.
2 Other changes include financing costs.
Key covenants:
The key covenants below relate to the VEI BV Revolving Credit Facility:
- Within 150 calendar days after the Group's year-end its audited annual consolidated financial statements, unaudited annual non-consolidated financial statements and the unaudited annual Group accounts of each operating unit must be provided to the lender. Within 90 days after each half of each financial year, the unaudited non-consolidated financial statements, unaudited consolidated financial statements and unaudited Group accounts for each operating unit for the financial half-year must be provided to the lender.
- The financial covenants are minimum interest cover of 4x and maximum debt cover of 3x. With each set of financial statements, a financial covenants compliance certificate has to be provided indicating the debt and interest cover. The loan carries some customary negative pledges such as on asset sale, securities over assets, mergers and guarantees subject in each case to some exemptions and permitted baskets. It also has a change of control clause triggering repayment if an entity, other than permitted ones, takes control of the Company.
The below key covenants relate to the VEI BV Notes:
- The financial covenants are a minimum fixed charged cover of 2x. The Notes carry customary restrictive covenants such as on asset sale, securities over assets, mergers and guarantees subject in each case to some exemptions and permitted baskets, and a maintenance of listing covenant. It also has a change of control clause giving each noteholder a put right if an entity, other than permitted ones, takes control of the Company.
No key covenants were breached in the last applicable period.
24. Provisions
Provisions include the following:
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Provisions 85 85
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Retirement benefit obligations (note 25) 35 31
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
120 116
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Current 16 14
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Non-current 104 102
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
120 116
----------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
2020
-------------------------------------
Compulsory
stock Legal
US$ million obligation provision Other Total
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
At 1 January 21 12 52 85
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Additions - 2 11 13
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Utilisation - (1) (5) (6)
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Releases (3) (2) (2) (7)
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Foreign exchange differences 2 (1) (1) -
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
At 31 December 20 10 55 85
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Current - 10 6 16
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Non-current 20 - 49 69
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
20 10 55 85
----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----- -----
Compulsory stock obligation provision
The oil market regulator in Morocco introduced an industry mechanism to enable oil market operators to maintain the necessary compulsory stock volume requirement. This resulted in an oil fund liability, which is an amount payable to the Moroccan oil fund regulator in relation to the compulsory stock reserve requirement introduced in 1994.
Legal provision
This amount represents a provision of certain legal claims brought against the Group. The timing of any payout is uncertain as these claims are being disputed by the Group. The Group believes that the outcome of these claims will not give rise to a significant loss beyond the amounts provided against as at 31 December 2020.
Other
Other provisions include a number of costs to be paid out by the Group that have uncertainty in timing of cash values and total monetary value. Other provisions relate mainly to employee related provisions of $10m (2019: $8m) and provisions for uncertain tax positions for non-income taxes, interest and penalties of $31m (2019: $29m). Refer to note 4.2 for further details regarding uncertain tax positions.
25. Retirement benefits
The Group operates defined benefit plans in multiple African countries, which include Cape Verde, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal and Tunisia. The plans operated in Cape Verde, Mauritius, Morocco, Tunisia and Ghana combined present approximately 80% of the total liability for the Company. The valuations are carried out in line with the regulatory requirements in each country considering the requirements under IAS 19, 'Employee Benefits'. The plans offered in these countries differ in nature and consist of medical plans, pension plans, retirement indemnities, jubilees and long service award plans. These plan benefits are linked to final salary and benefit payments are met as they fall due. The two exceptions to this are Gabon and Mauritius, which both operate a funded plan. The plan in Gabon has a funding level of approximately 90% and Mauritius approximately 68%. In Gabon plan assets are held in the form of insurance contracts. For Mauritius, plan assets are held in vehicles with standard investment risk, following a balanced investment strategy, split between equities, government bonds and asset-backed securities. The plan in Mauritius has been closed to future accrual; from 31 December 2014 onwards. However, the link to final salaries is being maintained for in-service employees.
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------- ---- ----
Current service cost 1 1
--------------------- ---- ----
Accretion expense 2 2
--------------------- ---- ----
3 3
--------------------- ---- ----
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------- ---- ----
Defined benefit plans 3 3
------------------------------- ---- ----
Defined contribution plans 9 6
------------------------------- ---- ----
Total retirement benefit costs 12 9
------------------------------- ---- ----
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
---------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Consolidated statements of financial position
obligations for:
---------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Pension benefits 31 26
---------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other post-employment benefits 4 5
---------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Total liability 35 31
---------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
The amounts recognised in the consolidated statements of financial position are determined as follows:
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Present value of funded obligations (17) (13)
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Fair value of plan assets 12 11
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Funded status of funded benefit obligations
(net liability) (5) (2)
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Present value of unfunded obligation (26) (24)
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Unfunded status end of year (net liability) (31) (26)
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
Net defined benefit obligation (31) (26)
-------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
The movements in the defined benefit obligation for funded and unfunded post-employment defined benefits over the year are as follows:
2020 2019
----------------------- -----------------------
Pension Pension
US$ million benefits Other Total benefits Other Total
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
At 1 January 37 5 42 37 4 41
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Current service costs 1 - 1 1 - 1
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Benefits paid (4) - (4) (3) - (3)
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Interest costs 2 - 2 2 - 2
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
(Gains)/losses from change
in financial assumptions 4 - 4 1 - 1
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
(Gains)/losses from change
in demographic assumptions 1 - 1 - - -
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Actuarial (gains)/losses 1 (1) - - - -
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Retirement benefit obligations
recognised on acquisition - - - - 2 2
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
Foreign exchange differences 1 - 1 (1) (1) (2)
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
At 31 December 43 4 47 37 5 42
------------------------------- --------- ----- ----- --------- ----- -----
The movements in the fair value of plan assets over the year are as follows:
2020 2019
---------------- ----------------
Pension Pension
US$ million benefits Total benefits Total
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
At 1 January 11 11 12 12
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
Interest income - - 1 1
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
Employer contributions 3 3 2 2
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
Benefits paid (2) (2) (3) (3)
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
Foreign exchange differences - - (1) (1)
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
At 31 December 12 12 11 11
----------------------------- --------- ----- --------- -----
The plan assets shown above are invested in equities $6m (2019: $5m) government bonds $4m (2019: $3m), corporate bonds $2m (2019: $3m), insurance contracts $0.4m (2019: Nil) and cash and cash equivalents $0.03m (2019: $0.1m).
The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in weighted principal assumptions is:
Effect of using alternative
Assumptions used assumptions
------------------------ -----------------------------------------
31 December 31 December
2020 2019 Range of assumptions Increase/(decrease)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Rate of increase in pensionable
remuneration 3.71% 4.34% 0.50% - (0.50%) 2.72% - (2.55%)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Rate of increase in pensions
in payment 2.41% 2.26% 0.50% - (0.50%) 1.20% - (1.11%)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Rate of increase in healthcare
costs 16.20% 9.72% 0.50% - (0.50%) 4.07% - (3.77%)
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Discount rate for pension (5.56)% -
plans 4.38% 5.84% 0.50% - (0.50%) 5.99%
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Discount rate for healthcare (5.01)% -
plans 21.13% 13.81% 0.50% - (0.50%) 5.50%
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Expected age at death
for persons aged 60:
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Men 79.86 79.74
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
Women 83.61 83.65
-------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- -------------------
The principal actuarial assumptions were as follows:
2020
------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
Cape Côte
Tunisia Senegal Verde Mauritius Morocco d'Ivoire Guinea Namibia Ghana Gabon Reunion Rwanda
------------ ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
Discount
rate 9.75% 8.00% 4.00% 2.75% 2.50% 6.00% 13.50% 15.60% 23.00% 5.50% 1.00% 11.25%
------------ ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
Inflation
rate 4.50% 1.75% 2.00% 0.50% 2.00% n/a n/a 10.10% 12.00% 2.75% 1.80% 4.75%
------------ ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
Future
salary
increases 6.00% 3.00% 2.00% 0.50% 6.00% 3.00% 8.00% n/a n/a 3.00% 2.58% 7.50%
------------ ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
Future
pension
increases n/a n/a 1.00% 3.00% n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
------------ ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------ ----- ------- ------
2019
------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Cape Côte
Tunisia Senegal Verde Mauritius Morocco d'Ivoire Guinea Namibia Ghana
--------------- ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Discount rate 9.25% 10.00% 4.00% 5.25% 3.25% 6.00% 13.50% 11.30% 15.00%
--------------- ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Inflation rate 4.50% 1.50% 2.00% 2.80% n/a n/a n/a 7.40% 10.00%
--------------- ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Future salary
increases 6.00% 3.00% 2.00% 2.80% 6.00% 3.00% 10.00% n/a n/a
--------------- ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Future pension
increases n/a n/a 1.00% 3.00% n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
--------------- ------- ------- ------ --------- ------- --------- ------ ------- ------
Assumptions regarding future mortality experience are set based on actuarial advice in accordance with published statistics and experience in each territory.
The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligation is 11.98 years.
Expected contributions to post-employment benefit plans for the year ending 31 December 2021 are $2m.
26. Other liabilities
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Oil fund liabilities 110 96
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other tax payable(1) 75 91
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Deposits owed to customers 72 63
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Employee liabilities(2) 44 51
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Deferred income 14 11
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Other 21 26
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
336 338
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Current 171 178
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
Non-current 165 160
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
336 338
--------------------------- ----------- -----------
1 Other tax payable mainly relates to VAT, withholding taxes and employee taxes.
2 Employee liabilities mainly relate to employee bonuses.
27. Leases
The Group has leases for motor vehicles, corporate offices, land, buildings and equipment. Leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 99 years, some of which may include options to extend the leases for at least five years and some of which may include options to terminate the leases within one year.
The consolidated statement of financial position shows the following amounts relating to leases:
Land and Motor
US$ million buildings vehicles Total
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Right-of-use assets, 1 January 2019 130 18 148
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Depreciation of right-of-use assets (17) (4) (21)
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Leases effective in 2019 47 2 49
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Right-of-use assets, 31 December 2019 160 16 176
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Depreciation of right-of-use assets (22) (3) (25)
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Leases effective in 2020 43 7 50
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
Right-of-use assets, 31 December 2020 181 20 201
-------------------------------------- ---------- --------- -----
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Current lease liabilities 24 21
------------------------------ ----------- -----------
Non-current lease liabilities 119 104
------------------------------ ----------- -----------
143 125
------------------------------ ----------- -----------
The consolidated statement of comprehensive income shows the following amounts relating to leases:
US$ million 2020 2019 -------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Interest expense (included in finance cost) (12) (11) -------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Depreciation of right-of-use assets (25) (21) -------------------------------------------------- ---- ---- Expenses relating to short-term leases, low-value leases and variable leases not included in the lease liabilities (7) (6) -------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Depreciation charge of $25m (2019: $21m) is included in: cost of sales for $4m (2019: $3m), in selling and marketing costs for $18m (2019: $16m) and in general and administrative costs $3m (2019: $2m).
The consolidated statement of cash flows shows the following amounts relating to leases:
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------------------------- ---- ----
Cash flows from financing activities
------------------------------------- ---- ----
Principal elements of lease payments (31) (27)
------------------------------------- ---- ----
Interest paid (10) (9)
------------------------------------- ---- ----
(41) (36)
------------------------------------- ---- ----
Other information related to leases was as follows:
2020 2019
---------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) 10 11
---------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Weighted average discount rate 11% 12%
---------------------------------------------- ---- ----
The Group recognised rental income of $34m (2019: $43m) as revenue in the statement of comprehensive income.
28. NET CHANGE IN OPERATING ASSETS and LIABILITIES and OTHER ADJUSTMENTS
US$ million 2020 2019
------------------ ------ ----
Trade payables (203) 105
------------------ ------ ----
Trade receivables 114 50
------------------ ------ ----
Inventories 40 (25)
------------------ ------ ----
Other liabilities (17) 6
------------------ ------ ----
Other assets 39 6
------------------ ------ ----
Provisions 1 (5)
------------------ ------ ----
Other 74 39
------------------ ------ ----
48 176
------------------ ------ ----
29. Commitments and contingencies
Commitments
The Group also has purchase obligations, under various agreements, made in the normal course of business. The purchase obligations are as follows, as at:
31 December 31 December
US$ million 2020 2019
--------------------- ----------- -----------
Purchase obligations 22 13
--------------------- ----------- -----------
Contingent liabilities and legal proceedings
The Group may from time to time be involved in a number of legal proceedings. The Directors prepare a best estimate of its contingent liabilities that should be recognised or disclosed in respect of legal claims in the course of ordinary business. Furthermore, in many markets there is a high degree of complexity involved in the local tax and other regulatory regimes. The Group is required to exercise judgement in the assessment of any potential exposures in these areas.
As previously announced, the Group's subsidiary in Morocco received a report in January 2020 from the investigators in charge of the Conseil de la Concurrence's ('CdC') ongoing review of the competitive dynamics of the Moroccan fuel retailing industry. Vivo Energy Morocco has provided submissions to the CdC at their request. The report and these submissions were discussed at a private hearing of the CdC held on 21 and 22 July 2020 in Morocco. After the hearing, the Royal Cabinet intervened and formed an independent commission to review the CdC investigation. This followed the receipt of allegations regarding the CdC process and conduct. It is understood that the CdC was recommending a fine of 8% of annual Moroccan turnover against the industry before the formation of the independent commission. We await the outcome of that investigation. Management believes that Vivo Energy Morocco has at all times conducted its operations in accordance with applicable competition laws, rules and regulations.
In the ordinary course of business, the Group is subject to a number of contingencies arising from litigation and claims brought by governmental, including tax authorities, and private parties. The operations and earnings of the Group continues, from time to time, to be affected to varying degrees by political, legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments, including those relating to the protection of the environment and indigenous groups in the countries in which they operate. The industries in which the Group is engaged are also subject to physical risks of various types. There remains a high degree of uncertainty around these contingencies, as well as their potential effect on future operations, earnings, cash flows and the Group's financial condition.
The Group does not believe and is not currently aware of any other litigations, claims, legal proceedings or other contingent liabilities that should be disclosed.
30. SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS
The Group operates share-based payment plans for certain Executive Directors, Senior Managers and other senior employees.
Management Equity Plan
In 2013, Vivo Energy Holding B.V. awarded to eligible employees either (1) Management equity plan (MEP) phantom options which entitled option holders to a cash payment based on the value of Vivo Energy Holding shares upon exercise of their MEP phantom options or (2) the opportunity to acquire restricted shares in combination with a linked option right to acquire ordinary shares in Vivo Energy.
Under the terms of the phantom options, all outstanding phantom options would become fully exercisable upon the share admission in May 2018. The option holders subsequently agreed to amend the terms of their outstanding phantom options such that 30% of the outstanding phantom options were deemed to be exercised at share admission and 70% became exercisable on the first anniversary of the share admission being 4 May 2019, for a period of 24 months. Under the amended terms, the option holders' entitlement to the cash payment is based on the market value of the shares at the time of exercise net of a nominal exercise price per share.
The MEP related liability as at 31 December 2020 amounted to $4m (2019: $15m).
IPO Share Award Plan
In May 2018, Vivo Energy plc granted certain Executive Directors and Senior Managers one-off share awards ('IPO Share Awards') under the 2018 IPO Share Award Plan. The IPO Share Awards vest, subject to continued service and performance conditions relating to consolidated gross cash profit growth and adjusted net income growth being met, in three equal tranches on the first, second and third anniversary of admission.
Long-Term Incentive Plan
Vivo Energy plc adopted the Vivo Energy 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 'LTIP 2018') in May 2018, the Vivo Energy 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 'LTIP 2019') in March 2019 and the Vivo Energy 2020 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 'LTIP 2020') in March 2020. The LTIP 2018, LTIP 2019 and LTIP 2020 provide for grants of awards over the shares of the Company in the form of share awards subject to continued employment and the performance conditions relating to earnings per share, return on average capital employed and total shareholder returns over a three--year period. Executive Directors and Senior Management of the Group are eligible for grants under the LTIP 2018, LTIP 2019 and LTIP 2020.
The table below shows the share-based payment expense/(income) recognised in the statements of comprehensive income:
US$ million 2020 2019
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Cash-settled share-based payments
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Management Equity Plan (3) (2)
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Equity-settled share-based payments
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
IPO Share Award Plan 1 -
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Long-Term Incentive Plans 2018, 2019 & 2020 2 1
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
- (1)
-------------------------------------------- ---- ----
Movements in the number of shares and share options outstanding, and their related weighted average exercise prices, are as follows:
LTIP IPO MEP
--------- --------------------- ------- ---------- --------
Average
exercise
price per
IPO phantom
Share option Phantom
In million LTIP 2018 LTIP 2019 LTIP 2020 Awards US$ Options
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Outstanding at 1
January 2020 3 5 - 2 0.05 7
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Granted/Lapsed - (1) 5 - - -
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Vested/Exercised - - - (1) - (4)
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Outstanding at 31
December 2020 3 4 5 1 0.05 3
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Exercisable at 31
December 2020 - - - - n/a 3
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Outstanding at 1
January 2019 4 - - 4 0.05 11
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Granted/Lapsed (1) 5 - (1) - -
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Vested/Exercised - - - (1) - (4)
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Outstanding at 31
December 2019 3 5 - 2 0.05 7
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
Exercisable at 31
December 2019 - - - - n/a 7
------------------ --------- ---------- --------- ------- ---------- --------
The inputs of the valuation model for options granted during the year are as follows:
2020 2019
----- ----- ----------------------------- ----- ----- ----------------------
LTIP LTIP LTIP IPO Share MEP phantom LTIP LTIP IPO Share MEP phantom
US$ 2018 2019 2020 Awards options 2018 2019 Awards options
------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -----------
Share price
at grant date 2.24 1.65 1.22 2.33 - 2.24 1.65 2.33 -
------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -----------
Share price
at valuation
date - - - - 1.16 - - - 1.67
------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -----------
Option exercise
price - - - - 0.05 - - - 0.05
------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -----------
Expected dividends
as a dividend
yield (%) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------- ----------- ----- ----- --------- -----------
31. Related parties
Sales and purchases
Joint ventures
US$ million and associates Shareholders Total
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
2020
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
Sales of products and services and other
income 29 37 66
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
Purchase of products and services and
other expenses 269 837 1,106
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
2019
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
Sales of products and services and other
income 15 130 145
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
Purchase of products and services and
other expenses 284 1,312 1,596
----------------------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------
The following table presents the Company's outstanding balances with related parties:
US$ million Joint ventures and associates Shareholders Total
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
31 December 2020
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
Receivables from related parties 53 2 55
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
Payables to related parties (51) (160) (211)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
2 (158) (156)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
31 December 2019
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
Receivables from related parties 11 8 19
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
Payables to related parties (58) (339) (397)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
(47) (331) (378)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ -----
The receivables from related parties arise from sale transactions and loans to joint ventures. Receivables are due two months after the date of sales, are unsecured in nature and bear no interest. Loans to joint ventures are interest bearing and secured by the entire issued share capital of the joint venture. No provisions are held against receivables from related parties.
The payables to related parties arise mainly from purchase transactions at arm's length, including a supplier agreement with Vitol Supply, and are typically due two months after the date of purchase. These payables bear no interest.
32. EVENTS AFTER BALANCE SHEET PERIOD
There have been no material subsequent events after the reporting period, up to and including the date that the financial statements were authorised for issue, that would have required disclosure or adjustment of the Consolidated financial statements.
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END
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